eoc - practice vocabulary terms. assimilation the process by which a minority group gradually adopts...
TRANSCRIPT
Assimilation
• The process by which a minority group gradually adopts the culture of the majority group.
Business Cycle• Short-term fluctuations
in business activity– a period of economic
growth in real GDP followed by a period of decline in real GDP
– a recession or depression followed by a period of economic growth, and so on
Capital Resources• Goods used to produce
other goods and services– buildings,
equipment, machinery, tools, dams, etc.
– often called
capital goods
Comparative Advantage• A person or nation has
a comparative advantage in the production of a good or service if that person or nation can produce the good or service at a lower opportunity cost than that of another person or nation.
Demand• The different quantities
of a resource, good, or service that will be purchased at various prices during a given period of time.– According to the law of
demand:• the lower the price,
the more of it will be purchased• the higher the price,
the less of it will be purchased
Democracy• A system of
government in which rule is by the people– direct democracy
where the people make their own laws
– a representative democracy, a republic, in which laws are made by the people’s representatives
Demographics• Refers to population– Statistics– Changes– Trends based on various
measures of fertility (adding to population),
– Mortality (subtracting from a population)
– Migration (redistribution of a population)
Federalism• A political system in
which a national government shares powers with state or provincial governments– Each level of government
has definite powers– Each level of government
may act directly on individuals within its jurisdiction
– In the U.S. federal system:• Some powers are given to
the federal government• Some powers are given to
the state governments• Some powers are shared• Some powers are given to
neither government
Fiscal Policy
• Government decisions taken with regard to taxing and spending money that is made in order to achieve economic goals
Gilded Age• Period of rapid wealth
accumulation by entrepreneurs from approximately the 1870’s-1890’s
– Economic, industrial, population, & territorial expansion
– Term coined by Mark Twain• Unbalance of wealth• Shallow worship of wealth• Sharp division in social classes
Hoovervilles• Communities of
hastily built makeshift shelters often constructed by people evicted during the Great Depression
– Derisively named after President Herbert Hoover
Human Characteristics of a Place• Those features of a place
that are the result of human activity– Places vary in
• nature of their populations
• population densities• ethnic makeup of the
people• languages most
commonly found• dominant religions• forms of economic, social,
and political organization
Investment• Use of resources by businesses,
individuals, or government to increase productive capacity by developing new technology, obtaining new capital resources, or improving the skills of the work force– Examples
• A restaurant buys new stoves in which to bake bread
• An individual buys tools to make some repairs
• A school buys new computers and textbooks
Laissez Faire• The practice of letting
people do as they please without interference or direction– In an economy, letting
owners of businesses or industries fix the rules of competition or the conditions of labor as they please without government regulation or control
– As a leadership style, pertains to a type of leadership where the leader lets those under his authority do as they please without interference
Majority Rule
• A pattern of decision making where decisions are made by vote and a decision requires the support of more than half of those voting
Manifest Destiny• A belief and policy
held and implemented in the last half of the 19th century that claimed the U.S. had a right to expand its sovereignty on the North American continent.
Monetary Policy• Actions taken in an economy
to control the total money supply in order to promote economic growth or price stability– In the U.S. it is exercised by
the Federal Reserve Bank which strives to exercise control of the money supply• changing reserve requirements
in member banks• changing discount rates
– the rate of interest at which it loans its money to member banks
• buying and selling government securities
Nativism• Political movement
characterized by anti-immigrant sentiment favoring the interests of native-born people over foreign-born people
Natural Resources• “Gifts of nature” used
to produce goods and services– Examples:• Land, trees, water,
fish, petroleum, mineral deposits, fertile soil, and favorable climatic conditions for growing crops
Place
• Term used by geographers to describe an area
– Physical features or characteristics
(see next slide)
– Human features or characteristics
Place– Physical features or
characteristics
• Climate, soil, landforms, plant life, animal life, bodies of water
• Resulting from geological, hydrological, atmospheric, and biological processes
Primary Sources• Firsthand information
about people or events, used by historians to reconstruct and interpret the past– Official documents
• Laws, public speeches– Eyewitness accounts
• Diaries, letters, autobiographies
– Visual evidence• News photographs,
videotapes– Artifacts
• Manmade objects of people in the past– Statue, tool, everyday item
Progressives
• Early 20th century reformers seeking to return the government to the people and correct injustices
Region• An area of the world that
has similar, unifying characteristics– Physical
• Types of terrain– Plains, mountains, deserts,
etc.• Rainfall
– Desert, rain forest, etc.• Soil type
– Sandy, rocky, clay, etc.– Human and cultural
• Political boundaries– Cities, counties, states,
countries, continents, etc.• How land is used
– Business district, ranch, cotton-producing region, etc.
• Dominant religion of people
Rust Belt
• Region in the northeast and Midwest where heavy industry and population has declined since the 1970’s
Saving• To withhold a portion
of current income from consumption.
– Example: individuals deposit savings in banks
• Banks use money to loan to those who wish to buy capital goods or other resources
Secondary Sources• Sources created by
someone who did not actually witness events– Constructed by historians
who have used primary sources and/or secondary sources in the process to reconstruct and interpret the past• News articles• Biographies• Histories and history
textbooks
Separation of Powers
• The division of powers among different branches of government within a political system
Sun Belt
• Region in the Southeast and southwest which experienced heavy population and business growth since the 1970’s