Epipelagic & Deep OceanEpipelagic & Deep Ocean

PelagicPelagic Ocean Zones Ocean Zones (open ocean) (open ocean)

EpipelagicEpipelagic- 0 to 200m (photic zone)- 0 to 200m (photic zone) MesopelagicMesopelagic- 200 to 1000m - 200 to 1000m

(midwaters)(midwaters) BathypelagicBathypelagic- 1000 to 4000m (deep - 1000 to 4000m (deep

water)water) AbyssopelagicAbyssopelagic- 4000 to 6000m (deep - 4000 to 6000m (deep

water)water) HadopelagicHadopelagic- deeper than 6000m - deeper than 6000m

(trench)(trench)

Epipelagic (0-200m)Epipelagic (0-200m)Photic ZonePhotic Zone

Primary Primary ProducersProducers::PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton

Primary Primary ConsumersConsumers:: Suspension feedersSuspension feeders

Seconday Seconday ConsumersConsumers: : NektonNekton

Primary Producers PlanktonPrimary Producers Plankton Megaplankton (large)Megaplankton (large) Macroplankton, Mesoplankton, Macroplankton, Mesoplankton, Microplankton, NanoplanktonMicroplankton, Nanoplankton Picoplankton (Bacteria)Picoplankton (Bacteria)

Types of Primary Producing Types of Primary Producing Plankton:Plankton:

Diatoms & DinoflagellatesDiatoms & Dinoflagellates Nitrogen is most limiting factorNitrogen is most limiting factor

Megaplankton (Mola mola)

Salp

Pteropod

Aurelia-Moon jelly

Lion’s ManeUrochordate

Net planktonNet plankton

Primary Consumers Primary Consumers ZooplanktonZooplankton

Bacteria: eat DOM making it Bacteria: eat DOM making it available to food chainavailable to food chain

Copepods (most abundant)Copepods (most abundant) KrillKrill Arrow wormsArrow worms

ZooplanktonZooplanktonHoloplanktonHoloplankton- - spend their entire spend their entire

life cycle as planktonlife cycle as planktonMeroplanktonMeroplankton-- only part of their only part of their

life cycle is planktonic. More life cycle is planktonic. More prevalent in prevalent in Neritic Neritic waterswaters

Plankton distribution is Plankton distribution is PatchyPatchy throughout the Ocean.throughout the Ocean.

Secondary Consumers Secondary Consumers PredatorsPredators

NektonNekton•CarnivoresCarnivores•PlanktivoresPlanktivores

Adaptations for Staying in the Adaptations for Staying in the Epipelagic ZoneEpipelagic Zone::

PlanktonPlankton::•Gas pocket, lipid deposit, light ions, Gas pocket, lipid deposit, light ions,

spines to increase drag, tiny spines to increase drag, tiny size,flagella, ciliasize,flagella, cilia

NektonNekton::•Lipid deposits (fat, blubber), swim Lipid deposits (fat, blubber), swim

bladderbladder Neuston/PleustonNeuston/Pleuston::

•Gas filled floatsGas filled floats

Characteristics of Epipelagic Characteristics of Epipelagic Predators:Predators:

Highly developed sense organs:Highly developed sense organs:•Eyes = Large, good visionEyes = Large, good vision•Lateral Line = well developedLateral Line = well developed•Echolocation = toothed whales Echolocation = toothed whales

sonarsonar

Protective Coloration & Escape Protective Coloration & Escape Techniques of Epipelagic Predators:Techniques of Epipelagic Predators:• Transparent BodiesTransparent Bodies• CountershadingCountershading• IridocytesIridocytes• Schooling & coloniesSchooling & colonies• ““Flying”Flying” out of water out of water• FASTFAST muscular swimmers, sleek muscular swimmers, sleek

compact bodiescompact bodies• Vertical migrationVertical migration to surface waters to to surface waters to

feed at NIGHTfeed at NIGHT

Characteristics of Epipelagic ZoneCharacteristics of Epipelagic Zone Visible LightVisible Light Seasonal ThermoclineSeasonal Thermocline present present

•Storms mix thermoclinesStorms mix thermoclines Overturns occur in EpipelagicOverturns occur in Epipelagic

•Sinking & Upwelling mix strata Sinking & Upwelling mix strata (layers)(layers)

Seasonal “Blooms” of planktonSeasonal “Blooms” of plankton

El Nino-Southern Oscillation El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the Epipelagic(ENSO) in the Epipelagic::

Normal wind patterns in the Normal wind patterns in the PacificPacific change change direction….causing the ocean’s direction….causing the ocean’s surface currents to change temp surface currents to change temp and direction.and direction.

Tremendous weather changes Tremendous weather changes occur with subsequent economic occur with subsequent economic loss to certain areas of the world.loss to certain areas of the world.

Assignment:Assignment: ReadRead pg 66 in Text pg 66 in Text WriteWrite a 5 paragraph summary a 5 paragraph summary

of ENSO base upon what of ENSO base upon what you’ve just read.you’ve just read.

Time: 30 minutesTime: 30 minutes Turn in Summary to TeacherTurn in Summary to Teacher