epa/elg/noda—air quality issue 1. national academy of sciences review nas review of state of the...
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EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY
ISSUE 1. National Academy of Sciences Review NAS review of state of the science regarding CAFOs
and Air Quality Response: National Center white papers on air quality:
Odor mitigation (includes H2S) Ammonia Particulate matter (PM) Site selection Health effects of odor Others (?)
Recommended point of departure for NAS review.National Center—resource scientists/engineers.
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National Center for Manure & Animal Waste Management
White Papers, 2001: State-of-the-art summaries on: Odor Mitigation, Sweeten, Jacobson, Heber, et al.
Particulates, Auvermann, Bottcher, Heber, Meyer, Parnell, Worley.
Ammonia, Arogo, Westerman, Heber, Robaarge, Classen.
Site Selection, Jacobson, et al.
Health effects, Schiffman, Bottcher, Auvermann.
December 11-12, 2001
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EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY
ISSUE 2. Revised Emission Factors Response: National Center White Papers address:
- Emission concentrations, rates, emission factors.- Emission control practices (odor, PM, H2S, NH3, VOC)- Research & development needs.
* Before emissions regulations can be developed:
- Develop & evaluate standardized methodologies for emission measurement & calculation of emission rates.
- Validate models- Develop control practices for emissions.
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Air Quality Emissions: Descriptors
Emission DescriptorsEmission Descriptors1. Concentration = mass/vol. g/m3, or OU/m3.
2. Emission rate = mass released/unit time (kg/day)
= concentration x airflow rate 3. Flux = mass/unit time/unit area (kg/day/m2).4. Emission factor = emission rate/process size descriptor = mass/unit time/capacity (or throughput), kg/day/head.5. Emissions inventory = source or category emissions
contribution to airshed, kg/yr, or tons/yr.
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EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY
ISSUE 3. Revised methane emission methodology:
EPA is correct in questioning prior estimates Methane emissions not a direct function of
VS excretion. Develop & validate CH4 model based on
operational factors—management, treatment, climate, etc.
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EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY
ISSUE 4. Revision of boundary conditions
Off-site transfers of manure. Response: BMP’s exist to mitigate emissions on or
off-site. Chronic vs. acute emissions—frequency
& duration of application.
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EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY
ISSUE 5. Monetization of emissions control (quantifying benefits).
Economics vs. health effects issue. Response: Exposure studies lacking. Community/neighbor validation. Implementation costs—new vs. retrofit;
longevity of control practices. Sustainable livestock & poultry industries. Limit unintended consequences
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EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY
ISSUE 6. Conjunctive Multi-Media Protection. Response: Research, development, technology transfer
needs: Air-shed scale vs.localized/site-specific situations. Appropriate models based on appropriate criteria. Interagency cooperation Statement regarding air quality requirements in
ELG’s should be retained. Not ready for regulatory action
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Research & Development Needs:
--Odor/odorant/PM--
Emission characterization— Emission rates, Flux, Emission factors. Specific to: species, facility type,
manure/wastewater system components, climate, soils.
Variability—diurnal, seasonal, climatic, management practices.
Secondary PM, from NH3, NOx, etc. Chemical & biological markers.
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Research & Development Needs:
Odor/odorant/PM
Control Practices: Kinetic release mechanisms Relationships among: odor, odorants,
particulates Cost-effective control technologies Innovative air treatment processes—
exhausts, surface-treatment, etc. Science-based dispersion models—
appropriate to CAFOs & and ground level sources.
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Research & Development Needs:
Public health concerns: Appropriate health indicators—
Odor, odorants, PM Field validation Acceptability criteria Dose-response relationships
Mitigation strategies -- address validated health & exposure concerns.
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Controlling Odor, PM, & Ammonia
Holistic Systems approaches needed: Whole farm management Species –specific technology Site/source-specific –tailored Contaminant-specific—odor,PM, NH3
Conjunctive management, Water & Air Reducing NH3 losses CNMP approach
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Research & Development Needs
Technology Transfer Develop interagency programs--research,
education, technology transfer, technical & financial assistance.
Evaluate innovative control technologies. Deliver cost-effective mitigation
technologies to CAFO producers!
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U.S. Program Needs: Air Contaminants
Conjunctive policies, multimedia protection: Air quality Water quality Global atmospheric considerations.
Integrated interagency programs: Interagency programs Research, education, tech.transfer, tech. &
financial assist. Linked, Coordinated Example-- 1990 President’s/USDA-Water Quality
Initiative Adequate funding commitment !