environmental quality and economic development in …...across documents. over 250 different...

Final report

Environmental quality and economic development in Zambia

Filling the data gaps

Kelsey Jack

June 2018 When citing this paper, please use the title and the followingreference number:C-89407-ZMB-1

Environmental Quality and Economic Development in Zambia:

Filling the Data Gaps

IGC Contract 1-VCS-VZMB-VXXXX-89407

Final Report

Date: June 2018

Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 3

Design and Purpose ................................................................................................................................... 4

Team Composition .................................................................................................................................... 4

Implementation ......................................................................................................................................... 4

The Website: ............................................................................................................................................. 5

The Data Compilation Process: ................................................................................................................. 6

ZEMA Handover....................................................................................................................................... 7

Database Launch ....................................................................................................................................... 8

Data Management ..................................................................................................................................... 8

Challenges ................................................................................................................................................. 9

Policy Implications and Recommendations .............................................................................................. 9

Appendix: ................................................................................................................................................ 11

Links to Sites: ..................................................................................................................................... 11

Table 1. Data Sources ......................................................................................................................... 12

Table 2. Categorization of Data ......................................................................................................... 14

Table 3. Available Data for Website ................................................................................................... 16

Introduction

Zambia is dependent on natural resources: agriculture, wildlife and minerals are all central to

economic growth, making the balance between economic development and environmental

sustainability particularly important. Policy makers, both in Zambia and in other developing

country contexts, increasingly recognize this link between environmental quality and economic

growth. High levels of pollution harm human health and lower human capital accumulation. Rapid

deforestation contributes to erosion and desertification, with negative implications for

hydroelectricity and agricultural output. Habitat loss hurts ecotourism revenue. Unreliable energy

and water supplies interfere with firm growth. These links are highly relevant, and navigating each

one successfully is crucial to the country’s long run growth. However, a paucity of data hinders

rigorous research efforts, both quantitative and qualitative, on these relationships and their ultimate

effect on economic growth. Identifying and accessing data is a time intensive activity, that requires

significant in-country effort and stakeholder management. Prior to the formation of this database,

significant barriers to entry existed for research on environmental and economic relationships.

Two IGC-funded projects in Zambia: "Household characteristics and the elasticity of demand for

water" and "Sustained adoption of environmentally friendly agricultural practices", helped

highlight the importance of more systematic data inventories related to the environment. During

the course of implementing these two projects and engaging with stakeholders, it was observed

that the management of environmental data and policies in Zambia are highly decentralized as

many minisitries are involved in issues pertaining to the environment with relatively little

information sharing and cordination among them. Thus, this project, “Environmental quality and

economic development in Zambia: Filling the data gaps,” sought to construct a database of

environmental policies and regulations and their implementation to provide a base for more

research on the impacts of environmental quality on economic outcomes and, in turn, the effects

of rapid development on environmental quality. The goal is for this database to serve as a resource

for further investigation by a wide variety of researchers and for the Government of Zambia, and

as a template for similar database development in other sectors and/or other countries.

In order to meet the objectives and provide a better understanding of the policy frameworks in

place in the environment and energy sectors in Zambia, it was necessary to collect policy

documents and data from a governmental and non-governmental actors in Zambia. Data sharing

across ministries and functional units, where feasible given confidentiality constraints, was

encouraged and the resulting data included in the directory. It is expected that providing public

information about the state of policy and data related to the environment in Zambia will clarify

some of the gaps and opportunities. In addition, the data collected by this project will be used to

inform quantitative policy-focused research by local, international researchers and collaborators.

Data areas of interest for the database include: billing data for public utility companies,

deforestation and charcoal sales data, the impact of power supply instability on a variety of

economic indicators, environmental quality measures, etc.

The database fits neatly within the IGC Zambia Country Programme, where concerns about energy

and the environment underlie many of the themes that run through the research portfolio, from

firm growth to health. Zambia's economy is highly dependent on the natural resource base. Long

run economic growth in Zambia depends on careful management of the natural resource base, and

a better understanding of the links between economic growth and environmental quality.

Design and Purpose

The need for high quality data on energy and environmental issues in developing countries has

long presented a barrier to cutting edge academic research at the intersection of environmental and

development economics (Greenstone and Jack 2015). The lack of access to accurate, reliable and

timely data continues to be a constraint to streamlining decentralized local, regional policies and

scientific findings and explorations.

In most developing countries, significant data gaps exist due to the lack of cooperation and

coordination between government agencies, research, civic institutions and the public (Reichman

et al. 2011). Thus, a frequent strategy used in reducing these data gaps is the creation of cooperation

networks, repositories and directories to pool resources and efforts to streamline information

accuracy (Meada and Torres 2012).

This project is both a data compilation and cleaning exercise and a policy synthesis and mapping

effort. It recognizes the significant role of quality data through formative research in informing

evidence based policies. Specifically, it focuses on environmental policies and legislation in

Zambia, which has numerous environmental laws and policies on the books, covering issues from

wildlife conservation to climate change. Many of these fall under different Ministries, making it

difficult to compare across laws or to know where to look for information on a given regulation.

The project created a policy database with links to other data and policy portals to formulate new

research questions about policy impacts in Zambia.

Team Composition

The team consisted of one full-time RA employed through the project and a lead Researcher. The

RA was based in Zambia and was partially based out of the IGC country office. The RA compiled

data, conducted initial cleaning and analysis of collected datasets, and contributed to related IGC

projects that seek to compile relevant datasets and construct databases, including the big data

initiative that is currently launching. In addition, the RA assisted in scoping related projects that

will turn the dataset construction exercise into new research opportunities. The PI worked closely

with the RA and provided day to day supervision. In addition, Innovations for Poverty Action

provided managerial oversight. Midway through the project, the first RA to work on the database

had to terminate his contract for personal reasons, resulting in a lag before the current RA took

over and completed the database development.

