epri literature review and failure modes and effects analysis (fmea… · 2014. 2. 25. · epri...
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EPR
I Lite
ratu
re R
evie
w a
nd F
ailu
re M
odes
and
Effe
cts
Ana
lysi
s (F
MEA
) for
Wel
ded
Stai
nles
s St
eel C
anis
ters
in
Dry
Cas
k St
orag
e Sy
stem
s
Kev
in F
uhr
John
Bro
ussa
rdG
lenn
Whi
teJe
ff G
orm
anD
omin
ion
Eng
inee
ring,
Inc.
Shan
non
Chu
EP
RI N
ucle
ar P
ower
Sec
tor –
Hig
h Le
vel W
aste
Gro
upN
RC
Pub
lic M
eetin
g w
ith N
ucle
ar E
nerg
y In
stitu
teC
ubc
eet
gt
ucea
egy
sttu
teon
Mat
eria
l Deg
rada
tion
Janu
ary
24, 2
013
Age
nda
•Lite
ratu
re re
view
–M
ajor
findi
ngs
and
sum
mar
yM
ajor
find
ings
and
sum
mar
y•F
ME
A–
Met
hods
–R
esul
ts–
Impl
icat
ions
Pj
tCti
ti•P
roje
ct C
ontin
uatio
n
2©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
Lite
ratu
re R
evie
w
•A
ppro
ach
•O
pera
ting
expe
rienc
e•
Ope
ratin
g ex
perie
nce
•S
urfa
ce c
ondi
tions
•C
ISC
C in
itiat
ion
and
grow
th•
Oth
er m
echa
nism
s•
Test
ing
prio
ritie
s
3©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
Lite
ratu
re R
evie
wA
ppro
ach
App
roac
h
•Bui
ldin
g on
pre
viou
s E
PR
I wor
k, p
erfo
rm a
com
preh
ensi
ve
liter
atur
e re
view
of p
ast a
nd c
urre
nt w
ork
rele
vant
to c
hlor
ide-
pin
duce
d st
ress
cor
rosi
on c
rack
ing
(initi
atio
n an
d pr
opag
atio
n) in
30
4 an
d 31
6 S
S•R
evie
wlit
erat
ure
onot
herc
orro
sion
mec
hani
sms
rele
vant
to•R
evie
w li
tera
ture
on
othe
r cor
rosi
on m
echa
nism
s re
leva
nt to
co
nditi
ons
at c
anis
ter s
urfa
ce–
Initi
al s
tage
s in
clud
ed re
view
of A
SM
Mat
eria
ls H
andb
ook
ht
th
ii
di
ft
il
chap
ters
on
atm
osph
eric
cor
rosi
on a
nd c
orro
sion
of s
tain
less
st
eel t
o id
entif
y re
leva
nt c
orro
sion
mec
hani
sms
•See
k to
iden
tify
avai
labl
e in
form
atio
n to
bet
ter d
efin
e th
e ac
tual
y
envi
ronm
enta
l con
ditio
ns o
f DC
SS
inst
alla
tions
in th
e U
.S.
•Ide
ntify
any
kno
wle
dge
gaps
in a
vaila
ble
test
dat
a an
d ch
arac
teriz
atio
nof
cani
ster
envi
ronm
ents
4©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
char
acte
rizat
ion
of c
anis
ter e
nviro
nmen
ts
Lite
ratu
re R
evie
wO
pera
ting
Exp
erie
nce
Ope
ratin
g E
xper
ienc
e
•CIS
CC
on
the
OD
of u
nins
ulat
ed p
ipin
g an
d ta
nks
at n
ucle
ar
plan
ts h
as b
een
obse
rved
nea
r am
bien
t tem
pera
ture
sp
p–
San
Ono
fre, T
urke
y P
oint
, St.
Luci
e, K
oebe
rg (S
. Afri
ca),
Ohi
(J
apan
), et
c.A
llth
lt
till
thd
bki
•All
thes
e pl
ants
ess
entia
lly o
n th
e oc
ean
and
near
bre
akin
g w
aves
•Des
pite
diff
eren
ces
in c
ondi
tions
, OE
sup
ports
the
poss
ibili
ty o
f CIS
CC
occ
urre
nce
for c
anis
ters
•CIS
CC
on
the
OD
of i
nsul
ated
pip
ing
in c
onta
inm
ent (
unde
r pip
e cl
amps
)con
side
red
less
rele
vant
clam
ps) c
onsi
dere
d le
ss re
leva
nt–
Insu
latio
n w
ould
trap
moi
stur
e an
d co
uld
add
to c
once
ntra
ting
effe
cts
5©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
Lite
ratu
re R
evie
wS
urfa
ceC
ondi
tions
–C
hlor
ide
Aer
osol
sS
urfa
ce C
ondi
tions
C
hlor
ide
Aer
osol
s•C
hlor
ide
aero
sol c
once
ntra
tion
is m
easu
red
by d
ozen
s of
EP
A
site
s ac
ross
the
U.S
.•E
mpi
rical
mod
els
pred
ict t
hat t
he a
eros
ol c
once
ntra
tion
deca
ys
rapi
dly
over
the
first
km
from
the
shor
elin
e[1]
–S
ourc
ete
rmis
cont
rolle
dby
brea
king
wav
esan
dw
hite
caps
Sou
rce
term
is c
ontro
lled
by b
reak
ing
wav
es a
nd w
hite
caps
–La
rger
par
ticul
ates
dom
inat
e de
posi
tion
•Pot
entia
l non
-mar
ine
sour
ces
of c
hlor
ide
inve
stig
ated
inve
stig
ated
–C
oolin
g to
wer
drif
t, ro
ad s
alt,
etc.
