epse module 3—session 2
DESCRIPTION
EPSE Module 3—Session 2. Ken Liu March 19, 2012. Business Plan. Competition. Competition. There is no such thing as no competition!. Competition. Direct, indirect, substitute, complementary Customer DIY/NIH Fragmented vs. concentrated Top 3 >50% market share vs. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
EPSE Module 3—Session 2
Ken LiuMarch 19, 2012
![Page 2: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Business PlanCompetition
2
![Page 3: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
There is no such thing as no competition!
3
Competition
![Page 4: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Direct, indirect, substitute, complementary Customer DIY/NIH Fragmented vs. concentrated
◦ Top 3 >50% market share vs.◦ Hundreds w/no clear leader
Coopetition ◦ Google vs. everybody◦ HP vs. IBM◦ Apple vs. everybody
4
Competition
![Page 5: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Substitute Indirect Solar Wind Geothermal Hydro Oil Gas Coal Nuclear
Concerts Baseball game Eating out Piano lessons Vacation NetFlix Pets
5BTU
Discretionary/time & $$
![Page 6: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Complementary Products
![Page 7: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Direct Indirect Substitute Complement
![Page 8: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Very few technologies are patentable or truly protectable◦ ICs◦ Life sciences◦ Materials
Software patents are rare with doubtful value Need to measure benefits vs. very high costs
of patent prosecution Best protection: high market share +
continuous innovation New test: Can China break it in a month?
8
IP & Entry Barriers
![Page 9: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Avoid the Frontal AssaultGo around
Go elsewhere
Feed the beast
Change rules of fight
![Page 10: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Technology Holographic discs (patented)
Advantage Higher resolution (600 dpi) & cheaper (10-30%) than conventional lens
Target Product 4-in-1 peripheral (printer, fax, copier, scanner)
Market SOHO + SME
Partner Targets HP, Canon, Xerox, Ricoh, Samsung, LG…
Status Out of $$Poor capital market (’87 crash)Unfinished prototypeTechnical issues
10
Holographix Story—1986-90
![Page 11: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Holographix—What’s broken?
![Page 12: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Technology overreach◦ Optical component >> systems integration
10 yrs. ahead of market◦ Market leaders controlled product cycle &
cannibalization
Direct competition with entrenched leaders
12
Holographix Mistakes
![Page 13: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Change plan to optical components licensing for printers
LG 1st licensee for laser printers In & out of Chp. 11 Got new VC funding Evolved to manufacturing optical discs for
various markets Sold to Avanex for $90M in 2000 to supply
their optical needs Bought back from Avanex in 2003
13
Somewhat Happy Ending—2000
![Page 14: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Business PlanBusiness Model
14
![Page 15: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
How you make $$? How much? When? How to scale? How much $$ you need? How company structured? Who to hire? Valuation model & potential Risk & return
15
What is Business Model?
![Page 16: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
“Let me get this straight on how this works: people pay you money at the beginning of the year, and at the end of the year you may or may not pay some of them back?”
Investment banker: Yes.
“That’s a good business.”--Warren Buffetton why he bought Geico
16
Business Model—the Essence
![Page 17: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
$ to Market
Ramp S to Profit
Comments
Adverts <$250K
3 yrs $5M Crowded, $$ sliced thin among partners, eyeballs again?
Freemium <$250K
3 yrs $3M Who uses or cares?
Phone apps
<$50K 1 yr. $50K Great lifestyle biz. Need portfolio for company.
SaaS $3M >3 yrs. >$5M Valuable biz if done right. Salesforce.com
E-tail $1-3M 3 yrs. >$5M Valuable biz if done right. Commerce Platform
$5M 5 yrs. $10M Any appetite left by VCs?
17
Internet Business Model
![Page 18: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
$ to Market
Ramp S to Profit
Comments
Open Source
$3M >3 yrs.
>$5M Similar to enterprise app model but different cost ratios & revenue sources.
Enterprise Apps
$3M 5 yrs >$10M Hard. Industry consolidation
License $2M 1 yr. $2M 99% are small deals. 1% is QCOM of the world.
Big bucks• therapeutics• energy• ASICs
>$20M >7 yrs.
>$50M Land of the disappearing brave.
18
Enterprise Business Model
![Page 19: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Founded in 1986 as spin-off from TRW Leader in bleeding-edge neural network
technology (son of AI) $6M sales, 60 people 4 BUs:
◦ R & D◦ Tools◦ OCR◦ Financial decisions
Almost breakeven, ready for hockey stick Just raised Series C in Dec. 1990
19
HNC—Spring1991
![Page 20: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Tools sales dead due to recession Big cost overrun on image processing chip
development project w/Japanese partner Bleeding $300,000/month Management salary cut by 20% Out of money by Spring 1992 State of BUs
◦ R & D—ongoing $2M projects ◦ Tools—$1M business basically dead◦ OCR--$1.5M business, profitable◦ Financial decisions—initial successes with Equifax, Amex
20
HNC—Fall1991
![Page 21: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
HNC—What to do?