Implementation

The project began in August 2016, led by IGC, IPA and Kelsey Jack (PI, based at Tufts University)

through engagements with government agencies and civil society communities. The team made

considerable progress in gathering policy documents from different ministries and sectors in

Zambia and organizing them into a website that offers numerous options for navigating linkages

across documents. Over 250 different policies, regulations and rulings were identified, categorized

and summarized as part of the effort but only 151 of those were publishable on the database. Even

though the remaining were a legally acquired, they were single pay to use and not publishable to

the public according to “Government Printers” under the Ministry of Works and Supply. Their

contents are not accessible on the website, instead they are embedded with links that redirects to

the appropriate agency managing the policy.

The process of assembling relevant datasets was time-intensive, given that around 40% of the

relevant datasets identified were not publicly accessible and the procedure to gain access was not

defined. Alternatively, listing potential resources with links to the main sources via the website

provided a path for researchers to pursue data access on their own. This is expected to put pressure

on policy makers and information gate keepers to make more of these resources publicly available.

Developing an understanding of the policy setting involved numerous meetings with stakeholders

from different sectors and levels of government. These include the Ministry of Agriculture, the

Zambia Electric utility (ZESCO), the Electricity Regulation Board, water utilities, and numerous

other private and public-sector actors.

Most notably, in September 2016, the Zambian Environmental Management Authority (ZEMA)

expressed enthusiasm and appreciation for the effort to consolidate environmental policies into a

single resource and discussions began to the eventual handover of the database to them at the end

of the project. This would allow the database to become a live resource with a greater potential to

positively affect policy.

The Website:

The website features multiple user-friendly tabs defined to facilitate access to information related

to research policy in the environmental and energy sectors in Zambia. It is expected to be open to

the public and can be viewed at:

[Main Site] https://sites.google.com/view/zambiaenvironment/home

Policy Database: This is the main feature of the website and is a compilation of government

documents related to the environment or energy policies and implementations in Zambia. As part

of the design to ease accessibility and improve the user interactions, the available compiled data

is categorized according to primary policy sectors and the sub-sectors covered under them and

defined in table 1.

Each policy name/ summary published on the site links to a PDF scan of the policy’s original text.

Additionally, clicking on entries will open a pop-up window that displays a summary of the policy

and a list of related legislation that can be found in the database

Moreover, to ensure that visitors without consistent internet access can view these records, the

policy database allows users to download a chosen selection of policy documents in CSV form

Actors Guide: The actors guide summarizes information on historical and current Zambian

government ministries and agencies whose missions concern environmental or energy policy in

https://sites.google.com/view/zambiaenvironment/home

Zambia. In addition, the actors guide directs users to information available at these agencies and

potential public-sector partners and collaborators.

Research Guide: The research guide is a compilation of useful data sets and academic articles

related to the environment and energy sectors in Zambia. Scroll through or use find feature to

search for keywords. It directs users to global and national level environmental and energy

comprehensive portals such as Central Statistics Office (Zambia NSO) and United Nations

Environmental Program (UNEP). In addition, the research guide also includes links to

publications about environmental regulations in Zambia from ZEMA and similar agencies.

Collaboration: The collaboration tab allows users to contribute and identify gaps or missing

data and themes on the website to allow managers to continue expanding information for the

database.

Submissions through the form in the collaboration section are sent to a ZEMA email address

linked to the site (rather than to an individual,) so that future management can continue to

receive updates without disruption during personnel changes; this email address also holds

editing privileges with the form’s fields/design itself.

The Data Compilation Process:

The policy documents compiled for the database was sourced various government agencies,

international organizations and web portals within and outside of Zambia. Most of the legislation

and statutory instrument were acquired from the Parliament of Zambia. Domestically at the

national, provincial, and districts levels, data was acquired through agencies such as the Central

Statistics Office (CSO), The Energy Resolution Board (ERB), Zambia Environmental

Management Agency (ZEMA), and the Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation (ZESCO). The

international sources included research and development organizations including the World Bank

Group, and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). See table 1 for list of key data sources.

Policy documents and related data were acquired from the various sources were subjected to a

review process which involved checking consistency, legality, and validity. These policies, law,

regulations were them summarized according their objectives and relevance. Summaries were then

linked to the relevant policy sectors, private and public actors and made available on the website.

The original proposal outlined three open questions:

a) What data sources are available in Zambia to better understand the use of resources including

water and energy by households and firms? To what extent can these be linked with outcome data?

The answers to these questions will lead to the formulation of research questions, such as: What is

the effect of school electrification on test scores? or How do interruptions in water supply affect

firm pricing strategies?

b) How complete are rural price data in Zambia? What are the most reliable sources? What

commodities and services are systematically unmeasured? What regions are least well measured?

Once data are compiled, research questions can be formulated, such as: How does the seasonality

in rural prices respond to an increase in credit access? How do new mining developments affect

local economic development?

c) What environmental laws and policies exist on the books in Zambia? What information is

available about their implementation and enforcement? Once a database of policies is available, it

can be linked with the data compilation exercises in (a) and (b) to formulate new research questions

about policy impacts in Zambia.

We believe that (c) has been addressed satisfactorily. The answer to (a) has been hindered by a

lack of willingness on the part of the primary electricity provider to collaborate and share data.

This is in spite of considerable effort on the part of the PI. The answer to (b) is that the Zambian

Central Statistics Bureau has the most relevant resources on rural prices — though they are not

very complete. The CSO is unwilling to make these public through channels other than their own

website / office.

These challenges around data were outlined in a progress report to IGC in March 2017 where it

was indicated that:

“The process of assembling relevant datasets has been somewhat slower. Around 100 relevant

datasets have been identified but many are not publicly accessible and gaining access has proven

slow. That said, making the list of potential resources available via the website offers a resource

for researchers able to pursue data access on their own and may help put pressure on policy makers

to make more of these resources publicly available.”

ZEMA Handover

Between September 2017 and February 2018, the team worked closely with ZEMA’s research

directorate and information technology (IT) unit in modifying the interface and logistics of the

website to align with ZEMA’s mandate. This mainly included trainings and meeting with the IT

unit to manage the backend of the website, live testing, trouble shooting, directing and managing

traffic to website. Working together with ZEMA directors and IT unit ensured that website was

tailored to the utility of key informants and stakeholders.