–M
uch
low
er d
epos
ition
rate
s (li
kely
fact
or o
f 10
t10
0l
)th
lti
ii
it
to 1
00 lo
wer
) tha
n lo
catio
ns in
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ents
1G
RM
eira
“Mod
elin
gSe
aS
altT
rans
port
and
Dep
ositi
onin
Mar
ine
Atm
osph
ere
Zone
ATo
olfo
r
6©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
1.G
. R. M
eira
, “M
odel
ing
Sea
-Sal
t Tra
nspo
rt an
d D
epos
ition
in M
arin
e A
tmos
pher
e Zo
ne –
A To
ol fo
r C
orro
sion
Stu
dies
,” C
orro
sion
Sci
ence
, Vol
. 50,
No.
9, p
. 272
4–27
31, 2
008.
Lite
ratu
re R
evie
wS
urfa
ceC
ondi
tions
–D
epos
itB
ehav
ior
•Dep
ositi
on m
ay b
e do
min
ated
by
grav
itatio
nal s
ettli
ng (i
.e.
horiz
onta
l sur
face
s w
ill h
ave
muc
h hi
gher
dep
ositi
on ra
tes
than
Sur
face
Con
ditio
ns
Dep
osit
Beh
avio
r
gp
verti
cal)
•Del
ique
scen
ce o
f sea
sal
t app
ears
to o
ccur
at a
sim
ilar R
H to
that
fo
rMgC
l;C
ISC
Cso
met
imes
initi
ates
slig
htly
belo
wth
ety
pica
lfo
r MgC
l 2;C
ISC
C s
omet
imes
initi
ates
slig
htly
bel
ow th
e ty
pica
l D
RH
, i.e
. in
the
rang
e of
25-
35%
–C
yclic
al d
eliq
uesc
ence
and
effl
ores
cenc
e ex
pose
s ca
nist
ers
to
hih
tbi
tti
ti
lhi
ghes
t brin
e co
ncen
tratio
ns tw
ice
per c
ycle
•Dep
osits
will
like
ly b
e m
ixtu
res
of o
rgan
ic a
nd in
orga
nic
mat
eria
ls–
Hig
hvo
lum
efra
ctio
ndu
stco
uld
sequ
este
rbrin
efro
msu
rface
Hig
h vo
lum
e fra
ctio
n du
st c
ould
seq
uest
er b
rine
from
sur
face
7©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
Lite
ratu
re R
evie
wS
urfa
ceC
ondi
tions
–D
epos
itB
ehav
ior
Sur
face
Con
ditio
ns
Dep
osit
Beh
avio
r
Visi
ble
Dep
osits
on
Top;
M
tlli
Ud
idD
liR
Hd
AH
8©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
Met
allic
Und
ersi
de[M
L130
22A3
16]
Del
ique
scen
ce v
s. R
H a
nd A
H[M
L122
75A3
52]
Lite
ratu
re R
evie
wS
CC
ofS
tain
less
Ste
el–
Initi
atio
nS
CC
of S
tain
less
Ste
el
Initi
atio
n
•Com
bina
tion
of a
queo
us c
ondi
tions
(e.g
. del
ique
scen
ce),
chlo
ride
conc
entra
tion ,
and
tens
ile s
tress
nee
ded
for C
ISC
C,
•Som
e cr
acki
ng h
as b
een
obse
rved
at 0
.1 g
/m2
salt[
1] in
hea
vily
co
ld w
orke
d sp
ecim
ens;
few
exp
erim
ents
bel
ow th
is v
alue
Iiti
tib
dl
thi
hf
ldi
il
ld•I
nitia
tion
obse
rved
onl
y at
hig
her s
urfa
ce lo
adin
gs in
low
er c
old
wor
k sp
ecim
ens
•Lab
orat
ory
test
ing
to d
ate
has
gene
rally
bee
n sh
ort d
urat
ion
(i.e.
, le
ss th
an 2
yea
rs)
•At a
mbi
ent t
empe
ratu
res,
TG
SC
C ty
pica
lly o
ccur
s. IG
SC
C c
an
occu
rfor
sens
itize
dm
ater
ial
occu
r for
sen
sitiz
ed m
ater
ial
9©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
1.G
. Obe
rson
, D. D
unn,
T. M
intz
, et a
l., “U
S N
RC
-Spo
nsor
ed R
esea
rch
on S
tress
Cor
rosi
on C
rack
ing
Sus
cept
ibili
ty o
f Dry
Sto
rage
Can
iste
r Mat
eria
ls in
Mar
ine
Env
ironm
ents
,” W
M20
13 C
onfe
renc
e, 2
013.
