epilepsy in special situation

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Epilepsy: special situation issue Helen ling, MD “Epilepsy management in women” Surat tanprawate, MD “Epilepsy management in medical condition” Sasiwimol kosachunhanan “Drug- drug interaction in epilepsy management” Dumrongsak Boonyalert: Modurator Dumrongsak Boonyalert: Modurator

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Page 1: epilepsy in special situation

Epilepsy: special situation issue

Helen ling, MD“Epilepsy management in women”

Surat tanprawate, MD“Epilepsy management in medical condition”

Sasiwimol kosachunhanan“Drug- drug interaction in epilepsy

management”

Dumrongsak Boonyalert: ModuratorDumrongsak Boonyalert: Modurator

Page 2: epilepsy in special situation

Seizure in special medical condition

Surat tanprawate, MD, FRCP(T)

Northern neurological center

Chiangmai university

Page 3: epilepsy in special situation
Page 4: epilepsy in special situation

Seizure in special medical condition

• Patients with liver disease

• Patients with kidney disease – Renal failure– Dialyzed patient

• Seizure in elderly

Page 5: epilepsy in special situation

Organ failure

AED

Others medication

Seizure pt.

Page 6: epilepsy in special situation

What we should know?

• Diagnosis

• Drug VS organ interaction

• Drug VS drug interaction

Page 7: epilepsy in special situation

Case presentation

Page 8: epilepsy in special situation

Case presentation-1

• ผู้��ป่�วยชายไทยคู่� อาย� 45 ป่� อาช�พรั�บจ้�าง ป่รัะว�ติ�ได้�จ้ากญาติ�

• CC: มี�อาการัช�กเกรั!ง กรัะติ�กท�"งติ�ว 15 min PTA• PI: 3 day PTA ผู้��ป่�วยมี�อาการัทานอาหารัไมี คู่ อยได้� พ�ด้จ้า

ไมี คู่ อยรั� �เรั%&อง บางคู่รั�"งมี�อาการัเอะอะโวยวาย นอนหลั�บไมี เป่)นเวลัา ไมี มี�ไข้�

• 15 min PTA ญาติ�เห!นผู้��ป่�วยช�กเกรั!งกรัะติ�ก ท�"งติ�วป่รัะมีาณ 1นาท� ไมี มี�ป่,สสาวะอ�จ้จ้ารัะรัาด้ หลั�งช�กมี�อาการัซึ/มีลัง ถามีติอบ อ%อ อาจ้/งพามีารั.พ.

Page 9: epilepsy in special situation

• PH: • ด้%&มีส�รัาเป่)นป่รัะจ้1าว�นลัะ1 แบนเป่)นเวลัาป่รัะมีาณ

20 ป่�• มี�อาการัติ�วเหลั%องมีาป่รัะมีาณ 2 ป่�• ป่ฏิ�เสธป่รัะว�ติ�โรัคู่ป่รัะจ้1าติ�วอ%&น ๆ • มี�อาการัเด้�นเซึ มี%อส�&นป่รัะมีาณ 4-5 ป่�• ป่ฏิ�เสธป่รัะว�ติ� ศี�รัษะกรัะแทกพ%"น

Page 10: epilepsy in special situation

Physical examination

• Vital sign: T=37.8 C, PR=120/min,RR= 25/min, BP= 160/100 mmHg

• GA: a middle age man, confusion and agitation, parotid gland enlargement

• ENT: moderate icteric sclerae• Skin: spider nevi-present at thorax• Heart+Lungs: normal• Abdomen: normal, no hepatosplenomegaly

Page 11: epilepsy in special situation

Neurological examination

• Confusion, agitation• CN: pupil 4 mm SRTL• EOM: full• Facial movement:

normal

• Reflex +2 alls• Motor: at least gr. 5

alls• BKK: absent, ankle

clonus: negative• Stiffneck: positive alls

direction• Eye ground: no

papilledema

Page 12: epilepsy in special situation

What’s cause of seizure?

What’s your management

?