In March of 2018, the website was officially handed over to ZEMA with the IT unit taking over

management of all administrative credentials, uploaded, downloaded and related documents. As

part of the handover, ZEMA will ensure the following in the coming weeks with limited support

from IPA:

The website/ tool is expected to be launched to the public latest by April 1st, 2018

ZEMA will strategically initiate a public relations campaign to inform the public and other

stakeholders of the "new site/ tool". This campaign will involve but not limited to the

following:

o A link on ZEMA's website with a description of the site/ tool postings

o Social and print media to inform the public and generate traffic to the site.

o Invitation to other related ministries such as Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Natural

Resources to review and collaborate on the contents of the website

Under ZEMA's leadership, IPA will continue to monitor and provide technical support for

the site when needed for the next few months after the public launching of the website.

We are continuing to work with ZEMA to encourage them to launch the website. We think this is

the most direct route toward impact. However, we also are conscious of the need for their

ownership and do not see the sustainable value in launching it ourselves. Data access is not really

the problem, as we see it (ZEMA appears willing to share much of what they have), but rather

government capacity to utilize the resources that they have available — including technical

management of the website (which is minimal)

Database Launch

Since the official handover, the research team has followed up with ZEMA occasionally to for

updates on the launch of the database which was planned for April 1st, 2018. As of April 13th,

there had not been any progress or updates since the handover on March 7th, and the launch had

not been done.

ZEMA has notified the research team of ongoing public trainings awareness activities that have

delayed the launched of the website. To that end, the research team is arranging meetings and

activities with ZEMA directorate and IT unit between the April 18th and April 25th, 2018. The

aim of these meetings is to finalize a comprehensive plan that includes a strategy for the launch,

support and maintenance procedures after the launch. The new targeted date for the launching

the website is May 15th, 2018.

Data Management

Access to the documents for the website and related materials fall under different categories

namely free to access, pay to access, or pay to access but available for free via the Parliament of

Zambia’s website. To that end, policies documents must be continuously managed by ZEMA to

encourage collaborations with other agencies while also avoiding potential mandate conflicts.

New and updated policies documents will be sorted through and updated on the website listings

under the appropriate directory or agency if they do not fall under ZEMA’s management. As policy

documents and regulations become free to access, the ZEMA policy website will reflect that and

be keep up to date with policy enactments, amendments and implementations.

After launching website, ZEMA is expected to retain full control with limited support from the

research and oversight team from IPA and IGC Zambia for 3 months. This is to ensure that the

publicity and traffic generated after launching the database is maintained and managed

strategically for the foreseeable future. IPA and IGC will monitor the database intermittently to

ensure ZEMA is managing the site as intended.

Challenges

The main challenges and limitations to this project were personnel changes at both IPA and ZEMA.

In March 2017, the RA managing the day to day activities was replaced due to family health

reasons. This set back progress of the project slightly since it left no research personnel to engage

stakeholders and drive the conversation forward.

Similarly, staff re-shuffling and assignment at ZEMA’s research unit meant the lead people that

had initially been engaging on the project had to be replaced with new staff that required

orientation and briefing.

The original proposal described assembling a database of policies and datasets. The final product

is heavily skewed toward the former after it became clear through desk based research and

meetings with stakeholders that systematic environment-related datasets are neither widely

available nor are many accessible to the public. After discussions with ZEMA revealed a stronger

policy demand for a website that would serve to track and cross reference the many environmental

policies falling under different ministries, the focus of the database shifted toward organizing and

compiling policies. We agreed that this would have the greatest longevity and benefit given that

ZEMA has a clear mandate to organize policies (but not datasets) in this way going forward. We

are excited that ZEMA will take ownership of this site and resource. This will ensure that it is used

by government actors as well as by environmental researchers seeking to understand the policy

landscape in Zambia and better connect their research to the sets of (often overlapping) policies

and actors on the ground.

Additionally, the proposal was to explore what data were out there as indicated in the data

compilation section above. The electricity data, which appeared to have high potential at the time

of the proposal, has proven inaccessible. Water datasets from Livingstone and Lusaka will be made

public as part of other research exercises, but cannot be included in the website.

Policy Implications and Recommendations

The database will act as a platform for engagement among makers in many Ministries within the

Government of Zambia, as well as other stakeholders in the public and private sectors. The process

of compiling data presents an opportunity to involve policy makers in the project and other

agencies on the need and push to make data available. To access data held by the Government and

other stakeholders, the ZEMA will need to communicate with them about the value of the website.

Buy-in is essential to the continuing success and sustainability of the website, and initial efforts to

work with administrative and government data in Zambia have been promising. Given the time

costs of identifying and accessing data, with the formation of this database, significant barriers to

entry existed for research on environmental and economic relationships will be eroded.

Statistics of traffic to the website and other sites through the directory of the website will serve as

a monitoring tool for interest and collaborations. In addition, it will also serve as a learning tool

for data managers at other agencies on directing traffic to essential research and policy datasets.

The key monitoring indicators on area of interests, collaborators and directory will be shared

directly with other government to streamline a centralized policy database. All datasets used for

research purposes will be shared with policy-makers, conditional on the removal of relevant

identifiers as required by the data source and by human subject’s guidelines.

Appendix:

Links to Sites:

Main Site: https://sites.google.com/view/zambiaenvironment/home

Data Guide: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1XTHEGtWu_Nf6LEYvZ1jlu6VNYe-

Wz23A2OQPcHlwYjo/edit#gid=0

https://sites.google.com/view/zambiaenvironment/home

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1XTHEGtWu_Nf6LEYvZ1jlu6VNYe-Wz23A2OQPcHlwYjo/edit#gid=0

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1XTHEGtWu_Nf6LEYvZ1jlu6VNYe-Wz23A2OQPcHlwYjo/edit#gid=0

Table 1. Data Sources

Domestic International Research Institutions,

Projects, and Data Portals

Auditor General of Zambia Africa Development Bank

Group

Africa Soil Information Service

Central Statistics Office Danish International

Development Agency

(DANIDA)

Colorado State University,

Department of National Parks

and Wildlife, Zambia

Earth Observation Group Innovations for Poverty Action

(IPA)

Environmental Council of

Zambia

International Development

Enterprises (iDE) Zambia,

SAFARI 2000 Project

Government of Zambia National Aeronautics and Space

Administration (NASA)

