enzymes chapter 5 (first half only). 1. types of energy energy – the capacity to perform work its...
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Enzymes
Chapter 5(first half only)
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1. Types of Energy
• Energy – the capacity to perform work • Its types:– Kinetic energy– Potential energy
• A form of kinetic energy is heat. • A form of potential energy is chemical energy
(energy of molecules)
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Laws of Thermodynamics• 1st: Energy cannot be created or destroyed
only changed to different forms.• 2nd: Energy conversions always produce heat
so they are never 100 % efficient • Spontaneous chemical reactions head toward
increasing disorder (entropy)
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• Chemical reactions can store or release chemical energy.
• If a reaction is endergonic – energy is taken in by the reactants to form the products (like dehydration synthesis or photosynthesis)
• If a reaction is exergonic – energy is released by the reactants to form the products (like cellular respiration)
• Frequently, exergonic reactions fuel endergonic reactions – energy coupling
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2. ATP (adenosine triphosphate)• ATP: A modified nucleotide molecule that
powers all cellular work directly.• Its structure: adenine, ribose and three
phosphates are combined by dehydration synthesis
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• ATP molecules release phosphate groups to various other molecules. These molecules take in the phosphate by phosphorylation and get excess energy to perform various processes.
• When ATP releases a phosphate + energy it produces ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
• ADP can turn back to ATP by taking in a phosphate and energy by phosphorylation
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• http://www.biologyinmotion.com/atp/index.html• http://student.ccbcmd.edu/biotutorials/energy/atpan.html
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• The energy from ATP can be used for the following processes:– Chemical work (forming products from reactants)– Mechanical work (contracting muscle)– Transport work (moving substances into or out of
the cell)
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3. Enzymes• Enzymes are proteins that act as biological
catalysts in living organisms.• They speed up chemical reactions by lowering
the activation energy of the reaction.• http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/enzymes/transition%20state.swf
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• Enzymes have a specific section called the active site that is able to bind with the reactants (substrates) of a chemical reaction
• Once the substrates bind to the active site, the active site changes shape and pulls the reactants together. As a result, the reaction occurs faster and more efficiently.
• The model that describes that enzymes change shape when bind with the substrate is called the induced fit model
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• Animations: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html
• http://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html
• http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/biology1111/animations/enzyme.swf
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• Three important special characteristics of enzymes:– They are specific– They are efficient– They are sensitive
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• Many enzyme do not function without an additional group attached to them. This additional group is called a cofactor.
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• Some substances can stop enzymes from functioning by attaching themselves to the active site of the enzyme. These are called inhibitors.
• Competitive inhibitors – bind to the active site and stops the enzyme from binding
• Noncompetitive inhibitors – bind to an allosteric site and change the shape of the active site.
• Many inhibitors are used as poisons or drugs.• Use this as a review: http://ats.doit.wisc.edu/biology/cb/td/t4_a1.htm