Lite
ratu
re R
evie
wS
CC
ofS
tain
less
Ste
el–
Initi
atio
nTe
stin
gS
ampl
esS
CC
of S
tain
less
Ste
el
Initi
atio
n Te
stin
g S
ampl
es
T=52
°C;A
H=
30g/
m3
T= 3
5 or
45°
C; A
H=
15 ↔
30
g/m
3
U-b
end
spec
imen
s (h
igh
stra
in)
T 5
2C
; AH
30
g/m
C-ri
ng s
peci
men
(low
er s
train
)T=
45°
C; A
H=
15 ↔
30
g/m
3
U-b
end
spec
imen
(hig
h st
rain
)S
ensi
tized
mat
eria
l10
g/m
2
10 g
/m2
1.0
g/m
2
01
/2
[Obe
rson
201
3, M
L132
41A
391]
0.1
g/m
2
10©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
0.1
g/m
2
[Min
tz 2
013,
ML1
3016
A12
7]
[Obe
rson
201
3, M
L130
51A
152]
Lite
ratu
re R
evie
wS
CC
ofS
tain
less
Ste
el–
Gro
wth
SC
C o
f Sta
inle
ss S
teel
G
row
th
•Cra
ck g
row
th ra
te (C
GR
) dep
ende
nce
on s
tress
inte
nsity
fact
or
(SIF
) app
ears
wea
k an
d ge
nera
lly lo
st w
ithin
dat
a sc
atte
r[1]
()
ppg
y•S
ubst
antia
l dep
ende
nce
on te
mpe
ratu
re[2
]
•CG
R fo
r sea
sal
t is
low
er th
an fo
r MgC
l 2•S
ome
exis
ting
data
are
tim
e to
spe
cim
en fa
ilure
(ini
tiatio
n +
grow
th) w
hich
are
less
use
ful a
s gr
owth
dat
a
1.A
. Kos
aki,
“Eva
luat
ion
Met
hod
of C
orro
sion
Life
time
of C
onve
ntio
nal S
tain
less
Ste
el C
anis
ter u
nder
O
cean
ic A
ir E
nviro
nmen
t,” N
ucle
ar E
ngin
eerin
g an
d D
esig
n,Vo
l. 23
8, N
o. 5
, p. 1
233–
1240
. 200
8.
2.K
. Shi
rai,
et a
l., “R
esea
rch
on S
pent
Fue
l Sto
rage
and
Tra
nspo
rtatio
n in
CR
IEP
I (P
art 2
Con
cret
e
11©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
g(
Cas
k S
tora
ge),”
16t
h P
acifi
c B
asin
Nuc
lear
Con
fere
nce
(16P
BN
C)h
eld
in A
omor
i, Ja
pan,
Pap
er N
o.
P16
P12
15, O
ctob
er 1
3-18
, 200
8.
Lite
ratu
re R
evie
wO
ther
Mec
hani
sms
Oth
er M
echa
nism
s
•Oth
er S
S d
egra
datio
n m
echa
nism
s w
ere
inve
stig
ated
(pitt
ing,
cre
vice
cor
rosi
on, M
IC, e
tc.)
Exam
ple
of S
uper
ficia
l Pit
[ML1
3022
A31
4]
•In
stai
nles
s st
eels
exp
osed
to a
mbi
ent c
ondi
tions
, aqu
eous
ch
lorid
e al
so th
e m
ost c
omm
on a
ggre
ssiv
e co
ntam
inan
t for
pi
tting
and
cre
vice
cor
rosi
onp
g•P
ittin
g m
ost l
ikel
y to
be
supe
rfici
al, b
ut c
ould
gro
w th
roug
h-w
all
unde
r par
ticul
arly
agg
ress
ive
cond
ition
sP
itsca
nac
tas
stre
ss/e
nviro
nmen
tcon
cent
rato
rsan
din
itiat
e–
Pits
can
act
as
stre
ss/e
nviro
nmen
t con
cent
rato
rs a
nd in
itiat
e S
CC
•Cre
vice
con
ditio
ns s
imila
rly m
ore
likel
y to
faci
litat
e S
CC
rath
er
tht
tth
hll
bb
lkt
ild
il
tith
an p
enet
rate
thro
ugh-
wal
l by
bulk
mat
eria
l dis
solu
tion
12©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
Lite
ratu
re R
evie
wO
ther
Mec
hani
sms
Oth
er M
echa
nism
s
•Mic
robi
olog
ical
ly in
duce
d co
rros
ion
(MIC
)–
Lim
ited
atR
H<
90%
negl
igib
leat
RH
<60
%Li
mite
d at
RH
< 9
0%, n
eglig
ible
at R
H <
60%
–R
evie
w o
f MIC
was
per
form
ed fo
r geo
logi
cal r
epos
itory
–N
o O
E fo
r SS
MIC
und
er a
tmos
pher
ic c
ondi
tions
•Int
ergr
anul
ar a
ttack
(IG
A)
–Li
mite
d at
tack
onl
y a
few
gra
ins
deep
obs
erve
d in
wel
d re
gion
of
spec
imen
inpu
rede
lique
scen
tNH
HS
O[1
]of
spe
cim
en in
pur
e de
lique
scen
t NH
4HS
O4
[]
13©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
1.X
. He,
R. P
abal
an, T
. Min
tz, G
. Obe
rson
, D. D
unn,
and
T. A
hn, “
Sco
ping
Stu
dy o
f Effe
ct o
f Sal
ts in
Non
-Coa
stal
Par
ticul
ate
Mat
tero
n S
tress
Cor
rosi
on C
rack
ing
of T
ype
304
Sta
inle
ss S
teel
,” C
OR
RO
SIO
N 2
013,
NA
CE
, 201
3. (A
vaila
ble
with
NR
C A
cces
sion
No.