TANZAMA Pipeline

Local Water Utility Companies National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration

(NOAA)

The University of Maryland

Lusaka Water and Sewerage

Company (LWSC),

Swedish Institute for

International Development

(SIDA)

The University of Zambia

(UNZA)

Ministry of Mines and Mineral

Development

The International Growth

Centre (IGC)

The World Bank Climate

Change Knowledge Portal

National Water Supply and

Sanitation Council (NWASCO

United Nations Educational,

Scientific, and Cultural

Organisation (UNESCO)

The World Bank Group

Office of the Surveyor General,

Zambia

United Nations Industrial

Development Organization

(UNIDO)

World Values Survey

Rural Electrification Authority

(REA)

United Nations Food and

Agriculture Organization (FAO)

Zambia National Council for

Scientific Research

The Energy Resolution Board

(ERB)

United Nations Resettlement

Programme

Zambia Road Development

Agency

The Parliament of Zambia REDD+

The Southern Water and

Sewerage Company (SWSC)

Water and Sanitation for the

Urban Poor (WSUP)

Zambezi River Authority

Zambia Bureau of Standards

(ZABS)

Zambia Electricity Supply

Corporation (ZESCO).

Zambia Environmental

Management Agency (ZEMA),

Zambia Forestry Department(s)

Zambia National Tourist Board

Zambia Tourism Development

Fund

Table 2. Categorization of Data

Primary Policy

Sector

Policy Sub-Sector 1 Policy Sub-Sector 2 Policy Type

Agriculture Agriculture Agriculture International agreement

or treaty

Appropriation Business Commerce Judicial Judgement

Business Climate Change Conservation Primary Legislation

Development Commerce Development Report

Energy Conservation Electricity Miscellaneous

English Law Drought Fossil Fuels

Environmental

Protection

Electricity Government bodies and

oversight

Miscellaneous Environmental Protection Government ownership

and privatisation

Tourism Fossil Fuels Hazardous Materials

Water Government bodies and

oversight

Health and safety

Wildlife Government ownership and

privatisation

Land use

Hazardous Materials Mining

Health and safety Miscellaneous

Land use Ozone

Mining National Parks

Miscellaneous Pollution

National Parks Regulation

Pollution Sanitary and phytosanitary

Regulation Standards

Sanitary and phytosanitary

Standards

Tourism

Table 3. Available Data for Website

Title Year Sector Relevant Actors Policy Summary

The Electricity

Amendment Act 2003 Energy

The Energy

Regulation Board,

utility companies,

local governments

An Act to amend the Electricity Act, which is an

Act to regulate the generation, transmission,

distribution and supply of electricity; and to provide

for matters connected with or incidental to the

foregoing.

The Energy Regulation

Act 1995 Energy

The Energy

Regulation Board,

Zambia Competition

Commission, Zambia

Standards Bureau

An Act to establish an Energy Regulation Board

and to define its functions and powers; to provide

for the licensing of undertakings for the production

of energy or the production or handling of certain

fuels; to repeal the National Energy Council Act

and the Zambia Electricity Supply Act; and to

provide for matters connected with or incidental to

the foregoing.

The National Energy

Council Act 1980 Energy

National Energy

Council Unknown

The Zambia Electricity

Supply Act 1970 Energy ZESCO Unknown

The Petroleum Act 1930 Energy N/A

An Act to make provision for regulating the

importation, conveyance and storage of petroleum

and other inflammable oils and liquids; and to

provide for incidental matters.

Astor Investments Ltd

V. Zesco Ltd 2014 Energy ZESCO

Regarding the interpretation of ZESCO's obligation

to provide power to households.

Chuuka V. The People 2011 Environmental

Protection N/A

Regarding the liability of mining companies for

damage done to private citizens' holdings in the

area of blasting work.

Fumpa V. The People 2012 Conservation Zambia Wildlife

Authority

Regarding the Government of Zambia's jurisdiction

over game animals and penalties for the hunting

thereof.

James Nyasulu and

2000 Others V.

Konkola Copper

Mines Plc,

Environmental

Council of Zambia,

Chingola Municipal

Council

2007 Water Environmental

Council of Zambia


environmental harms to water sources.

Kafue Horse Safari

Limited V. Zambia

Wildlife Authority

2012 Environmental

Protection

Environmental

Council of Zambia

Regarding the protection of animal corridors from

tourism related activities and the use of EIA to

determine land use requirements.

Konkola Copper

Mines Plc V. Nyasulu

and 2000 Others

2009 Environmental

Protection N/A


environmental harms.

Lafarge V. Sinkamba 2008 Environmental

Protection

Environmental

Council of Zambia

Regarding environmental assessments and the

approval of mining projects.

Martha Muzithe

Kangwa & 27 Others

V. Environmental

Council of Zambia,

Nasla Cement Limited,

And the Attorney

General

2014 Environmental

Protection

Zambia

Environmental

Management Agency

Regarding environmental assessments and the

approval of non-mining projects.

North Western Energy

Company Limited V.

The Energy

Regulations Board

2012 Energy N/A Regarding the unilateral change of tariffs by energy

companies.

Sobek Lodges Limited

V. Zambia Wildlife

Authority

2008 Environmental

Protection

Zambia Wildlife

Authority

Regarding the transfer of environmentally sensitive

property.

Victor Namakando

Zaza V. Zambia

Electricity Supply

Corporation Limited

2001 Energy ZESCO

Regarding the liability of ZESCO for damaged

caused by power failures, and the duties of the

customer.

Zesco Ltd V.

Chishimba 2013 Energy ZESCO


caused by power distribution network.