![Page 22: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
One of largest software company in SD 1995--$44M sales. 2nd best IPO behind
Netscape. Multiple financial markets
◦ Credit card◦ Workers comp◦ Insurance claims◦ Retail
Bought by FICO in 2002 for ~$600M Spawned analytics cluster in SD
22
HNC since 1991
![Page 23: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Technology in search of a problem is tough Focus, focus, focus! Disaster or fortune can change drastically
very quickly Many successes have near-death moments
23
HNC Lessons
![Page 24: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Business PlanFinancing
![Page 25: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Cash is King! Control Burn!
![Page 26: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
By month for the first year By quarter for subsequent years Profit and Lost (P&L) statement Balance Sheet Cash Flow Burn rate Breakeven analysis Funding required & Use of funds
Financials—3 Years
![Page 27: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Total cumulative cash required before you generate cash sustainably◦ Operating losses◦ Working capital ◦ Inventory/Receivables◦ Capital cost
For 18 months if possible
Add 50%+ for contingencies
Funding Required
![Page 28: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Full-time job (3 months+) Lots of rejections Lots of frustrations
◦ How come they are not getting it?◦ “And they invested in that crap?”
Target, learn, adapt & repeat Persist All you need is 1! It’s not done until $$$ clears bank
Fundraising
![Page 29: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
How much? Valuation/dilution T & Cs Value-add of investor Mindshare with
investor◦ Vision for business, value
& exit◦ Degree of involvement◦ Control
Financing Considerations
Love is grand…
Divorce is 100 grand
![Page 30: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Financing Sources
3Fs StrategicsVCsAngels
Co. Stage
$$$
Effort
Vendor/License/Grants
PE
200,000
35-50,000
2000
IncubatorsCrowd Source
![Page 31: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
![Page 32: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Stage IdeaPurpose Build proof of concept/prototypeAmount $25-250KValuation <$500KForm Common stock, loanDuration 3-6 mo.Their Goal Help you (emotional bondage)
A return is nice but assume it’s lost—it’s play money
Freedom High
3Fs: Friends, Family & Fools
![Page 33: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Incubators/Accelerators
Y Combinator Graduates
Y Combinator, EvoNexus…
Free or investmentOffice ITMentoringService providers Intro to $$6-12 months to graduate
![Page 34: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Stage Prototype onwardsAmount $50K+Duration VariesForm Cash for license, maybe warrants
Grants w/o equity hitVendor float, maybe warrantsSBA loans
Valuation N.A.Purpose Minimize dilutionTheir Goal Help you, spur innovationFreedom High
Grants, Vendor & Licensing
![Page 35: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Stage PrototypePurpose 1st customer; market validationAmount $50-3,000KValuation <$500-5,000K, want 30%+ Duration <6-18 mo.Form Common or preferred stock,
warrants, convertible noteTheir Goal Help you, giving back
3-5X return in 3-5 yrs.Freedom High
AngelsSV Angels, 500 Startups, TCA…
![Page 36: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Stage RevenueAmount $1 million+Valuation $5M+Duration N.A. (often part of licensing, joint
development/marketing program)Form Stock, warrants, licensePurpose SynergyTheir Goal Technology, customers
Competitive lock-upPrelude to buyout
Freedom Medium
Strategics
![Page 37: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Stage Prototype onwards Revenue & breakeven w/in 18 mo. if enterprise Eyeball deals all about uniques & traffic
Amount $2 million+Valuation $3M+Form Preferred stock + covenants Duration Initial rounds 12-18 mo. After that, up to
exitPurpose Growth, solid financial baseTheir Goal 10X in 5 yearsFreedom Medium when meeting plan; can fire
you if not
VCs
![Page 38: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
$$ from pension funds & endowments 10-yr. funds with target investment areas
Done investing by 4th year, raise another round (if doing well) Pressure to exit deals by 7th year. Potential conflict with
company goals Economics
2% mgmt fees on funds managed—in tranches Common to have 8% base return before profit split 20-25% profit split (“carried interest”) Example: $100M fund needs ~$150M before profit share 1 partner per ~$40-50M to invest Partners split “carry”, rest gets bonuses
Only partners count
Fund Structure
![Page 39: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Looking for specific profile◦ Market◦ Technology◦ Business model◦ Size of deal◦ Stage of development◦ Fund timing◦ Firm strategy/targets
VC Mindset
![Page 40: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Amt. invested, valuation Tranches, milestones 1x preference, fully participating Dilution terms Preference over other classes Veto power Board seats & rights Syndicate
Term Sheet
![Page 41: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Liquidity squeeze IPO way downStrategic buyers consolidating
Companies need less $$Most Internet consumer plays need <$0.5M to startBig plays too risky: cleantech, biotech, ICs
CompetitionAngels & incubators on low endSuper angels can do $3-5M
Industry consolidation50% of firms going/gone. Top-tiers gaining.Fund sizes down
VC Viability Debate
![Page 42: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
-10%
2000-2010 VC ROI
![Page 43: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Disappearing Money
# IPOs1990-2000 4,467
2001-2011 1,096
Source: Jay Ritter, Univ. of Florida
![Page 44: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
VC Shrinkage
2000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
100
200
300
400
500
600
2000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
102030405060708090
Amt. Raised ($ Bil.)
