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Epicurus born on Samos 341 to 270 BC x

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Page 1: Epicurus - University of British Columbiaadamson/Biol446/Epicurus.pdfEpicurus 1 2 3 Born(on(Samos.((Describes(himself(as(self(taught.((Saw(mosteducaon(as(indoctrinaon:(too(constrained(to(the(master’s(way(of(thinking

Epicurus  born  on  Samos  341  to  270  BC  

x  

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Epicurus  

123

Born  on  Samos.    Describes  himself  as  self  taught.    Saw  most  educaBon  as  indoctrinaBon:  too  constrained  to  the  master’s  way  of  thinking.    Put  him  at  odds  with  most  other  philosophers  of  his  Bme.  

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Epicurus  modifed  Democritus’  atomism  

•  Gave  atoms  weight  (source  of  downward  moBon)  

•  Added  swerve:  random  deviaBon  from  predicted  moBon    

•  Developed  the  idea  of  emergence:  atoms  do  not  possess  properBes  but  these  properBes  develop  in  structures  composed  of  many  atoms.  

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Platonists  and  Aristotelians  

•  Taught  in  big  publically  supported  insBtuBons:    geometry,  dialecBcs  and  rhetoric.  

•  Epicurus  rejected  these  schools  as  sources  of  indoctrinaBon.  

•  Rejected  Plato’s  theory  of  forms  (geometry)  which  postulated  a  perfect  and  eternal  world.    But  studied  and  appreciated  his  contemporary,  Euclid’s,  geometry.        

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Plato’s  rhetoric  and  dialecBcs  

•  In  Plato’s  dialogues  Socrates  plays  down  his  knowledge  of  the  world  and  asks  quesBons  in  the  end  leading  his  interlocutors  to  his  posiBon.  

•  Epicurus  criBcized  this  ironic  perspecBve  as  basically  dishonest:    Socrates  was  hiding  his  expert  skills  as  a  debater.  

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Plato’s  dialecBcs  and  epistemology  

•  Reason  as  the  arbiter  of  truth  •  SensaBons  are  misleading  •  Phenomena  (appearances)  decepBve  •  Ideas  are  real  and  eternal  

Reason  as  the  charioteer  with  horses  represenBng  appeBtes  and  spirit  

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www.epicurus.info  

•  An  excellent  web  source  of  informaBon  on  Epicurus.  

•  Includes  all  of  the  extant  wriBngs  of  Epicurus  as  well  as  wriBngs  about  him  and  his  philosophy.  

 

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8th  Principal  Doctrine  

•  No  pleasure  is  a  bad  thing  in  itself,  but  some  pleasures  are  only  obtainable  at  the  cost  of  excessive  troubles.  

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Epicurus  and  Democritus  

•  Karl  Marx  1841.  The  Difference  Between  the  Democritean  and  Epicurean  Philosophy  of  Nature,  with  an  Appendix.    Published  1902.    

•  Understood  Epicurus’  embrace  of  dialecBcal  thinking  which  later  formed  a  centerpiece  for  Marxist  analysis  of  human  affairs.  

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Swerve.      

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Emergence  

•  Democritus:    sensaBons  are  misleading.    E.g.  a  sweet  drink  may  taste  bi[er  to  a  sick  man.  

•  Epicurus:    sensaBons  are  not  inthemselves  misleading  though  our  interpretaBon  of  them  is.      Atoms  are  not  sweet  or  of  a  certain  colour.    These  properBes  only  emerge  through  their  interacBon  to  produce  more  complex  structures  AND  our  percepBon  of  such  structures.    

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Epicurus’  Epistemology  

•  We  never  sense  the  object  in  itself  but  rather  we  sense  the  object  as  it  dies  away.  

•  SensaBons  are  not  decepBve;  all  are  equally  valid.      We  are  deceived  instead  by  our  interpretaBons  of  sensaBons.  

•  We  apprehend  the  world  through  “prolepsis”  (preconcepBon),  which  is  compared/modified  with  the  object  perceived.      

 

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Epicurus  and  Plato  

•  Plato  believed  in  “a  priori”  knowledge  which  he  thought  came  from  our  past  lives.  