Zesco V. Chipulu 2013 Energy ZESCO Regarding the liability of ZESCO for damaged


Appropriation Act,

2011 2011 All

Government of

Zambia



Appropriation Act,

2013 2013 All

Government of

Zambia



Appropriation Act,

2014 2014 All

Government of

Zambia



Business Regulatory

Act, 2014 2014 All N/A



The Central African

Power Corporation

(Financial Provisions)

Act

1963 Energy Southern African

Power Pool



The Electricity Act 1995 Energy

Energy Regulation

Board, utility

companies, local

governments



The Energy Regulation

Act 1995 Energy

Energy Regulation

Board, utility

companies, local

governments



The English Law

(Extent of Application)

Act

1963 All Government of

Zambia



The English Law Act 2011 All Government of

Zambia



The Environmental

Management Act,

2011

2011 Environmental

Protection

Government of

Zambia,

Environmental

Council,

Environmental

Management Agency



The Environmental

Management

(Amendment) Act

2013 Environmental

Protection

Government of

Zambia,

Environmental

Council,

Environmental

Management Agency



The Environmental

Protection and

Pollution Control

(Amendment) Act,

1999

1999 Environmental

Protection

Government of

Zambia,

Environmental

Council



The Environmental

Protection and

Pollution Control Act,

1990

1990 Environmental

Protection

Government of

Zambia,

Environmental

Council



The Occupational

Health and Safety Act 2010 Other N/A



The Factories Act 1967 Other N/A Regarding the liability of ZESCO for damaged


The Forests Act, 2015 2015 Environmental

Protection Local governments



The Higher Authority

for Power (Special

Provisions) Act

1970 Energy Government of

Zambia



The Millennium

Challenge Act, 2013 2013 Water

Government of

Zambia



The Mineral Royalty

Tax (Repeal) Act 1997 Other N/A



The Mines Acquisition

(Special Provisions)

(No. 2) Act

1970 Other N/A Regarding the liability of ZESCO for damaged


The Mines Acquisition

(Special Provisions)

Act



The Mines and

Minerals Act 1995 Other N/A



The Mines and

Minerals Development

(Amendment) Act,

2012



The Mines and


(Amendment) Act,

2016



The Mines and


(Amendment) Act,

2009



The Mines and


Act, 2015



The National Heritage

Conservation

Commission Act

1989 Environmental

Protection

National Heritage

Conservation

Commission



The National Parks

and Wildlife Act 1991

Environmental

Protection

National Parks and

Wildlife Service



The Petroleum

(Exploration and

Production) Act

1985 Energy Petroleum

Commission



The Petroleum Act 1930 Energy N/A Regarding the liability of ZESCO for damaged


The Privitisation Act 1992 Other N/A Regarding the liability of ZESCO for damaged


The Supplementary

Appropriation (2011)

Act, 2013


Zambia



The Supplementary

Appropriation (2013)