M
L130
18A
120)
Lite
ratu
re R
evie
wTe
stin
g/D
ata
Gap
sTe
stin
g / D
ata
Gap
s•I
f add
ition
al te
st d
ata
beco
mes
ava
ilabl
e, it
cou
ld b
e us
ed to
re
duce
con
serv
atis
m•C
rack
gro
wth
rate
test
ing
–m
ost t
estin
g ha
s fo
cuse
d on
in
itiat
ion;
rela
tivel
y lit
tle te
stin
g ha
s be
en c
ondu
cted
to d
eter
min
e cr
ack
grow
th ra
tes
–D
ata
at m
ore
com
bina
tions
of R
H &
T, a
lso
Cl-
conc
entra
tions
–C
GR
dat
a fo
r wel
ded
plat
e sp
ecim
ens
to in
vest
igat
e m
ost
real
istic
mat
eria
lcon
ditio
nsre
alis
tic m
ater
ial c
ondi
tions
•Site
spe
cific
dat
a –
e.g.
, airb
orne
con
cent
ratio
ns o
f con
tam
inan
ts•A
dditi
onal
dep
osit
sam
plin
g –
deta
iled
ioni
c an
alys
is o
f dep
osit
sam
ples
from
cani
ster
surfa
ces
tode
term
ine
the
chlo
ride
sam
ples
from
can
iste
r sur
face
s to
det
erm
ine
the
chlo
ride
conc
entra
tion
and
that
of o
ther
spe
cies
•Cra
ck in
itiat
ion
thre
shol
ds a
nd ra
tes
–in
itiat
ion
at lo
w C
l-co
ncen
tratio
nsfo
rwel
ded
spec
imen
s
14©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
conc
entra
tions
for w
elde
d sp
ecim
ens
•Dep
ositi
on b
ehav
ior a
nd m
odel
ing
–fo
r exp
ecte
d co
nditi
ons
Failu
re M
odes
and
Effe
cts
Ana
lysi
s (F
MEA
)(F
MEA
)•
App
roac
h•
Deg
rada
tion
Mec
hani
sms
and
Failu
re M
odes
•C
onse
quen
ces
Impl
icat
ions
•Im
plic
atio
ns
15©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
Failu
re M
odes
and
Effe
cts
Ana
lysi
s (F
MEA
) A
ppro
ach
(1/3
)A
ppro
ach
(1/3
)
•FM
EA
pro
cess
is s
truct
ured
to s
yste
mat
ical
ly id
entif
y th
e po
tent
ial f
ailu
re m
odes
of a
sys
tem
, the
ir re
lativ
e lik
elih
ood,
and
p
y,
,th
eir c
onse
quen
ces
to th
e sy
stem
•Use
d ex
istin
g FM
EA
s fo
r rea
ctor
sys
tem
s as
an
exam
ple
Sli
itd
tld
dt
il
tl
it
dt
i•S
cope
lim
ited
to w
elde
d st
ainl
ess
stee
l can
iste
rs e
xpos
ed to
air
–C
onsi
ders
agi
ng-r
elat
ed d
egra
datio
n du
ring
the
lifet
ime
of
exte
nded
sto
rage
plu
s co
nseq
uenc
es o
f suc
h de
grad
atio
n–
Con
side
rs m
echa
nism
s ca
used
by
the
envi
ronm
enta
l co
nditi
ons
surr
ound
ing
the
cani
ster
•F
ocus
edon
iden
tifyi
ngcr
edib
lefa
ilure
mod
esfo
rwel
ded
SS
•Foc
used
on
iden
tifyi
ng c
redi
ble
failu
re m
odes
for w
elde
d S
S
cani
ster
s un
der d
esig
n ba
sis
cond
ition
s•L
ever
aged
info
rmat
ion
acqu
ired
by li
tera
ture
revi
ew
16©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
Failu
re M
odes
and
Effe
cts
Ana
lysi
s (F
MEA
) A
ppro
ach
(2/3
)A
ppro
ach
(2/3
)
•Rev
iew
ed g
ener
al li
tera
ture
on
corr
osio
n of
sta
inle
ss s
teel
s an
d on
atm
osph
eric
cor
rosi
on to
iden
tify
pote
ntia
l mec
hani
sms
py
p–
Focu
sed
on m
echa
nism
s ju
dged
to b
e m
ore
likel
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occ
ur
unde
r can
iste
r con
ditio
nsN
tll
hi
id
liitl
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i–
Not
all
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hani
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revi
ewed
wer
e ex
plic
itly
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usse
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FM
EA
•Inc
orpo
rate
d re
sults
from
gap
ana
lyse
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pica
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PR
I, E
SC
P, D
OE
, NR
C/C
NW
RA
, NW
TRB
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xist
ing
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gn b
asis
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umen
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lice
nse
DC
SS
and
pl
ants
peci
ficD
CS
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view
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dfa
ctor
edin
toth
efa
ilure
mod
espl
ant s
peci
fic D
CS
S re
view
ed a
nd fa
ctor
ed in
to th
e fa
ilure
mod
es
cons
ider
ed
17©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
Failu
re M
odes
and
Effe
cts
Ana
lysi
s (F
MEA
) A
ppro
ach
(3/3
)A
ppro
ach
(3/3
)
•Ide
ntifi
ed ra
nge
of p
oten
tial e
ffect
s fo
r fai
lure
mod
es–
FME
Ata
ble
prov
ides
rank
ings
ofpo
tent
iald
egra
datio
nm
odes
FME
A ta
ble
prov
ides
rank
ings
of p
oten
tial d
egra
datio
n m
odes
–A
Fau
lt Tr
ee A
naly
sis
(FTA
) of t
he c
anis
ter f
ailu
re m
odes
to
eval
uate
com
bina
tions
of i
nitia
ting
even
ts•B
ecau
se o
f the
com
mon
mod
e of
can
iste
r fai
lure
, the
FM
EA
was
br
oken
into
two
phas
es:
–M
echa
nism
s an
d m
odes
lead
ing
to c
onfin
emen
t pen
etra
tion
eca
ss
ad
odes
ead
go
coe
epe
ea
o–
Con
sequ
ence
s st
emm
ing
from
con
finem
ent p
enet
ratio
n•D
egra
datio
n m
echa
nism
s an
d ef
fect
s w
ere
cate
goriz
ed in
term
s fd
tt
bilit
itd
liklih
db
di
iof
det
ecta
bilit
y, s
ever
ity, a
nd li
kelih
ood
base
d on
eng
inee
ring
judg
men
t and
ava
ilabl
e lit
erat
ure
–P
erm
its fo
cusi
ng o
f res
ourc
