ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIESENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES

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Environmental technologies are technological solutions of environmental problems, and they mitigate the impact of production on the environment.

Environmental technologies are used in such sectors as industry, agriculture, services and transport, as well as in everyday housework.

CLASSIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIESCLASSIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES

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The impact of production on the environment is determined by the fact, that during the process of production, raw materials, water and

energy are used, making products and waste

clean production

technologiesclimate technologies

end-of-pipe environmental

pollution reduction technologies

Production can be made “clean” if the emissions and waste are used as resources

Environmental technologies can be classified intoEnvironmental technologies can be classified intothree large groupsthree large groups::

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Environmental pollution reduction facilities are installed in order to purify exhaust gases and wastewater and to ensure waste management

Production can be made “clean” if the emissions and waste are used as resources for another plant

Climate technologies include both above-mentioned environmental technology groups when they reduce the impact on climate change

It is possible to make production more efficient with lesser input (materials, energy and water), producing the same output of

the same or higher quality

CLEAN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIESCLEAN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

Clean production is a process in which hardly any wa ste is produced, but all the raw materials are used up for the end product. Clean pr oduction can be achieved by

implementing: minimal use of water, no wastewater, minimal use of energy, economical use of raw materials, and no waste.

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the same or higher quality

In order to implement clean production, technological processes in enterprises are changed or enhanced by other processes

Environmental technologies of this group are purification technologies

EndEnd--ofof--pipe environmental pollution reduction t echnologiespipe environmental pollution reduction technologies

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Pollutants are separated as soon as they have been formed, then they are treated

before they are re leased into the environment

Those technological processes reduce greenhouse gas emissions

in the atmosphere

Climate technologiesClimate technologies

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Climate technologies include also clean production technologies and

end-of-pipe environmental pollution reduction technologies when they reduce the impact on climate change, as well as those

technological processes that reduce greenhouse gas

emissions into the atmosphere.

Development of environmental technologies became quite fast only at the last 50 years

Before has been known mainly purification technologies and end-of-pipe environmental pollution reduction

technologies

Development of the environmental technologiesDevelopment of the environmental technologies

8end-of-pipe cleaner techn. clean techn. reduct. sources eco-design

EEcoco--efficiencyefficiency

eco-efficiency

economy of raw

materials and

energy

reduction of

reduction of

emissions and waste

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environment-

friendly

products

reduction of

negative

impact on the

environment

and climate

during the life

cycle

improvement of

the quality of

water, air and

soil

Environmental pollution reduction measures can be ranked

according to their priority. The first

CCONCEPTONCEPTIONION FOR POLLUTION REDUCTIONFOR POLLUTION REDUCTION

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according to their priority. The first stage includes the identification

and classification of environmental pollution types and their impact.

Cleaner production is a gradual approximation of the actual production to clean production

The simplest way to implement cleaner

production in an enterprise is to use the best available

CCLEANER PRODUCTIONLEANER PRODUCTION

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Products are called environment-friendly if the impact on the environment and natural resource consumption is minimal during the process of their production, use

and discharge into the waste flow

is to use the best available technology.

The best technologies for almost all industry sectors

are available to producers in the EU.

Cleaner production scheme

Products are called environment-friendly if the impact on the environment and natural resource consumption is minimal during the process of their production, use

and discharge into the waste flow

CLEAN PRODUCTIONCLEAN PRODUCTION

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Clean production can be achieved by implementing the following conditions: minimal use of water, and no wastewater, minimal use of

energy, or the use of energy generated during the production process for the production needs, economical use of raw materials, and no waste.

A zero-emission production is a technological process or a set of technological processes which uses up 100 % of the raw

materials, transforming them into 100 % of the end products

EnvironmentEnvironment--friendly productsfriendly productsProducts are called environment-friendly if the impact on the

environment and natural resource consumption is minimal during theprocess of their production, use and discharge into the waste flow.

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The aims of eco-design are to reduce the consumption of resources, to use environment-friendly materials, to optimise the production, distribution and use of the

product as well as to ensure proper management at the end of its life cycle, i.e. renewal, recycling or disposal.

ECOECO--DESIGNDESIGN

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Environmental pollution reduction technologiesEnvironmental pollution reduction technologies

It is not easy to decide what is better – either to prevent, eliminate or at least minimise the causes of pollution, or to fight

the effects of pollution by purifying the flows of contaminated gas, water and solids already after they have passed the technological

process

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Groups Groups ffoorr the environmental the environmental pollution reduction technologies:pollution reduction technologies:

Gas

purification

technologies

Water

treatment

Solid waste

management

GAS PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIESGAS PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Depending on the aggregative state of pollutants, gas purification

technologies fall into three broad categories:

purification of

polluted gas and air

from dust and

separation of gaseous

substances from technical separation of liquid

droplets from air

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polluted gas and air

from dust and

aerosols

substances from technical

gas, flue gas and air flows

separation of liquid

droplets from air

The choice of the polluted gas purification technology depends on production requirements, which determines the selection of

engineering solutions based on the principle of cost optimisation

GAS PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIESGAS PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES

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Purification of polluted air from dust and aerosolsa – cyclone; b – bag filter; c – wet scrubber;

d – electrostatistic precipitator

Landfill Landfill ggas as ppurificationurification sysystemstem

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Gas Gas ppurificationurification -- HH22S S rremovalemoval & & ppurificationurification for for ppipelinesipelines

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Car’s and track’s exhaust emissionsCar’s and track’s exhaust emissions

20Three-way catalytic converter

“Three“Three--way” catalytic convertersway” catalytic converters

• Reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen :

2NOx → xO2 + N2

• Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide:

2CO + O2 → 2CO2

• Oxidation of un-burnt hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water :

CxH2x+2 + [(3x+1)/2]O2 → xCO2 + (x+1)H2OCxH2x+2 + [(3x+1)/2]O2 → xCO2 + (x+1)H2O

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Ceramic-core converterCutaway of a metal-core converter

WATER TREATMENTWATER TREATMENT

Consumers need water with quite different quality parameters, therefore, water treatment generally falls into three broad categories:

▪ preparation of drinking water,

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▪ preparation of drinking water,

▪ preparation of technological water for production processes,

▪ wastewater treatment for reuse or to the quality of environment-friendly water before discharge into open bodies of water.

