eorange citrus sinensis g n a agriculture, forestry ... and productio… · the sweet orange...
TRANSCRIPT
2013
Prin
ted
and
publ
ishe
d by
:
Dep
artm
ent o
f Agr
icul
ture
, For
estry
and
Fis
herie
s
Obt
aina
ble
from
:
Res
ourc
e C
entre
D
irect
orat
e C
omm
unic
atio
n S
ervi
ces
P
rivat
e B
ag X
144
P
RE
TOR
IA
0001
agric
ultu
re,
fore
stry
& fi
sher
ies
Dep
artm
ent:
Agric
ultu
re, F
ores
try a
nd F
ishe
ries
REP
UB
LIC
OF
SOU
TH A
FRIC
A
Fur
ther
info
rmat
ion
can
be o
btai
ned
from
:
Dire
ctor
ate
Pla
nt P
rodu
ctio
nP
rivat
e B
ag X
250
PR
ET
OR
IA 0
001
Tel
: 12
319
607
2F
ax:
12 3
19 6
079
Em
ail:
DP
P@
daff.
gov.
za
Sci
entif
ic n
ame:
C
itrus
aur
antiu
m,C
itrus
sin
ensi
s
Com
mon
nam
es:
Bitt
er o
rang
e an
d sw
eet o
rang
e
Orange
Orange
chem
ical
ly a
nd b
y cu
ltura
l mea
ns. D
isea
ses
such
as
Phy
toph
thor
a fo
ot r
ot c
an b
e be
tter
cont
rolle
d by
use
of
res
ista
nt r
oots
tock
, im
prov
ing
drai
nage
and
tim
ely
appl
icat
ion
of e
ffect
ive
fung
icid
es.
Use
s O
rang
es c
an b
e ea
ten
fres
h, u
sed
to m
ake
mar
ma-
lade
, to
mak
e ju
ice,
and
whe
n ro
tten
they
can
be
fed
to a
nim
als.
Ack
now
ledg
emen
tC
itrus
pro
duct
ion
SA
;
Citr
us r
esea
rch
inte
rnat
iona
l and
SA
frui
tfarm
s.
Ref
eren
ces
The
nat
iona
l agr
icul
tura
l han
dboo
k, 2
009.
Kas
iriv
u, J
. B
. K
. 20
09.
Hor
ticul
ture
: F
ruit
Pro
duct
ion.
NW
, S
outh
A
fric
a .
Bac
kgro
und
Orig
in a
nd d
istr
ibut
ion
The
bitt
er o
rang
e (C
itrus
aur
antiu
m)
orig
inat
es f
rom
C
hina
, whe
re it
was
doc
umen
ted
in w
ritin
g by
300
BC
an
d la
ter
spre
ad to
Eur
ope,
then
thro
ugho
ut th
e w
est-
ern
and
sout
hern
reg
ions
. T
he s
wee
t or
ange
(C
itrus
si
nens
is) i
s na
tive
to th
e S
outh
Eas
t Asi
a (I
ndia
, Chi
na
and
Indo
nesi
a). T
he o
rang
e fr
uit i
s am
ong
the
olde
st
culti
vate
d fr
uit i
n C
hina
and
Sou
th E
ast A
sia.
Pro
duct
ion
area
s
Lim
popo
con
trib
utes
30%
of t
he c
itrus
mar
ket,
whi
ch
is th
e hi
ghes
t, fo
llow
ed b
y th
e E
aste
rn C
ape
with
23%
an
d th
en M
pum
alan
ga w
ith 2
1%.
Soil
and
clim
atic
requ
irem
ents
Citr
us tr
ees
requ
ire d
eep
soil
whi
ch h
as g
ood
surf
ace
and
inte
rnal
dra
inag
e.
Su
rfa
ce d
rain
ag
e r
efe
rs t
o r
un
off
to
pre
ven
t w
ate
r st
andi
ng a
roun
d th
e tr
ee.
Inte
rnal
dra
inag
e is
the
abi
lity
for
wat
er t
o pe
rcol
ate
dow
nwar
d th
roug
h th
e so
il to
avo
id s
atur
atio
n of
the
ro
ot z
one.