es o
n m
ost i
mpo
rtant
item
s
18©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.g
Failu
re M
odes
and
Effe
cts
Ana
lysi
s (F
MEA
)M
echa
nism
s–
CIS
CC
Mec
hani
sms
CIS
CC
•C
ISC
C m
ost l
ikel
y of
pot
entia
lly a
ctiv
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grad
atio
n m
echa
nism
s to
lead
to T
W p
enet
ratio
n•D
evel
opm
ent o
f con
ditio
ns c
ondu
cive
to C
ISC
C e
xpec
ted
to
dom
inat
e th
e tim
e to
initi
atio
n–
Sus
cept
ibili
ty o
f a re
gion
on
the
cani
ster
is in
fluen
ced
by
chlo
ride
surfa
ce lo
ad, t
ensi
le s
tress
es a
t the
can
iste
r OD
, and
th
e lo
cal s
urfa
ce R
H–
Sen
sitiz
atio
n an
d su
rface
col
d w
ork
(e.g
. )
grin
ding
) als
o in
crea
se s
usce
ptib
ility
•Tim
e to
dev
elop
sig
nific
ant r
isk
of in
itiat
ion
expe
cted
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e go
vern
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y lo
cal c
hlor
ide
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di
Cra
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sur
face
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peci
men
im
mer
sed
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gCl 2
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adin
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19©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
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.
[ML1
3051
A152
]
Failu
re M
odes
and
Effe
cts
Ana
lysi
s (F
MEA
)M
echa
nism
s–
CIS
CC
Mec
hani
sms
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CC
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of c
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arin
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ay d
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ent A
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nd lo
cal t
empe
ratu
re
20©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
Failu
re M
odes
and
Effe
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MEA
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due
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Max
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type
s–
Som
e de
sign
s ar
e 7
psig
inte
rnal
pre
ssur
e
21©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
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Thro
ugh-
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knes
s (in
.)ID
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Failu
re M
odes
and
Effe
cts
Ana
lysi
s (F
MEA
)R
esid
ualS
tress
Ana
lysi
s–
WR
S•P
erfo
rmed
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ana
lyse
s fo
r diff
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d co
nfig
urat
ions
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eam
wel
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d, s
hell
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asep
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Res
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22©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
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Failu
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odes
and
Effe
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Ana
lysi
s (F
MEA
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esid
ualS
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RS
ANSYS 12.1
1WELD
CEN
ANSYS 12.1
SEP 11 2013
14:08:42
PLOT NO.
5NODAL SOLUTION
STEP=308
SUB =1
TIME=8000
SY (AVG)
RSYS=0
DMX =1.172
SMN =-4302
SMX =7313
1
MX
WELDCEN
PATH
-4302
Stre
ss tr
ansv
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to w
eld
for
sing
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sea
m w
eld
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MN
MX
WELD_CEN
Stre
ss
trans
vers
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ANSYS 12.1
JUN 14 2013
09:34:52
PLOT NO.
5NODAL SOLUTION
STEP=308
SUB =1
TIME=8000
SY (AVG)
RSYS=0
DMX =.055529
MN
_4302
-3011
-1721
-430.379
860.148
2151
3441
4732
6022
7313
ANSYS 12.1
SEP 11 2013
14:08:42
PLOT NO.
6NODAL
SOLUTION
1
trans
vers
e to
w
eld
for
base
plat
e w
eld
(Axi
al σ
)
SMN =-36647
SMX =28569
PATH
-36647
-29401
-22155
-14908
-7662
-415.932
6830
14077
21323
28569
NODAL SOLUTION
STEP=308
SUB =1
TIME=8000
SZ (AVG)
RSYS=0
DMX =1.172
SMN =-7937
SMX =67880
MX
WELD_CEN
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-7937
486.928
8911
17335
Stre
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o w
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for
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eld
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al σ
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ss p
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o
ANSYS 12.1
JUN 14 2013
09:34:52
PLOT NO.