Page 13: epilepsy in special situation

Key point:

• Acute seizure• Chronic

alcoholic drinking

• Chronic liver failure

Page 14: epilepsy in special situation

• Seizure associated with alcohol– Acute alcohol

withdrawal– Preexisting epilepsy

exacerbated by alcohol withdrawal

Hepatic encephalopathy

Focal brain damage

secondary to trauma: coagulopathy, brain atrophy

• Metabolic disturbance– Acute wernicke’s

encephalopathy

– Acute metabolic disturbance: hypoglycemia, hyponatremia

Meningitis : bacterial, TBImmunocompromise host

Page 15: epilepsy in special situation

At ER

• DTx = 140mg%• Electrolyte: normal• On 5% D/NSS 1000 cc iv 120cc/hrs• Request for CT brain E:

encephalomalacia at Rt frontoparietal region, diffuse cerebral atrophy and cerebellar atrophy

• LP: normal• Thiamine 100 mg iv

Page 16: epilepsy in special situation

At ward• ผู้��ป่�วยมี�อาการั confusion , ไมี มี�อาการัช�กเกรั!ง• Abnormal lab:

– U/A: WBC 20-30/HPF, urine gram stain- gm –ve bacilli

– H/C- E.coli x 2 spp. – Blood ammonia level= 400

• Rx. – Cef-3 2 gm iv stat and 2 gm iv OD– Lactulose Rx as hepatic encephalopathy– Lorazepam(1) 2 tab q 4 hrs– ไมี ได้�ยาก�นช�ก: อาการัคู่ อย ๆ ด้�ข้/"นติามีลั1าด้�บหลั�ง 24 hrs– D/C หลั�ง admit 1 wks

Page 17: epilepsy in special situation

Final diagnosis

1. Alcohol withdrawal seizure( or first episode symptomatic epilepsy exacerbated by alcohol withdralwal)

2. UTI with septicemia

3. Hepatic encephalopathy and cirrhosis

Page 18: epilepsy in special situation

หลั�ง D/C 2 month

• ผู้��ป่�วยมีาพบแพทย8ด้�วย หลั�งจ้ากกลั�บบ�าน ผู้��ป่�วยด้%&มีส�รัาท�กว�นว�นลัะ ½ แบน

• มี�อาการัช�กเกรั!งกรัะติ�กท�"งติ�วคู่รั�"งลัะ ป่รัะมีาณ 1 นาท� ท�กคู่รั�"งท�&ช�กไมี รั� �ส/กติ�ว ไมี ได้�ข้าด้ส�รัาข้ณะช�ก ไมี มี�ไข้� เป่)นป่รัะมีาณ อาท�ติย8ลัะ 10 คู่รั�"ง จ้/งมีาพบแพทย8

• PE: normal• Neuro. examination: normal except cerebellar

sign abnormality• Lab: e’lyte-normal, blood glucose-normal

What’s your management?

Page 19: epilepsy in special situation

Management : Management : Epilepsy in alcoholic and cirrhotic patientEpilepsy in alcoholic and cirrhotic patient

• Dx: Symptomatic GTC epilepsy: start treatment

• Abstention is the only effective long term treatment for alcohol related seizures

• Choice of AED treatment?

Page 20: epilepsy in special situation

Choice of AED treatment

• Concern – Seizure type– Effect on liver disease– Phamacokinetic– Effect on mental function

Page 21: epilepsy in special situation

• BZP– Effective in alcoholic patient– Increase sedation and aggravate HE

• PHT and CBZ– Effective for control seizure– Deteriorated LFT may cause unpredictable blood

level• VA

– May aggravate liver failure• GBP and LEV

– Entirely renally excreted

Page 22: epilepsy in special situation

Case presentation-2

• ผู้��ป่�วยชายไทยคู่� อาย� 58 ป่� อาช�พรั�บจ้�าง• Underlying CRF due to CGN 5 yrs

PTA, Cr=8(last month)

• 3 Mo. PTA มี�อาการัช�กเกรั!งกรัะติ�กท�&วติ�วคู่รั�"งลัะ 1 min มี�อาการัอาท�ติย8ลัะ 2-3 คู่รั�"ง ได้�ไป่รั�บการัรั�กษา รั.พ.เอกชนแห งหน/&งได้�ท1า CT brain: small calcification at Lt frontal lobe, Dx. Cysticcercosis

Page 23: epilepsy in special situation

Case presentation-2

• ได้�รั�บการัรั�กษาด้�วย phenytoin 300 mg/d ไมี มี�อาการัช�กอ�ก

• ติ อมีา Nephrologist ได้�แนะน1าให�ท1า Longterm HD ผู้��ป่�วยจ้/งข้อป่รั/กษาท านเรั%&องการัป่รั�บยาก�นช�ก

• Question: ท านจ้ะแนะน1าเรั%&องการัป่รั�บยาผู้��ป่�วยอย างไรั ?