Water consumption

Supply for consumers

Wastewater collection

WWATERATER TURNOVER IN SOCIETYTURNOVER IN SOCIETY

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Water treatmentWastewater treatment

Water source Drainage

Indirect use

PROCESSING OF DRINKING WATERPROCESSING OF DRINKING WATER

1 – adding coagulant; 2 – coagulation; 3 – settling ta nk; 4 – filter; 5 – disinfection reservoir;6 – water pumps and supply to a water distribution n etwork

PROCESSING OF DRINKING WATERPROCESSING OF DRINKING WATER

Settling is the process by which particulates settle to the bottom

Coagulation is precipitation of suspended particles as they

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particulates settle to the bottom of a liquid and form a sediment. Aeration is the process

by which air is circulated through, oxidise a

compound dissolved or suspended in water

(H2S, CH4, NH3, volatile organic substances) –unpleasant odour and

taste are reduced.

suspended particles as they increase in size (by any of

several physical or chemical processes)

14 steps of the quality process Nestlé Waters uses to produce 14 steps of the quality process Nestlé Waters uses to produce NESTLÉ PURE LIFE in North AmericaNESTLÉ PURE LIFE in North America

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WASTEWATER TREATMENTWASTEWATER TREATMENT

Wastewaters are all polluted waters resulting from human activity

Wastewater types:

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Wastewater treatment depends on the composition and source of pollutants

residential

wastewater

industrial

wastewater

precipitation

runoff

agricultural

wastewater

WASTEWATER TREATMENTWASTEWATER TREATMENT

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WASTEWATER TREATMENTWASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTSPLANTS

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Eastern Treatment Plant, Melbourne, Australia

WASTEWATER TREATMENTWASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT ELEMENTSPLANT ELEMENTS

Aeration tank

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Primary clarifier

Final clarifiers

Filter-settler

Anaerobic methane production tanks

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTSOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Waste dumpsite in India

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

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Waste is solid substances generated as a result of human activities, and, being no longer of value for the r espective

economic, physiological or technological process, a re removed from it. Solid waste in a broader sense is understo od as any

household, industrial and agricultural materials th at have been used up.

The term also denotes such types of waste as ash ge nerated in

Solid wasteSolid waste

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The term also denotes such types of waste as ash ge nerated in thermal or electric power plants, sludge from waste water treatment plants, animal farm waste, gangue rocks from minera l extraction.

Solid waste in a broader sense is understood as any household, industrial and agricultural materials that have been used up. Since such waste

accumulates in the territories managed by municipal ities responsible for its removal and storage, it is termed “municipal solid w aste”.

GREENGREENWASTEWASTE

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Green waste is biodegradable waste that can be composed of garden or park waste, such as grass or flower cuttings and hedge (dzīvžoga) trimmings, as well as domestic and commercial food waste. The

differentiation green identifies it as high in nitrogen, as opposed to brown waste, which is primarily carbonaceous.

Green waste is often collected in municipal curbside collection schemes or through private waste management contractor businesses and subject to independent audit.

FOOD WASTEFOOD WASTEFood waste or food loss is food that is discarded or lost uneaten. As of 2011, 1.3 billion tons of food, about one third of the global food production, are lost or wasted annually. Loss and wastage occurs on all steps in

the food supply chain. In low-income countries most loss occurs during production, while in developed countries much food – about 100 kilograms per person and year – is wasted at the consumption stage.

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Apples (Granny Smith variety) are among the most wasted

foods in the UK - 190,000 tonnes per year are thrown away.Limiting food wastage has seen the adoption of form er WWI and WWII slogans.

36Biogas production in rural Germany

Biogas production in LatviaBiogas production in Latvia

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WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARHYWASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARHY

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Solid waste collection and transportingSolid waste collection and transporting

39A front-loading garbage truck in North America.

LANDFILLING

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Landfill operation. The area being filled is a sing le, well-defined "cell" and a rubberized landfill liner is in place to prevent contamination by leachates migrating downward

through the underlying geological formation.

REKULTIVATION OF LANDFILLSREKULTIVATION OF LANDFILLS

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Incineration plantIncineration plant

Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials.Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are described as “thermal treatment” . Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat.

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The Spittelau incineration plant in Vienna, designed by Friedensreich Hundertwasser

waste into ash, flue gas, and heat. The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste, and may take the form of solid lumps or particulates carried by the flue gas. The flue gases must be cleaned of gaseous and particulate pollutants before they are dispersed into the atmosphere. In some cases, the heat generated by incineration can be used to generate generate electric power.

CompostingComposting

Composting organisms require four equally important things to work effectively:Carbon — for energy; the microbialoxidation of carbon produces the heat, if included at suggested levels.

High carbon materials tend to be brown and dry.

Nitrogen — to grow and reproduce more organisms to oxidize the carbon.

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A large compost pile that is steaming with theheat generated by thermophilic microorganisms

more organisms to oxidize the carbon. High nitrogen materials tend to be green (or colorful, such as fruits and vegetables) and wet.[7]

Oxygen — for oxidizing the carbon, the decomposition process. Water — in the right amounts to maintain activity without causing anaerobic conditions.

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45Thank You for attention ! Thank You for attention !