ergogenic aids & performance
DESCRIPTION
Exercise PhysiologyTRANSCRIPT
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SPS211/FSRUiTM
Ergogenic Aids & Performance
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SPS211/FSRUiTM
Ergogenic Aids
• Defined as work producing substances or phenomena believed to increased performance (Powers, S.K., & Howley E.T., 2007).
• EA include nutrients, drugs, warm up exercises, hypnosis, stress management, blood doping, O2 breathing, music & extrinsic biomechanical aids.
Ergolytic Substance
• Any substance that able to impair performance
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SPS211/FSRUiTM
Research Design Concerns on Ergogenic Aids
• Amount – dose
• Subjects – trained, untrained
• Task – power, endurance
• Use – acute, long term
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SPS211/FSRUiTM
Research Design Concerns
Confounding factors are controlled by– Placebo
• Placebo is an inert / inactive substance (look-alike substance) usually provided in a manner identical to an active substance.
• typically to test for real effect versus imagined effect or to control for any subjective reaction to the substance being tested.
– Double blind RCT research design• Subjects nor the researcher knows who is receiving placebo or
investigation substance• Reduce bias - subject or researcher
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SPS211/FSRUiTM
Proposed Ergogenic Aids
Category of Aid Proposed AidPharmacological Alcohol
AmphetaminesBeta BlockersCaffeineCocaine & MarijuanaDiureticsNicotine
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SPS211/FSRUiTM
Proposed Ergogenic AidsCategory of Aid
Proposed Aid
Hormones Anabolic SteroidsHuman Growth HormoneOral Contraceptives
Physiological agents
Blood dopingErythropoietin – RBC OxygenWarm up & temperature variation
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SPS211/FSRUiTM
Proposed Ergogenic Aids
Category of Aid
Proposed Aid
Physiological agents
Aspartic acids saltsBicarbonate loadingPhosphate loading
Nutritional agents & substances
Carbs, Protein, Fats, vitamin & mineral, water & special beverages
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SPS211/FSRUiTM
Proposed Ergogenic Aids
Category of Aid Proposed AidPsychological phenomena
HypnosisCovert rehearsal Stress management
Mechanical factors ClothingEquipmentEnvironment – structures & surfaces
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SPS211/FSRUiTM
Aerobic Performance• Hyperbaric chamber• Breathing of oxygen enriched mixtures
– Before or after exercise – little or no effect on performance– During exercise – improves endurance performance
• Blood doping– Reinfusion of RBC in order to increasing the [hemoglobin] and O2
carrying capacity of the blood– Blood boosting, blood packing, induced erythrocythemia.– Effective in improving VO2max & endurance performance
• Erythropoietin (EPO)– The use of erythropoietin is to stimulate erythrocyte (RBC) production. – The increased of RBC volume will increase the blood’s oxygen-
carrying capacity thus increased VO2max and increased time to exhaustion. (Improve endurance performance)
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SPS211/FSRUiTM
Anaerobic Performance
• Blood buffers– Sodium bicarbonate improves performance one to ten
minutes duration or repeated bouts of high intensity exercise
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SPS211/FSRUiTM
Drugs
• Amphetamines– enhance speed, power, endurance, concentration & fine motor
coordination.– increased strength, acceleration, time to exhaustion, maximum HR
and peak lactate responses during exhaustive exercise.– elevate both HR & BP and can trigger cardiac arrhythmias.
Excessive use of these drugs has been blame for some deaths, and the drugs can be both psychologically & physically addictive.
• Caffeine– Improve performance at the muscle & CNS or in delivery of fuel for
muscular work– Elevate blood glucose & increase fat utilization– Less pronounced in subjects who are daily users of caffeine
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SPS211/FSRUiTM
Drugs• Clenbuterol
– Treat airway disease such as asthma– 10-20% increase in muscle mass– Potentially useful in treatment of conditions that result in muscle
wasting (e.g., aging, spinal cord injury)– No evidence increase in performance for athletes
• Beta blockers – block transmissions of neural impulses from the SNS (block the beta-
adrenergic receptors, preventing binding of neurotransmitter and decreases the effects of SNS activity).
– slow the RHR (advantage for shooters - who try to release the arrow or squeeze the trigger between heartbeats to minimize the slight tremor associated with each beat. Increased accuracy in shooting sports).
– impair endurance performance, reducing VO2max in highly trained athletes because Q is reduced (SV cannot fully compensate for the reduced HR).
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SPS211/FSRUiTM
Drugs
• Cocaine– Powerful stimulator of CV & CNS– Provides a sense of euphoria & feeling of increased mental &
physical power– Psychologically addictive & potentially deadly
• Nicotine– Varied effects depending on whether PNS or SNS is stimulated– Smoking: cancers, heart & lungs disease– Smokeless tobacco (chewed, dipped): dental caries, gum
disease & oral cancer
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SPS211/FSRUiTM
Alcohol• used by athletes primarily for its psychological effects. • improve self-confidence, calm the nerves, and increase mental
alertness. • a good carbohydrate source. • means for reducing pain and muscle tremor. • Its depressant effects on the CNS dull pain sensation, but pain indicates
injury and physical activity while injured always carries a great risk of increasing the extent of injury.
• Alcohol suppresses the release of ADH, causing the body excretes more water in the urine and leads to dehydration. Impair performance, especially in the hot environments.
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SPS211/FSRUiTM
Hormone: Anabolic Steroids
• Androgenic-anabolic steroids • Increase muscle mass, strength,
power• Endurance capacity, facilitate
recovery – not proven• Risks – personality changes, “roid
rage”, testicular atrophy, reduced sperm count, breast enlargement in men, masculinization in women, liver damage & CHD
Steroid Monster