Page 24: epilepsy in special situation

Management: Management: Epilepsy in chronic renal failure and Epilepsy in chronic renal failure and

Dialysis situationDialysis situation

General consideration

• Caused: e’lyte imbalance, uremic encephalopathy, others causes

• Most drugs: predominately metabolized in the liver (except: GBP)

Page 25: epilepsy in special situation

Dialyzation potential of anticonvulsant drugs*

Highly dialyzed

Gabapentin (Neurontin) Phenobarbital Primidone (Mysoline) Ethosuximide (Zarontin) Lamotrigine (Lamictal)** Felbamate (Felbatol)**

Poorly dialyzed

Phenytoin (Dilantin) Carbamazepine (Tegretol) Topiramate (Topamax)** Valproic acid (Depakene)

*Levels of highly dialyzed anticonvulsant drugs are likely to be reduced in patients undergoing hemodialysis, and adjustments in dosage or administration may be required. **Probable (based on the drug's protein-binding characteristics).

Page 26: epilepsy in special situation

Seizure in the Seizure in the elderly patientelderly patient

Page 27: epilepsy in special situation

Challenges in Managing Seizures in the Elderly

• Multiple organ system dysfunction– Altered seizure threshold

• Alternation of one system may adversely affect another

• Obligatory polypharmacy increases risk of– Side effects– Drug interactions

• Physiologic response affected by – Volume status – Protein stores– Renal-hepatic function

Page 28: epilepsy in special situation

Idiopathic49.0% Congenital

0.5%

Trauma3.3%

Infection0.5% Neoplastic

2.7%

Degenerative11.5%

Vascular32.5%

Hauser, 1992.

Young Adults Elderly

Etiologies of Seizures

Neoplastic3.5%

Trauma4.8%

Congenital3.5%

Vascular1.3%

Infection0.0%

Degenerative0.8%

Idiopathic86.0%

Page 29: epilepsy in special situation

Effects of Age-Related Physiologic Changes on AED Pharmacokinetics

Protein Binding• Unbound drug concentration correlates better with response

when protein binding of highly bound drugs (>75%) is altered

Serum albumin concentration

Drug binding

Total steady-state concentration of highly bound AEDs

• Unbound concentration of highly bound AEDs usually remains unaffected by alterations in serum proteins

Page 30: epilepsy in special situation

Effects of Age-Related PhysiologicChanges on AED Pharmacokinetics

Metabolism and Elimination Liver volume + hepatic blood flow =

hepatic drug metabolism Renal function Drug-metabolizing capacity and renal

function = longer elimination half-lives and reduced clearance

Page 31: epilepsy in special situation

Treatment of Epilepsy in the Elderly With AEDs

• AEDs that undergo hepatic metabolism require smaller doses and longer dosing intervals in elderly patients– Carbamazepine – Phenytoin – Tiagabine– Lamotrigine – Valproate – Topiramate

• Gabapentin is not metabolized, but might require reduced doses in the elderly due to diminished renal function in these patients

Page 32: epilepsy in special situation

Effects of Aging on AED Pharmacokinetics: Summary

• AED therapy in elderly patients should be initiated at lower doses than in younger patients

• Doses should be given less frequently in the elderly

• For highly protein-bound AEDs, measurement of unbound serum concentrations may be useful in associating seizure control or toxicity with drug levels

Page 33: epilepsy in special situation

Treatment of Epilepsy in the Elderly With AEDs

• Risk versus benefit• Potential complications of AED therapy• AEDs with favorable safety profiles

– Gabapentin– Lamotrigine

• Seizure-related medical complications• Quality of life

Page 34: epilepsy in special situation

AEDs Available for Use in the Elderly

DrugAED Efficacy Safety Interactions Cost

Carbamazepine++++ +++ Some +++

Felbamate ++++ + Many ++

Gabapentin ++++ ++++ None +

Lamotrigine ++++ ++++ Few +

Phenytoin ++++ +++ Some +++

Phenobarbital ++++ + Some ++++

Valproate ++++ ++ Some +++

Page 35: epilepsy in special situation

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