6NODAL SOLUTION
STEP=308
SUB =1
TIME=8000
SZ (AVG)
RSYS=0
DMX
055529
25760
34184
42608
51032
59456
67880
MN
wel
d fo
r ba
sepl
ate
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DMX =.055529
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PATH
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3013
11708
20403
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46487
55182
63877
72572
23©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
t5671_baseplate_sv_nobw - Structural Analysis - Pass4
Failu
re M
odes
and
Effe
cts
Ana
lysi
s (F
MEA
)Fa
ilure
Mod
esFa
ilure
Mod
es•T
ight
thro
ugh-
wal
l cra
ck is
mos
t lik
ely
mod
e of
can
iste
r pe
netra
tion
(CIS
CC
/cre
vice
)–
Wou
ld re
leas
e he
lium
ove
rpre
ssur
e, th
en a
llow
air
ingr
ess
over
tim
e; li
kely
to n
ot re
leas
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rticu
late
s–
Rel
iabl
ede
tect
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atio
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rada
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prio
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ase
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eliu
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back
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ikel
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quire
s no
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sual
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E–
Tim
e fo
r gro
wth
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n in
itiat
ed C
ISC
C c
rack
to T
W d
epth
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expe
cted
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kea
num
bero
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rsex
pect
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take
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umbe
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ears
•Gro
wth
of a
flaw
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ritic
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aw s
ize
wou
ld h
ave
high
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cons
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nces
; thi
s is
ver
y un
likel
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cre
dibl
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ven
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ssur
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ent p
ress
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and
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g lo
ads,
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criti
cal
flaw
leng
th is
mul
tiple
feet
long 24
© 2
013
Ele
ctric
Pow
er R
esea
rch
Inst
itute
, Inc
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
Failu
re M
odes
and
Effe
cts
Ana
lysi
s (F
MEA
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onse
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anis
terW
allP
enet
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onse
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arie
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ack
size
g
yp
g–
Rel
ease
of h
ighe
r bac
kfill
pre
ssur
es c
an ra
ise
the
peak
cl
addi
ng te
mpe
ratu
re–
Ingr
ess
ofai
rby
diffu
sion
and
ambi
entt
empe
ratu
recy
cles
–In
gres
s of
air
by d
iffus
ion
and
ambi
ent t
empe
ratu
re c
ycle
s ra
ises
tem
pera
ture
s an
d pr
ovid
es o
xidi
zing
con
ditio
ns–
Loss
of o
ver p
ress
ure
expe
cted
to b
e re
lativ
ely
rapi
d (m
inut
es
toa
mon
th)c
ompa
red
toai
ring
ress
(wee
ksto
year
s)to
a m
onth
) com
pare
d to
air
ingr
ess
(wee
ks to
yea
rs)
•Rel
ease
of h
eliu
m b
ackf
ill p
rovi
des
driv
ing
forc
e to
pot
entia
lly
expe
l rad
ioac
tive
gass
es, i
f bre
ache
d fu
el is
sto
red
Oti
if
RE
A20
23l
kik
•Ope
ratin
g ex
perie
nce
from
RE
A 2
023
leak
ing
cask
–A
ir in
gres
s –
cani
ster
at 7
% O
2 af
ter t
hree
mon
ths,
16%
O2
afte
r tw
enty
mon
ths
(vs
20%
O2
in a
ir)
25©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
–N
o ra
dioa
ctiv
e co
ntam
inat
ion
repo
rted
at le
ak d
espi
te
dam
aged
fuel
Failu
re M
odes
and
Effe
cts
Ana
lysi
s (F
MEA
)C
onse
quen
ces
ofC
anis
terW
allP
enet
ratio
nC
onse
quen
ces
of C
anis
ter W
all P
enet
ratio
n
•Rel
ease
of f
uel p
artic
ulat
es fr
om c
anis
ter s
tore
d on
pad
wou
ld
requ
ire s
eque
ntia
l occ
urre
nce
of in
divi
dual
ly u
nlik
ely
even
ts1.
Pen
etra
tion
of c
anis
ter c
onfin
emen
t mus
t gro
w la
rger
than
tig
ht c
rack
(to
prov
ide
path
for p
artic
les)
–W
ould
rele
ase
back
fillp
ress
ure
befo
rean
yfu
elpa
rticl
es–
Wou
ld re
leas
e ba
ckfil
l pre
ssur
e be
fore
any
fuel
par
ticle
s ar
e ge
nera
ted
2.O
xida
tion
of fu
el p
elle
t on
rod
with
bre
ache
d cl
addi
ng
caus
esfu
elpe
llets
wel
ling
lead
ing
tocl
addi
ngun
zipp
ing
caus
es fu
el p
elle
t sw
ellin
g le
adin
g to
cla
ddin
g un
zipp
ing
3.U
nzip
ped
clad
ding
rele
ases
som
e gr
ains
of f
uel (
gene
ratio
n of
fine
fuel
par
ticle
s in
can
iste
r ple
num
)4.
Sig
nific
ant d
istu
rban
ce re
quire
d to
ent
rain
par
ticle
s in
air
and
prov
ide
a dr
ivin
g fo
rce
for r
elea
se o
f par
ticul
ates
–B
ackf
ill p
ress
ure
has
long
sin
ce b
een
rele
ased
26©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
pg
Failu
re M
odes
and
Effe
cts
Ana
lysi
s (F
MEA
)Im
plic
atio
ns–
Loca
tions
ofH
ighe
rSus
cept
ibili
tyIm
plic
atio
ns
Loca
tions
of H
ighe
r Sus
cept
ibili
tyFa
ctor
for C
ISC
C
Susc
eptib
ility
Loca
tions
on
Hor
izon
tal C
anis
ter
Loca
tions
on
Vert
ical
Can
iste
rTe
nsile
Stre
sses
Reg
ions
inth
evi
cini
tyof
wel
ds(e
gR
egio
nsin
the
vici
nity
ofw
elds
(eg
Tens
ile S
tres
ses
on O
DR
egio
ns in
the
vici
nity
of w
elds
(e.g
. w
ithin
abo
ut 2
thic
knes
ses)
Reg
ions
in th
e vi
cini
ty o
f wel
ds (e
.g.