Act, 2015


Zambia



The Tourism Act 1979 Other Zambia National

Tourist Board



The Tourism and

Hospitality Act, 2015 2015 Other

Zambia Tourism

Development Fund



The Urban and

Regional Planning

Act, 2015

2015 Other Local governments,

utility companies



The Water Act 1964 Water

Local governments,

utility companies,

Water Board



The Water Resources

Management Act,

2011

2011 Water

Local governments,

utility companies,

Water Board



The Water Supply and

Sanitation Act, 1997 1997 Water

Local governments,

utility companies,

NWASCO



The Zambezi River

Authority Act 1987 Water

Zambezi River

Authority



The Zambia National

Commission for

UNESCO Act

1966 Other

UNESCO,

Government of

Zambia



The Zambia Tanzania

Pipeline Act 1967 Energy

Zambia Tanzania

Pipeline



The Zambia Wildlife

Act, 2015 2015

Environmental

Protection

National Parks and

Wildlife Service,

Community

Resources Board



Energy Regulation

Board Energy Sector

Report, 2007

2007 Energy Energy Regulation

Board



Energy Regulation

Board Energy Sector

Report, 2008


Board



Energy Regulation

Board Energy Sector

Report, 2010


Board



Energy Regulation

Board Energy Sector

Report, 2012-2013


Board



Energy Regulation

Board Energy Sector

Report, 2014


Board



Energy Regulation

Board Energy Sector

Report, 2015


Board



Energy Regulation

Board Petroleum

Sector Report, 2012


Board



Energy Regulation

Board Report on

Electricity Cost of

Service Study


Board



Energy Regulation

Board Report on

Zambia Nation-Wide

Power Blackout of

January, 2008


Board



Energy Regulation

Board Report on

Zambia Nation-Wide

Power Blackout of

June 4, 2006


Board



Wasco Strategic Plan

2016-2020 2016 Water

NWASCO, water

utility companies



Southern African

Power Pool Annual

Report, 2004

2004 Energy SAPP Regarding the liability of ZESCO for damaged


Southern African

Power Pool Annual

Report, 2005



Southern African

Power Pool Annual

Report, 2006



Southern African

Power Pool Annual

Report, 2007



Southern African

Power Pool Annual

Report, 2008



Southern African

Power Pool Annual

Report, 2009



Southern African

Power Pool Annual

Report, 2011



Southern African

Power Pool Annual

Report, 2012



Southern African

Power Pool Annual

Report, 2013



Southern African

Power Pool Annual

Report, 2015



Southern African

Power Pool Day

Ahead Market Rules



Zambia Development

Agency Energy Sector

Profile, 2014

2014 Energy

Zambia

Development

Agency, Energy

Regulation Board



Zambia Environmental

Management Agency

Atlas of Our Changing

Environment, 2013

2013 Environmental

Protection

Zambia

Environmental

Management Agency



First Report of The

Committee on

Agriculture and Lands

for The Fourth Session

of The Tenth National

Assembly Appointed

on Thursday, 24Th

September, 2009

2009 Environmental

Protection N/A



First Report of The

Committee on

Delegated Legislation



Assembly Appointed

On 23Rd September,

2009

2009 Other

Ministry of Mines

and Mineral

Development



First Report of The

Committee on

Economic Affairs and

Labor for The Fourth

Session of The Tenth

National Assembly

Appointed on

Thursday, 24Th

September 2009

2009 Other Government of

Zambia



First Report of The

Committee on Local

Governance, Housing

and Chiefs' Affairs for

The Fourth Session of

The Tenth National

Assembly Appointed

On 23 September,

2009

2009 Other Local governments Regarding the liability of ZESCO for damaged


First Report of The

Public Accounts

Committee on The

Report of The Auditor-

General on The

Accounts ---

Resolution of The

House On 25

September 2009


Zambia



Fourth Report of The

Public Accounts

Committee ---

Appointed by The

Resolution of The

House On 25

September 2009


Zambia



Report of The

Committee on


for The Fifth Session

of The Ninth National

Assembly Appointed

On 19Th January 2006



Report of The

Committee on




Assembly Appointed

On 22 September,

2010



Report of The

Committee on

Agriculture for The

Fifth Session of The

Eleventh National

Assembly Appointed

On 24Th September,

2015



Report of The

Committee on

Agriculture for The

First Session of The

Eleventh National

Assembly Appointed

on Friday, 21St

October, 2011



Report of The

Committee on

Agriculture for The

Second Session of The

Eleventh National

Assembly Appointed

on Thursday 27Th

September, 2012



Report of The

Committee on

Agriculture for The

Third Session of The

Eleventh National

Assembly Appointed

on Thursday 26Th

September, 2013



Report of The

Committee on

Agriculture on The

Auditor General's

Report on The

Sustainable

Management of Fish

Resources in Natural

Waters for The Fifth

Session of The

Eleventh National

Assembly Appointed

On 24Th September,

2015



Report of The

Committee on

Communications,

Transport, Works and

Supply for The Second

Session of The

Eleventh National

Assembly Appointed

On 26Th September

2012

2012 Other Various Regarding the liability of ZESCO for damaged


Report of The

Committee on

Communications,


Supply for The Second


National Assembly

Appointed On 17Th

January, 2008



Report of The

Committee on

Communications,


Supply for The Third

Session of The

Eleventh National

Assembly Appointed

On 25Th September,

2013



Report of The

Committee on



of The Eleventh

National Assembly

Appointed on

Wednesday, 23Rd

September, 2015



Report of The

Committee on



of The Ninth National

Assembly Appointed

on Wednesday,

18Thjanuary, 2006



Report of The

Committee on




Assembly Appointed

On 21 September 2010



Report of The

Committee on


for The First Session

of The Eleventh

National Assembly

Appointed On 19Th

October 2011



Report of The

Committee on



of The Eleventh

National Assembly

Appointed On 24Th

September 2014



Report of The

Committee on


for The Second

Session of The

Eleventh National

Assembly Appointed

On 26Th September

2012



Report of The

Committee on


for The Second


National Assembly

Appointed on

Wednesday, 16Th

January, 2008



Report of The

Committee on


for The Third Session

of The Eleventh

National Assembly

Appointed On 25Th

September, 2013



Report of The

Committee on


Labour For the Fifth


National Assembly,

Appointed on

Thursday, 23

September 2010



Report of The

Committee on


Labour For the First


National Assembly

Appointed On 8Th

November 2006



Report of The

Committee on


Labour For the Second


National Assembly

Appointed on

Wednesday 16Th

January, 2008



Report of The

Committee on

Economic Affairs for

The First Session of

The Eleventh National

Assembly Appointed

on Wednesday 19

October 2011



Report of The

Committee on

Economic Affairs,

Energy and Labour

For the Fifth Session

of The Eleventh

National Assembly

Appointed On 23Rd

September, 2015



Report of The

Committee on

Economic Affairs,

Energy and Labour

For the Fourth Session

of The Eleventh

National Assembly

Appointed on

Tuesday, 23Rd

September, 2014



Report of The

Committee on

Economic Affairs,

Energy and Labour

For the Second

Session of The

Eleventh National

Assembly Appointed

on Wednesday, 26Th

September, 2012



Report of The

Committee on

Economic Affairs,

Energy and Labour

For the Third Session

of The Eleventh

National Assembly

Appointed on

Wednesday, 25Th

September 2013



Report of The

Committee on Energy,

Environment and

Tourism for The Fifth

Session of The Ninth

National Assembly

Appointed On 19Th

January 2006



Report of The


Environment and

Tourism for The Fifth


National Assembly

Appointed ND on 22

September 2010



Report of The


Environment and

Tourism for The First


National Assembly

Appointed On 8Th

November 2006



Report of The


Environment and

Tourism on The

Familiarization Tour

of Kafue Gorge and

Kariba North Bank

Power Stations, For

the Second Session of

The Tenth National

Assembly, Appointed




Report of The

Committee on

Estimates Appointed

to Scrutinize ---

Appointed by The

House February 26Th,

2009



Report of The

Committee on Lands,

