er - 1 nwacc business & industry workforce development institute welcome occupational ergonomics...

ER - 1 NWACC Business & Industry Workforce Development Institute

WELCOME

OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS

AN INTRODUCTORYCOURSE


BASIS FOR THIS COURSE

THOUSANDS OF WORKERS CAN BENEFIT FROM ERGONOMICS

DAILY EXPOSURE TO NUMEROUS ERGONOMIC STRESSORS

DAILY EXPOSURE TO NUMEROUS PHYSICAL HAZARDS

EFFICIENCY CAN BE GREATLY IMPROVED

OSHA SAFETY STANDARDS REQUIRE:

Establishment of a “safety” program Training be conducted Ergonomic stressors be assessed Hazards and precautions be explained


ERGONOMICS DEFINED

The study of man’s relationship with his or her workplace.

Fitting the task to the person rather than forcing him/her to adapt to the work environment.

Designing the workplace to prevent occupational injury and illness.

VARIOUS AUTHORS DEFINE ERGONOMICS AS:


ERGONOMICS DEFINED

Discovering the capabilities and limitations of the human body.

The art and science that addresses workers’ job performance and well-being in relation to their job tasks, tools, equipment and environment.

The study of the relationship between people and machines or between employees and their environment.


(Continued)


ERGONOMICS DEFINED

The study of the interaction between the worker and the process at the workplace.


(Continued)

WHAT OTHER DEFINITIONS HAVE YOU HEARD?


ERGONOMICS IS IMPORTANT

Improve quality. Improve absenteeism. Maintain a healthier work force. Reduce injury and illness rates. Acceptance of high-turnover jobs. Workers feel good about their work. Reduce workers’ compensation costs. Elevate OSHA compliance to a higher level of awareness.

ERGONOMICS PLAYS A ROLE IN APPROXIMATELY 50% OF ALL WORKPLACE INJURIES. ERGONOMICS WILL HELP:

SAFETYSTATISTICS


ERGONOMICS A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH

THINK ABOUT THE NUMBER OF WAYS ERGONOMICS

IMPACTS OUR DAILY LIFE!


TYPICAL APPLICATIONS

WORK STATION DESIGN TOOL SELECTION AND DESIGN OFFICE SAFETY IMPROVEMENT VIDEO DISPLAY TERMINALS (VDT’S) SAFETY BACK INJURY REDUCTION AND PREVENTION MANUAL MATERIAL HANDLING IMPROVEMENT CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDER (CTD) REDUCTION

APPLICATIONS


KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS(Continued)

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT

Follow-up Recordkeeping Symptom surveys Health surveillance Classify job demands Disability management Establish treatment protocols Periodic reviews with physicians Early symptoms reporting mechanism Health care providers must be part of the program



ERGONOMICS WORKING GROUP

WRITTEN PROGRAM EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT TOP MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT REGULAR PROGRAM ACTIVITY, REVIEW AND EVALUATION



HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROL

PPE REDUCTION ENGINEERING CONTROLS ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS OPTIMIZATION OF WORK PRACTICES

DANGER

EYE PROTECTIONREQUIRED BEYOND

THIS POINT


INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND ERGONOMIC CONTROLS

ENGINEERING CONTROLS FIRST CHOICE

Work Station Design Tool Selection and Design Process Modification Mechanical Assist

ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS SECOND CHOICE

Training Programs Job Rotation/Enlargement Pacing Policy and Procedures

PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT LAST CHOICE

Gloves Wraps Shields Eye Protection Non-Slip Shoes Aprons


INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND ERGONOMIC CONTROLS

INAPPROPRIATE

OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTORS:

Occupational risk factors are defined as any attribute of a job or task that we know increases the probability of injury or illness.

1. Force - Including- Internal or External

2. Posture - Such as - Extreme Twisting or Bending

3. Repetition - Including- Muscle Group Overexertion

4. Insufficient Rest - Including- Muscle Group Overexertion


WORKSITE ANALYSIS

WORKSITE ANALYSIS IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR MAIN PARTS:

1. Gathering information from available sources.

2. Conducting baseline screening surveys to determine which jobs need a closer analysis.

3. Performing ergonomic job hazard analyses of those work stations with identified risk factors.

4. After implementing control measures, conducting periodic surveys and follow-up to evaluate changes.


WORKSITE ANALYSISContinued

FRONT BACK

SYMPTOM SURVEY

1. NOTE AREAS OF PAIN OR DISCOMFORT!

2. WHAT DO YOU FEEL IS THE SOURCE?

3. WHAT ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES WOULD HELP?

4. WHAT OTHER FEEDBACK CAN BE GATHERED?


INCIDENCE RATES

INCIDENCE RATES: incidence rates for upper extremity disorders and/or back injuries should be calculated by counting the incidences of CTDs and reporting the incidences per 100 full time workers per year per facility.

(NUMBER OF NEW CASES (200,000 WORK HRS*) PER FACILITY

NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED/FACILITY/YR

INCIDENCE RATE

* 200,000 = APPROXIMATE ANNUAL WORK HOURS FOR 100 WORKERS.* THE SAME METHOD SHOULD BE APPLIED TO DEPARTMENTS, PRODUCTION LINES, OR JOB TYPES WITHIN EACH FACILITY.


INCIDENCE RATES(Continued)

SAMPLE INCIDENCE RATE CALCULATION:

(NUMBER OF NEW CASES (200,000 WORK HRS*) PER FACILITY

NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED/FACILITY/YR

IF YOU EXPERIENCED 2 CARPAL TUNNEL CASES LAST YEAR, IN A POPULATION OF 100 EMPLOYEES. WHAT IS THE INCIDENCE RATE?

