EOC Packet #1

EOC Packet #1Basic InformationSix Elements:CarbonHydrogenOxygenNitrogenSulfurPhosphorousMoleculeSmallest representative piece of a compoundExample: Water, carbon dioxide

Organic Compounds:Must contain carbonExamples: nucleic acids, protein, carbohydrates, lipids, Class NameElementsFunctionExamplesCarbohydrates C,H,OStorage of EnergySugar, StarchesLipidsC,H,OEnergy, Waterproof Coverings, Chemical MessengersFats, oils, waxesProteinC,H,O,P,N,SStructural Support, Chemical Messengers (enzymes)EnzymesNucleic AcidC,H,O,P,NGenetic MaterialDNA, RNAEnzymesExamples of proteins

Job is to catalyze a reaction

Temperature, pH, substrate/enzyme concentration

Active site of enzyme matches up with substrate shape

Breakdown of food (example: break down of lactose by lactase); Cell respiration; DNA Replication

Basic InformationHomeostasis: maintaining a constant environment

Temperature, pH, amount of sugar

Water- helps provide homeostasis in the body; absorbs water soluble substances; excretion of wastes; osmotic balance

Cells regulate the flow of molecules in and out of the cell using the CELL MEMBRANE DIFFUSION is the process that moves solutes from high concentration to low concentration. OSMOSIS is the process that moves water from hypotonic (low solute/high water) areas to hypertonic (high solute/low water) areasACTIVE TRANSPORT is a process that requires energy to move charged ions through the membrane.

Membranes FunctionIt is selectively permeable so it only allows certain things to enter and exit the cellOnce inside the cell different molecules can be used for different purposes. Sugars are used by the cell for cell respirationProteins are broken down into subunits called amino acids and used to build new proteins

Cells.Cells are made of many small structures called ORGANELLES each of which has a specific job. List several jobs performed by the parts of the cells: Make proteins (ribosomes); transport (ER); storage (vacuole)

When do Cells divide? During mitosis

How do cells ensure that the new cells will have all the same information that the old cells do? S PHASE OF INTERPHASE REPLICATES DNA SO A COPY OF DNA WILL GO INTO THE NEW CELLIf each cell has an identical copy of the DNA, how do we get specialized cells that are different like liver cells, lung cells and skin cells? Same DNA but has access to different proteins

The process by which cells become specialized is called DIFFERENTIATION

What happens between each cell division to prevent cells from becoming smaller and smaller? INTERPHASE SO CELL GROWS DURING G1

After fertilization, what happens to the zygote (the fertilized egg)?GOES THROUGH CLEAVAGE

What causes the individual cells in the embryo to differentiate? CHEMICALS WITHIN THE GENES HAVE ON/OFF SIGNALS

MITOSISMEIOSISAUTOSOMES/BODY CELLS

SEX CELLSDIPLOID

HAPLOIDONE DIVISION

TWO DIVISIONSYMBOLIZED AS 2NSYMBOLIZED AS NBody cells or autosomes have two times the amount of chromosomes than sex cells.Example: sperm/egg cell has 23 chromosomes while body cells have 46 chromosomes

Mistakes during mitosis and meiosis lead to different problems. Which one is more likely to lead to a defect in the entire body of an organism? MeiosisWhich one is more likely to lead to a defect in a single body part?Mitosis

Mutations: change in a DNA sequenceCauses: UV light, Cancer, Smoking

Pathogens: anything that causes a diseaseCauses: viruses like influenza, mumps

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