Cul
tura
l pra
ctic
esS
oil p
repa
ratio
n
So
ils a
re u
sua
lly r
ipp
ed
or
plo
ug
he
d,
or
eve
n b
oth
. S
oil p
H c
orre
ctio
n an
d ot
her
amel
iora
nts
(e.g
. N
, P
, or
K)
are
adde
d in
a d
oubl
e pl
ough
ing
actio
n. R
idgi
ng
is c
on
sid
ere
d t
o p
rovi
de
fo
r a
dd
ed
dra
ina
ge
or
for
inst
ance
s w
here
the
soil
is h
igh
in c
lay
cont
ent.
Pla
ntin
g
Ora
ng
e i
s b
ou
gh
t fr
om
th
e a
ccre
dit
ed
nu
rse
ry a
s se
ed
lin
gs.
In
co
lde
r, w
ind
y a
rea
s th
e p
refe
rre
d
plan
ting
time
is e
arly
spr
ing
(Sep
tem
ber/
Oct
ober
). In
ho
tter
regi
ons
spac
ing
of 7
X 3
met
ers
or 6
X 3
met
ers
is
reco
mm
en
de
d,
wh
ile in
co
ole
r re
gio
ns
spa
cin
g as
wid
e as
6 X
3 a
nd a
s cl
ose
as
6 X
2.5
met
res
is
reco
mm
ende
d.
Fer
tilis
atio
n
For
sat
isfa
ctor
y yi
elds
, fer
tilis
ers
are
adde
d ba
sed
on
annu
al s
oil a
nd le
af a
naly
sis
data
from
soi
l and
leav
es
of fr
uitin
g te
rmin
als
and
hist
ory
of th
e or
char
d w
ith r
e-sp
ect t
o yi
eld,
frui
t siz
e, q
ualit
y an
d pr
evio
us fe
rtili
za-
tion
reco
rds.
Pho
spho
rus
and
pota
ssiu
m a
re a
pplie
d to
the
soi
l, an
d m
agne
sium
and
mic
ro-e
lem
ents
are
ap
plie
d to
the
leav
es a
s fo
liar
spra
y w
hen
requ
ired.
Irrig
atio
n an
d fe
rtig
atio
n
It is
ve
ry d
iffic
ult
to f
arm
with
citr
us
un
de
r d
ryla
nd
. S
uppl
emen
tary
irrig
atio
n is
req
uire
d du
ring
dry
or lo
w
rain
fall
seas
ons,
and
the
drip
irrig
atio
n sy
stem
is b
est
suite
d, w
ith t
he u
se o
f dr
ip f
ertig
atio
n w
here
pH
and
el
ectr
ical
con
duct
ivity
are
con
trol
led.
The
mic
rosp
rin-
kler
and
ove
rhea
d sp
rinkl
er ir
rigat
ion
syst
ems
are
also
co
mm
only
use
d.
Wee
d co
ntro
l
Wee
ds a
nd g
rass
ben
eath
citr
us tr
ees
shou
ld b
e co
n-tr
olle
d to
red
uce
com
petit
ion
for
wat
er a
nd f
ertil
iser
. W
eeds
and
gra
ss m
ay h
arbo
ur p
ests
whi
ch c
an a
ffect
fr
uit.
Her
bici
des
or h
and
hoei
ng c
an b
e us
ed to
con
trol
w
eeds
.
Pes
t and
dis
ease
con
trol
Pes
ts a
nd d
isea
ses
may
affe
ct th
e he
alth
and
vig
our
of tr
ees
or a
ppea
ranc
e of
frui
t. In
sect
icid
es a
nd p
esti-
cide
s ca
n be
use
d to
con
trol
inse
cts
and
mite
s. P
ests
su
ch a
s th
e r
ed
sp
ide
r m
ite a
nd
th
e lo
wve
ld c
itru
s m
ite c
an
be
co
ntr
olle
d b
iolo
gic
ally
an
d c
he
mic
ally
, w
hile
th
e c
itru
s ru
st m
ite is
co
ntr
olle
d b
iolo
gic
ally
,