IR =2 X 200,000

100 X (50 X 40 hrs)

IR =400,000

200,000IR = 2 CASES OF CARPAL TUNNEL PER 100 PERSON-YEARS OF EXPOSURE

* 200,000 = APPROXIMATE ANNUAL WORK HOURS FOR 100 WORKERS.* THE SAME METHOD SHOULD BE APPLIED TO DEPARTMENTS, PRODUCTION LINES, OR JOB TYPES WITHIN EACH FACILITY.


ANTHROPOMETRY DEFINED

ANTHROPOMETRY:

The technology of measuring and quantifying various human physical traits such as size, weight, proportion, mobility and strength.


ANTHROPOMETRY DEFINED

ENGINEERING ANTHROPOMETRY:

The application of anthropometric data to equipment, workplace and job design to enhance the efficiency, safety and comfort of the operator.


ANTHROPOMETRIC DIMENSIONSInches

Dimension 5th 50th 95th 5th 50th 95th

MEN WOMEN

1. Stature 64.0 62.5 73.0 59.3 63.4 67.32. Eye ht. 59.6 64.2 68.7 55.3 59.3 63.4

3. Hip ht. 33.1 36.2 39.4 29.1 31.9 42.7

4. Elbow ht. 39.6 42.9 46.5 36.6 39.6 42.7

Physical

Abbreviated Table of Anthropometric Dimensions


ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORS

PERSONAL RISK FACTORS

1. Age2. Gender3. Attitude4. Training5. Strength6. Work method7. Anthropometry



JOB RISK FACTORS

1. Weight of load2. Location/size of load

3. Frequency of the Task4. Duration and pace of cycle

5. Stability of load6. Coupling of load

7. Travel distances of worker8. Reach distances of worker

9. Symmetry between worker and the object held

Continued



10. Static work posture a) Standing b) Sitting

11. Work platforms or stairs12. Torso flexion (bending)

a) Mild (up to 45 degrees) b) Severe (greater than 45 degrees)

13. Work heights (too high or too low)14. Floor surfaces (wet, smooth, vibration)

JOB RISK FACTORS

Continued



15. Environmenta) Hot (sweat, reduced grip, fatigue)b) Cold (gloves reduce grip by as much as 30%)

16. Lighting a) posture problems (because of inability to see)17. Noise/vibration

a) Frequency very importantb) Can amplify through the body

JOB RISK FACTORS

Continued


ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORSContinued

WHAT ARE THE PRIMARY RISK

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH

YOUR JOB?


JOB AND TASK ANALYSIS

UNIT LOADS:

DEFINED AS:The unit to be moved or handled at any one time.

THE CONTAINER, CARRIER, OR SUPPORT USEDTO MOVE MATERIALS MUST BE INCLUDED ASPART OF THE UNIT LOAD.


FACTORS AFFECTING UNIT LOADS

THE MATERIAL TO BE UTILIZED

THE QUANTITY OF MATERIAL TO BE HANDLED

THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE MATERIAL TO DAMAGE

THE NUMBER OF TIMES THE UNIT LOAD IS HANDLED

THE RECEIVING, STORING, SHIPPING, AND HANDLING METHODS

THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS TO WHICH THE LOAD IS EXPOSED

JOB AND TASK ANALYSISContinued



DESIGNING THE UNIT LOAD

OPTIMIZE THE WEIGHT OF THE LOAD

REDUCE THE SIZE OF THE LOAD

INSURE STABILITY OF THE LOAD

OPTIMIZE LOAD COUPLING

- HAND TO LOAD- FOOT TO FLOOR



DEFINITION OF TERMS:

Fundamental Movements or acts

- Search - Inspect- Select - Assemble- Grasp - Disassemble- Reach - Delay (unavoidable)- Move - Delay (avoidable)- Hold - Plan- Position - Rest (overcome fatigue)

“ELEMENT”



“CYCLE” Example:

1. Assemble new box 2. Put bottles in box from conveyor 3. Stack boxes on pallet 4. Go to step 1

The time required to complete one sequence of tasks sub- tasks, or elements.

DEFINITION OF TERMS:



TASK ANALYSIS

IDENTIFY THE JOB TO STUDY

COLLECT THE DATA

EVALUATE THE DATA

FORMULATE CONTROL MEASURES



IDENTIFYING THE JOB TO STUDY

ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS

ACCIDENT STATISTICS

COMPLAINTS & OPERATOR FEEDBACK

PRODUCTION BOTTLENECKS, HIGH ERRORS

HIGH EMPLOYEE TURNOVER JOBS


COLLECTING THE DATA

DIRECT OBSERVATION

VIDEO TAPE

ACTION PHOTOGRAPHS

DOCUMENTARY ACCOUNTS

ACCIDENT STATISTICS




EVALUATING THE DATA

TASK DESCRIPTION

SUB-TASK DESCRIPTION

ELEMENT DESCRIPTION

RISK FACTOR/HAZARD IDENTIFICATION



FORMULATING CONTROL MEASURES

APPLICATION OF ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLES

CORRECTIVE ACTION FOR NON-COMPLIANCE

ELIMINATE OR REDUCE EXPOSURE



TASK ANALYSIS FORM

TASK DESCRIPTION - Action Being Performed LEFT HAND - Usage RIGHT HAND - Usage FREQUENCY - Usually per minute NOTES - Supporting information POSTURE - Acceptable to extreme FORCE - High, Medium, Low DURATION - Length of Stressor

er - 1 nwacc business & industry workforce development institute welcome occupational ergonomics...

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