erectile dysfunction causes and treatment: 2014 presentation
DESCRIPTION
Erectile Dysfunction in 2014: Causes and Treatment Options discusses common causes of ED, treatment options including penile prosthesis, Viagra, Cialis.TRANSCRIPT
Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction
Alex Shteynshlyuger MD
Board Certified UrologistDirector of Urology
New York Urology Specialists2014
www.NewYorkUrologySpecialists.com
Erectile Dysfunction (ED) (Impotence)
Definition of Erectile Dysfunction: Persistent (3 months or longer) or recurrent
inability to attain or maintain penile erection sufficient for sexual performance.”
Diagnosis based on history/complaints/patient perception of a problem
Can be self-diagnosed by a patient IIEF (International Index of Erectile Function) Questionnaire
is easy to self-administer Classification of Erections
Nocturnal Psychogenic/erotic Reflexogenic
Organic vs Non-Organic Organic traditionally refers to vascular or neurogenic (nerve
damage) causes Non-Organic traditionally refers to “Psychogenic” Classification is Based on Outdated understanding of
human physiology: Psychogenic problems are organic in origin, due to imbalances in neurotransmitter activity (as in depression) and treatable with medical management.
Patients respond to the same treatment approaches regardless of the cause:
PDE5 inhibitors are the staple of therapy – help with “confidence”, overcome ‘situational’ ED. Psychotherapy may be beneficial for all patients as there are always components of “psychogenic” in all cases of ED, whether primary or secondary.
Classification of Erectile Dysfunction
Psychogenic Neurogenic Vascular Mixed (Psychogenic and Organic
components) Iatrogenic
Medications Surgical trauma
Treatment of ED History
Pre 1970’s Psychosexual therapy; ED treated by psychiatrists
1970’s Pre-1998 (pre-Viagra) Penile implants (prosthesis) - the gold standard of
treatment Topical; Vacuum Pump 1980’s intraurethral and intracavernous injections
Post 1998-> Viagra = 1st line of therapy Cialis / Levitra, etc…
Evaluation of a patient with EDHistory
Onset; duration; IIEF, history of traumaMedications (TCAs, spironolactone, etc)
Nocturnal Penile Tumescence test Poor correlation with ED. Not recommended Cigarette Smoking and vascular risk factors are better
predictors of organic ED than NPTT
Audiovisual Sexual Stimulation (AVSS) useful in distinguishing psychogenic causes But does not change management
Non-surgical Treatment of ED 1st line of therapy: invariably PDE5 inhibitor
(sildenafil citrate/Viagra, Cialis, Levitra) Inhibits breakdown of cGMP, which produced from cGTP
by nitric oxide PDE 5 isoenzyme is enriched in the penis Metabolized by P450 Contraindicated in patients taking nitrates (Potentiates
the hypotensive effects of nitrates.) Relative contraindication in patients with ischemic
coronary disease, heart failure patients Effective in patients with organic, psychogenic and mixed
ED. Effective in 70-80% of patients after sufficient trial
Sildenafil citrate (cont) Improves erections in
70 % of pts with HTN 56 % of diabetics 42 % of RRPR patients 80 % of patients with spinal injury. 60 % of patients with TURP 70-80 % of patients with SSRI induced
arousal disorder
Non-surgical management of ED Lifestyle modification
Regular exercise Healthy diet *SMOKING CESSATION Alcohol Bicycling
Syndrome of general anesthesia and ED ED 2x as frequent in long distance bikers Ergonomic saddles
Meds implicated in ED Antihypertensives
Methyldopa, reserpine b/c of central action Thiazide diuretics, spironolactone
alpha-1 adrenergic antagonists Doxazosin – reduced incidence of ED
compared to placebo (Guthrie 1997).