Energy, And Water for



Assembly Appointed

On 20Th October 2011



Report of The

Committee on Lands,

Environment and

Tourism for The

Second Session of The

Eleventh National

Assembly Appointed

On 27Th September,

2012



Report of The

Committee on Lands,

Environment and

Tourism for The Third

Session of The

Eleventh National

Assembly Appointed

On 26Th September,

2013



Report of The

Committee on Lands,

Environment and

Tourism on The

Auditor General's

Report on

Environmental

Degradation Caused

by Mining Activities


of The Eleventh

National Assembly

Appointed On 25Th

September, 2014



Report of The

Committee on Lands,

Environment and

Tourism on The

Auditor General's

Report on The

Management of

Wildlife in Zambia For

the Fourth Session of


Assembly Appointed

On 25Th September,

2014



Report of The

Committee on Lands,

Environment, And

Tourism for The

Fourth Session of The

Eleventh National

Assembly Appointed

On 25Th September,

2014



Report of The

Committee on

National Security and

Foreign Affairs for

The Fifth Session of


Assembly



Report of The

Committee on


Foreign Affairs for

The Fifth Session of

The Ninth National

Assembly Appointed




Report of The

Committee on


Foreign Affairs for



Assembly Appointed

on Friday 21St

October, 2011



Report of The

Committee on


Foreign Affairs for


The Tenth National

Assembly Appointed

On 8Th November,

2006



Report of The

Committee on


Foreign Affairs for

The Second Session of


Assembly Appointed

on Thursday, 27Th

September, 2012



Report of The

Committee on


Foreign Affairs for

The Second Session of

The Tenth National

Assembly Appointed

On 17Th January,

2008



Report of The

Committee on


Foreign Affairs for

The Third Session of


Assembly Appointed

on Thursday, 26Th

September, 2013



Report of The Public

Accounts Committee -

-- Appointed by

Resolution of The

House On 25Th

September, 2015


Zambia





-- Appointed by

Resolution of The

House On 25Th

September 2015


Zambia





-- Appointed by

Resolution of The

House On 26Th

September, 2014


Zambia





-- Appointed by The

Resolution of The

House On 2 October,

2012


Zambia





-- Appointed by The

Resolution of The

House On 24

September 2010


Zambia





-- Appointed by The

Resolution of The

House On 27Th

January 2009


Zambia





-- Appointed by The

Resolution of The

House On 27Th

September 2013


Zambia





-- Appointed by The

Resolution of The

House On 27Th

September, 2013


Zambia





-- Appointed by The

Resolution of The

House on Friday, 26Th

September, 2014


Zambia




Accounts Committee

on The Report of The

Auditor- General For

2009 On the Accounts

of Parastatal Bodies


of The Eleventh

National Assembly

Appointed by The

Resolution of The

House On 2

November, 2011


Zambia




Accounts Committee


Auditor- General For




of The Eleventh

National Assembly

Appointed by The

Resolution of The

House On 2

November, 2011


Zambia




Accounts Committee


Auditor- General for

The Financial Year

Ended 31 December

2010 For the First

Session of The

Eleventh National

Assembly Appointed

by The Resolution of

The House On 2

November, 2011


Zambia




Accounts Committee


Auditor-General For





Assembly Appointed

by The Resolution of

The House On 24

September, 2010


Zambia




Accounts Committee


Auditor-General on

The Management of

Constituency

Development Funds

and Grants to Local

Authorities --- On

27Th September, 2013


Zambia



Report of Your

Committee on

Agriculture for The


Eleventh National

Assembly Appointed

on Thursday 25Th

September, 2014



Second Report of The

Committee on


Labour For the Fourth


National Assembly,

Appointed On 24Th

September, 2009

2009 Environmental

Protection

Government of

Zambia





Environment and

Tourism for The


Tenth National

Assembly Appointed

On 24Th September

2009

2009 Environmental

Protection

Government of

Zambia




Committee on


Foreign Affairs for

The Fourth Session of

The Tenth National

Assembly Appointed

On 25Th September,

2009



Energy Regulation

Board Tender for The

Supply, Installation

and Commissioning of

An Energy Regulatory

System, 2015


Board



Environmental

Council of Zambia

Environmental Impact

Assessment Process in

Zambia

1990 Environmental

Protection

Zambian

Environmental

Management Agency



Environmental

Council of Zambia

Minimum

Specifications for

Health Care Waste

Incineration

2001 Other Environmental

Council of Zambia



Environmental

Council of Zambia

National

Implementation Plans

for The Management

of Persistent Organic

Pollutants

2007 Environmental

Protection

Environmental

Council of Zambia



Environmental

Council of Zambia

National Solid Waste

Management Strategy

for Zambia, 2004

2004 Environmental

Protection

Environmental

Council of Zambia



Environmental

Management Agency

Interim Environmental

Fund, 2011

2011 Environmental

Protection

Zambian

Environmental

Management Agency



Ministry of Energy

and Water

Development National

Water Policy, 1994

1994 Water Various Regarding the liability of ZESCO for damaged


Ministry of Energy

and Water

Development National

Water Policy, 2010

2010 Water

NWASCO, water

utility companies,

other



Wasco Approved

Water and Sewerage

Tariffs, 2012

2012 Water

NWASCO, water

utility companies,

other



Wasco Approved

Water and Sewerage

Tariffs, 2013

2013 Water

NWASCO, water

utility companies,

other



Wasco Approved

Water and Sewerage

Tariffs, 2014

2014 Water

NWASCO, water

utility companies,

other



Wasco Approved

Water and Sewerage

Tariffs, 2016

2016 Water

NWASCO, water

utility companies,

other



Wasco Guidelines on

Tariff Setting, 2014 2014 Water

NWASCO, water

utility companies,

other



Zambian Bureau of

Standard Catalogue of

Zambian Standards,

2015

2015 Other ZABS, others Regarding the liability of ZESCO for damaged


Zambian Bureau of

Standard Proposed

Standards Catalogue,

2014

2014 Other ZABS, others Regarding the liability of ZESCO for damaged


Statutory Instrument of

1997 No. 28 1997

Environmental

Protection

Environmental

Council of Zambia




2003 No. 18 2003




2003 No. 26 2003


2003 No. 46 2003


2003 No. 56 2003


2003 No. 65 2003


2003 No. 74 2003


2003 No. 105 2003


2003 No. 106 2003


2003 No. 107 2003


2003 No. 108 2003


2003 No. 117 2003


2003 No. 121 2003


2005 No. 6 2005


2005 No. 44 2005


2005 No. 90 2005


2006 No. 1 2006


2006 No. 2 2006


2006 No. 3 2006


2006 No. 4 2006


2006 No. 5 2006


2006 No. 6 2006


2006 No. 7 2006


2006 No. 8 2006


2006 No. 9 2006


2006 No. 27 2006


2006 No. 47 2006


2006 No. 54 2006


2006 No. 65 2006


2006 No. 66 2006


2006 No. 119 2006


2007 No. 82 2007


2008 No. 72 2008


2008 No. 84 2008


2008 No. 85 2008


2009 No. 20 2009


2009 No. 21 2009


2009 No. 22 2009


2009 No. 23 2009


2009 No. 24 2009


2009 No. 27 2009


2009 No. 51 2009


2009 No. 66 2009


2009 No. 87 2009


2009 No. 99 2009


2009 No. 102 2009


2009 No. Draft12 2009


2010 No. 12 2010


2010 No. 14 2010


2010 No. 18 2010


2010 No. 26 2010


2010 No. 95 2010


2011 No. 20 2011


2012 No. 18 2012


2012 No. 24 2012


2012 No. 32 2012


2012 No. 34 2012


2012 No. 42 2012


2012 No. 73 2012


2013 No. 17 2013


2013 No. 33 2013


2013 No. 37 2013


2013 No. 52 2013


2013 No. 59 2013


2013 No. 78 2013


2013 No. 80 2013


2013 No. 89 2013


2013 No. 112 2013


2014 No. 58 2014


2015 No. 2 2015


2015 No. 10 2015


2015 No. 11 2015


2015 No. 83 2015


2015 No. 84 2015


2015 No. 90 2015


2015 No. 91 2015

African Convention on

The Conservation of

Nature and Natural

Resources

1968 Environmental

Protection

Government of

Zambia

The African Convention on the Conservation of

Nature and Natural Resources is a continent-wide

agreement signed in 1968. It supersedes the

Convention Relative to the Preservation of Fauna

and Flora in their Natural State of 1933 and has

been superseded by the African Convention on

Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

(revised) signed in Maputo in 2003.

