EOC Review #3: Photosynthesis, Cell Respiration, DNA, Mitosis,

and Protein synthesis

Christopherson

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis I

Photosynthesis Function

To produce glucose

(food) for producers

The formula for glucose:

C6H12O6

Photosynthesis: How?Plants absorb sunlight energy, carbon

dioxide and water to make glucose

Organisms that Undergo Photosynthesis: Plants

Bacteria

Protists – ex/ Green Algae

Photosynthesis: Location

ProducerLeaf

Leaf Cross-section

Chloroplast Chlorophyll: Pigment

Pigments

Found inside the thylakoid

Absorb sunlight energy and give

plants their color.

Photosynthesis Summative Equation (Formula)

CO2 H2O+ C6H12O6 + O2

Sunlight Energy

Reactants What is needed

Products What is produced

Cell Respiration I: ATP and Anaerobic Respiration

Christopherson

Purpose of Cell Respiration

C6H12O6 ATP

The process in which glucose (food) is broken down into ATP (usable energy)

C6H12O6

ATP StructureContains adenosine, sugar, and three

phosphatesphosphates

Does ATP have ENERGY?

YES

Photosynthesis Summative Equation (Formula)

CO2 H2O+C6H12O6 +O2

Reactants Need?

Products Produced?

ATP

+

Anaerobic Respiration

Respiration that occurs without oxygen present

Organisms that undergo

Anaerobic Respiration:

All living things

Process: Anaerobic Respiration

Simple Organisms

Glucose: C-C-C-C-C-C

Pyruvate:C-C-C and C-C-C

ATP

Fermentation

Breaking down of Pyruvate: Simple Organisms - Result

Pyruvate is broken down into waste. It’s trash.This process is Fermentation.

Pyruvate

Breaking down of Pyruvate Simple Organisms

Bacteria

Yeast

Process: Anaerobic Respiration

Complex Organisms

Glucose: C-C-C-C-C-C

Pyruvate:C-C-C and C-C-C

ATP

To the Mitochondria(Aerobic Respiration)

Aerobic Respiration

Respiration that occurs with oxygen present

Organisms that undergo

Aerobic Respiration:

Complex Organisms(Everything BUT

Bacteria and Yeast)

MitochondriaFunction: Breaks down sugar into ATP (usable form of energy); Powerhouse of

the cell

Location: Throughout the cell

Aerobic Respiration RESULT

C-C-C and C-C-CPyruvate

ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATPATP ATP ATP ATP ATPATP ATP ATP ATP ATP

O2

O2 is the key to the mitochondria

DNA Structure and Discovery

Christopherson

DNA: Deoxyribonucleic

Acid

DNA is a Nucleic Acid

Monomer: Nucleotide

Structure of a Nucleotide

1. Phosphate

2. Deoxyribose

3. Nitrogen Base

a. Adenineb. Thyminec. Cytosine

d. Guanine

Structure of DNA

Deoxyribose

Phosphate

Nitrogen Bases

Practice with Base Pairing

A T C G G C T A C G A T T A G C C G A T G C T A

Sugar and Phosphate

Sugar and Phosphate

Cell Cycle Summary

What is a Body Cell?

All the cells that make up the “body” of an organism.

What is a Homologous Pair?A pair of chromosomes that are very similar; one is

from your mom and the other from your dad

Diploid?Formula: 2n

n = the number of chromosomes2 = that homologous pairs are present

-Normal number of chromosomes in organisms body cell

Total Number of Chromosomes in a Human Body Cell

Purpose of the Cell Cycle

To grow, replace old cells, or reproduction

Location of the Cell Cycle

Within an organisms body cells

1st Step of the Cell Cycle

Interphase: Cell prepares to divide by

making more organelles and cytoplasm (G1

and G2); Replicates DNA

(S)

2nd Step of the Cell CycleMitosis: The

replicated DNA is separated

Made up of PMAT

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

3rd Step of the Cell Cycle

Cytokinesis: The cell divides the organelles and cytoplasm into the new cell

End Result of the Cell Cycle

Two identical cells with the same number of chromosomes

Interphase MitosisCytokinesis

If an organism has 50

chromosomes and it undergoes

mitosis, how many

chromosomes will be present in

the new cells?

If an organisms diploid number chromosome is 100, how many chromosomes will be

present in the new cells?

What is a GENE?

Instruction manual for our body

Portion of the DNA that “codes” (has

the directions) for a specific trait.

Where is a Gene?

•Within DNA

•The nitrogen bases spell out

the instructions

RNARibonucleic Acid

Make up of Nucleotides

Contains Phosphorus

RNA Nucleotide

A

BC

Phosphate

Ribose

Nitrogen Base

GuanineCytosineAdenine

Uracil

How is DNA different from RNA?

DNA versus RNA: # of Strands

1 strand2 strands

DNA versus RNA: Sugar

Deoxyribose Ribose

DNA versus RNA: Bonds with Adenine

Adenine Thymine Adenine Uracil

DNA RNA

What are the types of RNA?

mRNA FunctionCopy a message from a gene on DNA

DNA

mRNA

tRNA FunctionCarries amino acids to mRNA

mRNA

Amino Acids

Brief summary of Protein synthesis

A protein is made from a gene on DNA

Brief Summary of Transcription

Make mRNA from a gene on

DNA

Transcription Animation #2

Transcribe the following

TAC GGC AAA TAG GAT TTT CCA TTA AGTDNA

AUG CCG UUU AUC CUA AAA GGU AAU UCA mRNA

Location of Translation

Ribosome

Brief Summary of Translation

Make a protein

from mRNA

AUG CGC GGA UCC UCA UAA mRNA

UAC AGU AUUAGGCCUGCG

Met Ser StopSerGlyArg

Three base sequence in mRNA is called a codonCodon

Ribosome

A ribosome attaches to mRNAA tRNA anticodon matches with a mRNA codon

Anticodon

Codon

Another tRNA anticodon matches with a codon rRNA forms a peptide bond between theamino acids

Peptide Bond

First tRNA leaves and the ribosome shifts. A new tRNA fills empty space.Another peptide bond is formed and the process continues

A protein has been made

ProteinAmino acid

Translation Animation #1

TAC GGA CAT GAC GGG AAA ACT

AUG CCU GUA CUG CCC UUU UGA

Met – Pro – Val – Leu – Pro – Phe - STOP

DNA

mRNA

Amino Acid

MutationsMutations

What is a mutation?

Change in the DNA nitrogen base

sequence of a gene

How do Mutations Occur?

Damaged DNA caused by

agents such as sunlight, smoke,

radiation; It can also be inherited

Category of Mutation: Point Change in one base of the DNA sequence.

Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat

Point mutation: The fat hat ate the wee rat

Example of Point Mutation: Sickle Cell Anemia

Sickle Cell Anemia: Point Mutation

Category of Mutation: Frameshift Addition or deletion of a DNA base resulting

in a different sequence of DNA.

Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat

Frameshift mutation: The fat ata tet hew eer at

Tay Sachs Disease: Frameshift Mutation