with
in a
bout
2 th
ickn
esse
s)
Low
Sur
face
Te
mpe
ratu
reLi
ds; s
hell
alon
g ca
nist
er u
nder
side
an
d lid
sO
utsi
de o
f bot
tom
lid
and
low
er p
art
of s
hell
Hig
h C
hlor
ide
Dep
ositi
onTo
p of
can
iste
r she
llTo
p lid
; to
a le
sser
ext
ent,
verti
cal
area
s in
the
vici
nity
of t
he o
verp
ack
inle
ts
Cre
vice
Loc
atio
nS
uppo
rt ra
il co
ntac
t reg
ion
Und
erba
sepl
ate
Mt
ilC
diti
Are
as o
f grin
ding
or m
echa
nica
l A
reas
of g
rindi
ng o
r mec
hani
cal
Mat
eria
l Con
ditio
n g
gab
use
(e.g
. gou
ges)
gg
abus
e (e
.g. g
ouge
s)
Gre
ates
t C
ombi
natio
nof
She
ll w
elds
at c
anis
ter e
nds
(top
surfa
ce);
supp
ortr
aili
nter
face
near
Can
iste
r sid
es n
ear w
elds
at t
he
27©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
Com
bina
tion
of
Fact
ors
surfa
ce);
supp
ort r
ail i
nter
face
nea
r w
elds
botto
m o
f the
can
iste
r
Failu
re M
odes
and
Effe
cts
Ana
lysi
s (F
MEA
)Im
plic
atio
ns–
Sus
cept
ibili
tyTe
mpe
ratu
reW
indo
w•L
ow s
urfa
ce te
mpe
ratu
res
may
lead
to a
queo
us c
ondi
tions
du
e to
del
ique
scen
ce a
t hig
h lo
cal h
umid
ities
Impl
icat
ions
S
usce
ptib
ility
Tem
pera
ture
Win
dow
•Hig
her s
urfa
ce te
mpe
ratu
res
are
likel
y to
cau
se re
duce
d tim
e to
CIS
CC
initi
atio
n an
d hi
gher
CIS
CC
pro
paga
tion
rate
s•F
aste
st p
ropa
gatio
n w
ould
tend
to o
ccur
on
surfa
ces
that
are
p
pg
just
coo
l eno
ugh
to s
usta
in d
eliq
uesc
ent b
rine
Stre
ss C
orro
sion
Cra
ckin
g
Del
ique
scen
ce o
f C
hlor
ide
28©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
Failu
re M
odes
and
Effe
cts
Ana
lysi
s (F
MEA
)S
umm
ary
Sum
mar
y•F
ME
A c
onfir
ms
that
CIS
CC
lead
ing
to a
TW
cra
ck s
houl
d be
the
focu
s of
agi
ng d
egra
datio
n co
nsid
erat
ion
–C
rack
rele
ases
hel
ium
and
any
fiss
ion
gass
es in
the
cani
ster
ca
vity
; allo
ws
air t
o en
ter
–C
rack
sar
eco
ncer
nsfo
rthr
ough
-wal
lpen
etra
tion
and
leak
age
Cra
cks
are
conc
erns
for t
hrou
ghw
all p
enet
ratio
n an
d le
akag
e bu
t not
con
cern
s fo
r rup
ture
•Chl
orid
es a
re m
ost c
redi
ble
atm
osph
eric
spe
cies
to c
ause
de
grad
atio
nof
aust
eniti
cst
ainl
ess
stee
lsde
grad
atio
n of
aus
teni
tic s
tain
less
ste
els
•Chl
orid
e ae
roso
l con
cent
ratio
n de
cays
rapi
dly
mov
ing
inla
nd–
Est
ablis
hmen
t of c
ondi
tions
con
duci
ve to
CIS
CC
initi
atio
n co
nsid
ered
likel
yfo
rsm
alln
umbe
rofs
ites
clos
eto
the
open
cons
ider
ed li
kely
for s
mal
l num
ber o
f site
s cl
ose
to th
e op
en
ocea
n –
For o
ther
site
s fa
rther
from
the
ocea
n bu
t stil
l exp
osed
to
sour
ces
ofch
lorid
eth
epr
obab
ility
coul
dva
rygr
eatly
with
the
29©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
sour
ces
of c
hlor
ide,
the
prob
abili
ty c
ould
var
y gr
eatly
, with
the
prob
abili
ty te
ndin
g to
incr
ease
ove
r mul
tiple
dec
ades
Failu
re M
odes
and
Effe
cts
Ana
lysi
s (F
MEA
)S
umm
ary
Sum
mar
y•I
nves
tigat
ion
of c
onse
quen
ces
info
rms
the
leve
l of t
oler
ance
for
conf
inem
ent p
enet
ratio
n–
Dep
ends
on
clad
ding
tem
pera
ture
with
air
as a
cov
er g
as a
nd
pres
ence
of b
reac
hed
fuel
rods
out
side
dam
aged
fuel
can
s• B
urnu
p,tim
ein
stor
age,
and
initi
alen
richm
enta
ffect
the
Bur
nup,
tim
e in
sto
rage
, and
initi
al e
nric
hmen
t affe
ct th
e cl
addi
ng te
mpe
ratu
re o
ver t
ime
•For
low
eno
ugh
clad
ding
tem
pera
ture
in a
ir (i.