Revised African

Convention on The

Conservation of

Nature and Natural

Resources

2003 Environmental

Protection

Government of

Zambia

The objectives of the Convention are to: enhance

environmental protection; foster the conservation

and sustainable use of natural resources; harmonize

and coordinate policies in these fields with a view

to achieving ecologically rational, economically

sound and socially acceptable development policies

and programmers.

Agreement on

Agriculture 1995 Other

Government of

Zambia

The agricultural package of the Uruguay Round has

fundamentally changed the way domestic support in

favor of agricultural producers was treated under

the GATT 1947. A key objective has been to

discipline and reduce domestic support while at the

same time leaving great scope for governments to

design domestic agricultural policies in the face of,

and in response to, the wide variety of the specific

circumstances in individual countries and individual

agricultural sectors.

Agreement on The

Application of

Sanitary and

Phytosanitary

Measures


Zambia

The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and

Phytosanitary Measures, also known as the SPS

Agreement, is an international treaty of the World

Trade Organization. It was negotiated during the

Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on

Tariffs and Trade, and entered into force with the

establishment of the WTO at the beginning of 1995.

Broadly, the sanitary and phytosanitary (‘SPS’)

measures covered by the agreement are those aimed

at the protection of human, animal or plant life or

health from certain risks.

Basel Convention 1989 Environmental

Protection

Government of

Zambia

The Basel Convention on the Control of

Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes

and Their Disposal, usually known as the Basel

Convention, is an international treaty that was

designed to reduce the movements of hazardous

waste between nations, and specifically to prevent

transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less

developed countries (LDCs). It does not, however,

address the movement of radioactive waste. The

Convention is also intended to minimize the amount

and toxicity of wastes generated, to ensure their

environmentally sound management as closely as

possible to the source of generation, and to assist

LDCs in environmentally sound management of the

hazardous and other wastes they generate.

Benzene Convention 1971 Environmental

Protection

Government of

Zambia

Adopts many provisions to mitigate the potential

harms caused by benzene

Convention on

Biological Diversity 1993 Conservation

Government of

Zambia

The Convention has three main goals: conservation

of biological diversity (or biodiversity); sustainable

use of its components; and fair and equitable

sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources

Convention on

International Trade in

Endangered Species of

Wild Fauna and Flora

1975 Conservation Government of

Zambia

CITES (the Convention on International Trade in

Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an

international agreement between governments. Its

aim is to ensure that international trade in

specimens of wild animals and plants does not

threaten their survival.

Kyoto Protocol to The

United Nations

Framework

Convention on Climate

Change

1997 Environmental

Protection

Government of

Zambia

The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty, which

extends the 1992 United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that

commits State Parties to reduce greenhouse gases

emissions, based on the premise that (a) global

warming exists and (b) man-made CO2 emissions

have caused it.

Marrakesh Declaration

Of 15 April 1994 1994 Other

Government of

Zambia

The agreement developed out of the General

Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT),

supplemented by many other agreements on issues

including trade in services, sanitary and

phytosanitary measures, trade-related aspects of

intellectual property and technical barriers to trade.

It also established a new, more efficient and legally

binding means of dispute resolution. The various

agreements which make up the Marrakesh

Agreement combine as an indivisible whole; no

entity can be party to any one agreement without

being party to them all

Minamoto Convention

on Mercury 2013

Environmental

Protection

Government of

Zambia

The Minamata Convention on Mercury is an

international treaty designed to protect human

health and the environment from anthropogenic

emissions and releases of mercury and mercury

compounds.

Montreal Protocol 1987 Environmental

Protection

Government of

Zambia

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete

the Ozone Layer (a protocol to the Vienna

Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer)

is an international treaty designed to protect the

ozone layer by phasing out the production of

numerous substances that are responsible for ozone

depletion.

Ramsar Convention 1975 Environmental

Protection

Government of

Zambia

The Convention’s mission is “the conservation and

wise use of all wetlands through local and national

actions and international cooperation, as a

contribution towards achieving sustainable

development throughout the world”.

Regional Conference

on The Phasing-Out of

Leaded Gasoline in

Sub-Saharan Africa

2014 Energy Government of

Zambia

Outlines the intentions of the parties to the

agreement to stop the sale and refining of leaded

gasoline.

United Nations

Convention on The

Law of The Sea


Zambia

The Law of the Sea Convention defines the rights

and responsibilities of nations with respect to their

use of the world's oceans, establishing guidelines

for businesses, the environment, and the

management of marine natural resources.

United Nations

Framework

Convention on Climate

Change

1994 Environmental

Protection

Government of

Zambia

The UNFCCC objective is to "stabilize greenhouse

gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that

would prevent dangerous anthropogenic

interference with the climate system". The

framework set no binding limits on greenhouse gas

emissions for individual countries and contains no

enforcement mechanisms. Instead, the framework

outlines how specific international treaties (called

"protocols" or "Agreements") may be negotiated to

set binding limits on greenhouse gases.

Vienna Convention for

The Protection of The

Ozone Layer

1988 Environmental

Protection

Government of

Zambia

This document acts as a framework for the

international efforts to protect the ozone layer.

However, it does not include legally binding

reduction goals for the use of CFCs, the main

chemical agents causing ozone depletion. These are

laid out in the accompanying Montreal Protocol.

Windhoek Declaration

for Enhancing

Resilience to Drought

in Africa

2016 Environmental

Protection

Government of

Zambia

The declaration states the commitments to

implement the Strategic Framework for Drought

Risk Management and Enhancing Resilience in

Africa; to establish a continent-wide African

Network with national institutions for Drought

Monitoring and Early Warning Systems; and to

convene biennial African Drought Conference to be

held concurrently with the African Drylands Week

to consider progress of the implementation of the

Strategy adopted

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