New Funds
Source: VentureSource
![Page 45: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
![Page 46: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
![Page 47: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
![Page 48: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
$1.3 million Bridge Note50% Warrant Coverage
![Page 49: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
$3.7 million Preferred Stock$6 million Pre-$ Valuation
![Page 50: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
“We are bad at picking out the winners a priori. Despite doing extensive diligence…for every 10 deals we do, we lose all of our money on 5 to 6, we make a modest multiple on 2 or 3, but we make a lot of money on 1 or 2.”
--Bill BryantDraper Fisher Jurvetson
It’s a Crap Shoot
![Page 51: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
Business PlanExit StrategyValuations
![Page 52: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
IPOs are rare now
Buyouts most likely
It’s a buyer’s market◦ IT industry consolidating◦ Buying niche technologies◦ Many to chose from
65% of buyouts written off in 3 years
Exit Scenario
![Page 53: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
Bird in hand vs. 2, 6 in bush? How much more in for what return? And
risk? Industry vs. market cycle Business synergy Cultural fit Musical chairs Earnout formula
Buyout Considerations
![Page 54: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
IP◦ Assignments◦ strategy
Technology-code review/escrow Contracts
◦ Contingency liabilities◦ What’s given away vs. deal values
Employment agreements Capital structure Sales metrics, process, channels Accounting
Due Diligence Items
![Page 55: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
Valuation Methods P/E ratio Free cashflow multiple Sales multiple
Eyeballs multiple
Book value
Liquidation/replace-ment value
Public firms Private, profitable Private, unprofitable but
high potential
Consumer internet deals
20-50%
Asset-based, low-growth
Fire sale
+ control premium
![Page 56: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
Profit % Growth Market share Revenue profile
◦ Customer/product mix◦ 1-trick pony?◦ Lumpy vs. annuity/subscription
Future risk◦ Technology◦ Competition◦ Demand shift◦ Regulation?
Valuation Determinants
![Page 57: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Rational Market?
Source: Yahoo Finance, 2/5/1257
HP DELL MSFT AAPL EBAY ORCL CSCO YHOO GOOG QCOM VRZN0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
P/E
![Page 58: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
Concluding Thoughts
![Page 59: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59
So, What’s the Secret?
![Page 60: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60
Controllable
Business logic Hard work
Decisions
Uncontrollable
Serendipity
Timing
Competition
What’s It All About?
![Page 61: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61
"Everything that can be invented has already been invented.“ Charles Duell, commissioner USPTO, 1899.
"The Americans have need of the telephone, but we do not. We have plenty of messenger boys,“ Sir William Preece, chief engineer at the British Post Office, 1878.
"Who the hell wants to hear actors talk?" H.M. Warner, Warner Bros., 1927.
"I think there is a world market for maybe five computers," Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM, 1943.
Predictions-1
![Page 62: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62
"The world potential market for copying machines is 5,000 at most." IBM executives to the founders of Xerox, 1959.
"There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home." Ken Olsen, founder of Digital Equipment Corp., 1977.
"No one will need more than 637 kb of memory for a personal computer—640K ought to be enough for anybody." Bill Gates, Microsoft, 1981.
"Next Christmas the iPod will be dead, finished, gone, kaput." Sir Alan Sugar, British entrepreneur, 2005.
Predictions-2
![Page 63: EPSE Module 3—Session 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062310/5681689a550346895ddf28c3/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63
Entrepreneur’s Credo"I do not choose to be a common man, it is my right to be uncommon … if I can. I seek opportunity … not security.I do not wish to be a kept citizen, humbled and dulled by having the state look after me.I want to take the calculated risk; to dream and to build,to fail and to succeed.I refuse to barter incentive for a dole;I prefer the challenges of lifeto the guaranteed existence;the thrill of fulfillmentto the stale calm of Utopia.
I will not trade freedom for beneficence nor my dignity for a handout.I will never cower before any master nor bend to any threat.It is my heritage to stand erect,proud and unafraid;to think and act for myself,to enjoy the benefit of my creations and to face the world boldly and say: This, with God’s help, I have done. All this is what it meansto be an Entrepreneur.
"Common Sense" (1776) Thomas Paine