e. a
fter l
ong
stor
age
times
),no
asse
mbl
yde
grad
atio
nex
pect
edas
stor
age
times
), no
ass
embl
y de
grad
atio
n ex
pect
ed a
s co
nseq
uenc
e of
can
iste
r pen
etra
tion
•Effe
ctiv
e m
itiga
tion
or d
etec
tion
optio
ns m
ay in
clud
e:P
reve
ntsp
ecie
sfro
mde
posi
ting
(eg
filte
rinl
etai
r)–
Pre
vent
spe
cies
from
dep
ositi
ng (e
.g.,
filte
r inl
et a
ir)–
Mon
itor c
hlor
ide
surfa
ce c
once
ntra
tion
–M
onito
r cov
er g
as p
rope
rties
, if t
oler
ant o
f con
finem
ent
tti
30©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
pene
tratio
n
Proj
ect C
ontin
uatio
nP
rogr
essi
onof
Mod
elin
gP
rogr
essi
on o
f Mod
elin
g
•FM
EA
–Q
ualit
ativ
eju
dgm
ents
offre
quen
cy/p
roba
bilit
y,de
tect
abili
ty,
Qua
litat
ive
judg
men
ts o
f fre
quen
cy/p
roba
bilit
y, d
etec
tabi
lity,
an
d se
verit
y ov
er ti
me
base
d on
lite
ratu
re a
nd li
mite
d ca
lcul
atio
ns–
Def
ine
boun
darie
sof
the
degr
adat
ion
prob
lem
and
guid
eD
efin
e bo
unda
ries
of th
e de
grad
atio
n pr
oble
m a
nd g
uide
ap
proa
ch to
sub
sequ
ent a
sses
smen
ts•C
anis
ter F
law
Gro
wth
and
Fla
w T
oler
ance
Mod
elth
epr
oces
sof
cani
ster
degr
adat
ion
base
don
the
–M
odel
the
proc
ess
of c
anis
ter d
egra
datio
n ba
sed
on th
e pa
thw
ays
iden
tifie
d in
the
FME
A–
Mod
el fl
aw g
row
th to
thro
ugh-
wal
l and
con
sequ
entia
l fla
w s
izes
C
Cf
•Can
iste
r Con
finem
ent I
nteg
rity
Ass
essm
ent
–P
roba
bilis
tic a
naly
sis
to d
eter
min
e th
e be
nefit
of v
ario
us
mon
itorin
g, m
itiga
tion,
and
insp
ectio
n re
gim
es
31©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
Susc
eptib
ility
Crit
eria
Pro
cess
•Pro
cess
of p
riorit
izat
ion
base
d on
sus
cept
ibilit
y an
d im
plem
entin
gag
ing
man
agem
enti
slik
ely
tobe
itera
tive
impl
emen
ting
agin
g m
anag
emen
t is
likel
y to
be
itera
tive
(lear
ning
pro
gram
)–
New
test
ing/
mon
itorin
g/in
spec
tion
resu
lts w
ill e
nhan
ce
scre
enin
g cr
iteria
and
eva
luat
ions
–In
spec
tion/
mon
itorin
g/m
itiga
tion
tech
niqu
es u
nder
de
velo
pmen
tto
beim
plem
ente
dw
hen
avai
labl
ean
dde
velo
pmen
t to
be im
plem
ente
d w
hen
avai
labl
e an
d w
here
nee
ded
•FM
EA
pro
cess
has
iden
tifie
d C
ISC
C a
s th
e m
ost l
ikel
y fo
rm
of c
anis
ter d
egra
datio
n to
lead
to th
roug
h-w
all p
enet
ratio
n•I
nitia
l foc
us o
f sus
cept
ibilit
y cr
iteria
will
be b
ased
on
CIS
CC
fa
ctor
s
32©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
fact
ors
Susc
eptib
ility
Crit
eria
–Pr
imar
y Fa
ctor
s
•Lite
ratu
re re
view
and
FM
EA
hav
e id
entif
ied
thre
e pr
imar
y fa
ctor
s re
late
d to
CIS
CC
sus
cept
ibili
ty–
Abs
olut
e hu
mid
ity: d
epen
ds o
n IS
FSI s
ite lo
catio
n–
Cl s
urfa
ce lo
ad: d
epen
ds o
n at
mos
pher
ic c
once
ntra
tion
of
Cl ,
over
pack
air
flow
, loc
al s
urfa
ce o
rient
atio
n (h
oriz
/ver
t),
p,
()
–Su
rfac
e te
mpe
ratu
re: d
epen
ds o
n lo
catio
n on
can
iste
r, ca
nist
er a
ge, a
nd in
itial
ther
mal
pow
er•P
rimar
yfa
ctor
sid
entif
ied
assu
me
that
:•P
rimar
y fa
ctor
s id
entif
ied
assu
me
that
:–
Res
idua
l stre
ss s
uffic
ient
to le
ad to
thro
ugh-
wal
l cra
ckin
g ca
nnot
be
rule
d ou
tA
tsuf
ficie
ntco
nditi
ons
initi
atio
nof
SC
Cw
illbe
rela
tivel
yra
pid
–A
t suf
ficie
nt c
ondi
tions
, ini
tiatio
n of
SC
C w
ill b
e re
lativ
ely
rapi
d•P
rimar
y fa
ctor
s w
ill b
e us
ed to
ass
ess
rela
tive
prio
rity
of
insp
ectio
n fo
r diff
eren
t site
s
33©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
Susc
eptib
ility
Crit
eria
–Pa
ram
eter
s
34©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
Toge
ther
Shap
ing
the
Futu
reof
Elec
tric
ityTo
geth
er…
Shap
ing
the
Futu
re o
f Ele
ctric
ity
35©
201
3 E
lect
ric P
ower
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te, I
nc. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.