•  Epicurus’  concept  of  prolepsis  involves  a  preconcepBon  built  through  our  individual  lives.      We  learn  and  modify  our  concepBons  according  to  perceived  nature.    This  leads  us  to  truth.    

 

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Epicurus  at  odds  with  Aristotle  

•  Rejected  teleology:    e.g.  Aristotle:  woodpecker  has  a  well  developed  bill  to  allow  it  to  find  grubs  and  insects  in  wood  and  under  bark.  

•  Epicurus:    because  woodpeckers  use  their  bills  to  search  for  insects  in  wood,  those  that  have  survived  have  well  developed  bills  (cf  Empidocles)  

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God  and  Gods  

•  Aristotle  idenBfied  40  or  more  unmoved  movers  (endowed  with  circular  moBon)  in  the  skies  

•  Epicurus:  Gods  are  perfect  and  fully  sated  beings  and  therefore  have  no  interest  in  humans.  They  are  irrelevant  to  human  affairs.  

 

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On  the  nature  of  the  mind  and  soul  

•  Aristotle:  the  soul  is  a  disBnct  substance;  Aristotle  was  a  pluralist.  

•  Epicurus  was  a  materialist:    the  mind  and  the  soul  are  like  any  other  objects  composed  of  atoms.    The  mind  is  in  the  chest  and  extends  throughout  the  body  as  a  spirit  (reminiscent  of  central  and  peripheral  nervous  system)    

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Epicurus  was  the  first  pragmaBst  

•  Thought  and  reason  do  not  funcBon  to  directly  perceive  and  describe  reality.  

•  Rather  they  are  tools  we  use  to  find  our  way  in  the  world,  which  we  can  never  know  directly.  

•  Empirical  skepBcism  

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•  Epicurus  engaged  and  publically  challenged  other  philosophers  early  in  his  career.  

•  Was  openly  contemptuous  of  the  idea  of  eternal  and  perfects  forms.  

•  Put  him  at  odds  with  the  establishment  thinkers.  

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Later  in  his  career  

•  Became  more  reclusive  and  advised  one  not  to  prod  or  challenge  one’s  enemies.  

•  To  avoid  those  who  might  wish  you  harm.  

39)    He  who  desires  to  live  in  tranquility  with  nothing  to  fear  from  other  men  ought  to  make  friends.    Those  of  whom  he  cannot  make  friends,  he  should  at  least  avoid  rendering  enemies;  and  if  that  is  not  in  his  power,  he  should,  as  much  as  possible,  avoid  all  dealings  with  them,  and  keep  them  aloof,  insofar  as  it  is  in  his  interest  to  do  so.  

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Epicurus’  Metaphysics  •  Nothing  comes  from  nothing;  nothing  disappears  to  nothing  (conservaBon  law)  

•  Tiny  incremental  changes  reach  crisis  points  leading  to  major  changes.    QuanBtaBve  changes  result  in  qualitaBve  changes.  (emergence)  

•  Chance  (swerve)  renders  our  futures  unpredictable.  (free  will  and  chance)  

•  Our  understanding  comes  from  appreciaBng  the  world  through  preconcepBons  that  are  changed  in  response  to  perceived  nature.    PercepBon  as  a  creaBve  act.    

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Epicurus’  wri[en  legacy  

•  Of  300  books  only  small  fragment  remain  •  h[p://www.epicurus.info/etexts/PD.html  •  Check  out:  Principal  Doctrines,  Le[er  to  Menoeceus  

•  LucreBus’  On  the  Nature  of  Things  is  taken  directly  from  Epicurus.  

•  Books  IV,V  concerns  aspects  of  biology  

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DialecBcal  thinking  

•  Interdependence/interpenetraBon  of  opposites.  

•  QuanBtaBve  change  leads  to  qualitaBve  change:  i.e.  qualitaBve  change  emerges  out  of  iteraBve  quanBtaBve  change  

•  Nature  is  best  understood  through  processes  and  their  relaBonships  rather  than  through  things,  causes  and  events.