TCAs, SSRIs
Meds implicated in ED Inhibit Testosterone
Production Spironolactone Ketoconazole Metronidazole Flutamide Cimetidine Cyproterone
Inhibit GnRH Progesterone Estrogen GnRH agonists
(leuprolide, goserelin) Prolactinoma Estrogen Phenothiazines TCAs Reserpine Cocaine/opioids
Treatment of Medication Induced ED
Change medication Decrease the dose (start low go
high) Drug holidays Only under medical supervision
Hormonal Therapy Testosterone
Reasonable to use in patient with documented hypogonadism
Prostate CA or Breast CA are contraindications for androgen supplementation (but this is evolving):
Bx to R/O prostate Bx based on clinical risk stratification No increased risk for developing prostate cancer May be safe in select men with history of treated prostate cancer DRE and PSA every 6 months
Only DHEA and DHEAS are effective Improves libido; ED improvement. Side Effects:
Suppress LH/FSH -> infertility Breast tenderness/gynecomastia Erythrocytosis risk of stroke. Monitor Hematocrit; LFTs
Androgen replacement (cont)
Parenteral preparations Depo preparations do not resemble the circadian rhythm Testosterone enanthate and cypionate IM q2-4 weeks
200-400 mg Transdermal preparations – often best option
Can resemble circadian rhythms (importance not known). Oral preparations
Poor bioavailability due to first-pass metabolism Toxic to the liver (hepatitis, hepatoma, liver cysts,
hepatocellular Ca. Injectable Depot or implants
Convenient; work well
Hyperprolactenemia Testosterone supplementation of
no benefit Eliminate the offending drugs
Estrogens, morphine, sedatives, neuroleptics
Treatment: Medical: bromocriptine Surgical: Excision
Yohimbine & Trazodone Centrally acting alpha-2 antagonist No benefit to patients with organic ED vs
placebo (Morales, 1997) Better than placebo in patients with
psychogenic ED (62% vs 16%). Often prescribed with Trazodone.
TRAZODONE Mild antidepressant with rare incidence of priapism SSRI
Apomorphine for ED Not an opiate Dopaminergic agonists acts on the
paraventricular nucleus in the brain, the sexual drive center in humans.
Stimulates pro-erectile signaling Requires sexual arousal to work Rapid onset of action, 12 min to erection; More effective than placebo (Uprima Pharm). Not in clinical use
L-arginine No better than placebo for
treatment of ED
Intraurethral Therapy Alprostadil, PGE1 (Prostaglandin
E1) Via intracavernous or intra-urethral routes
Urethral route (MUSE) Stimulates adenyl cyclase, which raises cAMP that
leads to lower Ca++ and relaxation of smooth muscle
Penile pain is a major side effect with incidence of 10-30%
Hypotension and syncope with MUSE – 1st administration in the office.
Transdermal Therapies Nitroglycerin (no longer used)
Smooth muscle relaxant More effective than placebo for ED
(Heaton 1990). Minoxidil vs Placebo Vs Nitroglycerin:
Double blinded studyMinoxidil more effective than Placebo or Nitro in ED.
Intracavernous Injections Papaverine
Very effective in psychogenic or neurogenic ED
Erection sufficient for penetration in 98% of tetra/quadra-plegic patients
Priapism (0-35%) Corporal Fibrosis (1-33%)
As monotherapy 55% effective
Intracavernous Injections (cont) Alprostodil (Caverject, Prostin VR)
Smooth muscle relaxation, vasodilation, inhibition of platelet aggregation
96% locally metabolized Full erections in 70-80% patients Lower incidence of fibrosis and priapism than
with papaverine but higher incidence of painful erections
Triple therapy Trimix (papaverine, phentolamine, alprostadil) mixture for ICI of alprostadil failure or for pain with alprostadil; as effective as alprostadil alone
Efficacy of Intracavernous Injections
ICI 80-100% successful in treatment of ED in patients with non-vascular disease
In vascular disease, higher dosage and more trials required
Contraindicated in patients with: Sickle cell disease Psychiatric illness Severe systemic disease
Herbal Supplements for ED Many herbal supplements have been tried No randomized trials ever to show benefit Billions in Profits Successful supplements: Recalled by FDA
because they had Viagra/Cialis mixed in.
Vacuum Erection Devices
Effective, safe treatment of ED Penis is engorged by negative
pressure, a ring is applied at the base.
Can be used with failed penile prosthesis
35% use the device long term 10% incidence of hematoma
Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction: SUMMARY
Initial Treatment: PDE5 inhibitor: Viagra / Cialis / Levitra /
Staxyn If fail repeated high dose Viagra (100 mg)
Alprostadil (PGE1) intracavernous injection or intraurethrally
Vacuum Pump If failed alprostadil,
Triple therapy Trimix (papaverine, phentolamine, alprostadil)
Penile Implant Surgery for medical failure
Treatment of ED in NYC
Contact us to schedule an appointment:ED Treatment Center at the New York Urology Specialists
http://www.newyorkurologyspecialists.com