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Examples on vehicle performance:Fuel consumption and emissions

NVF Fordon och Transporter Helsingfors 3.2.2010

Kimmo Erkkilä

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

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Research on heavy-duty vehicles

HDENERGY 2003 – 2005

Safety, Environmental Impacts and New Technology (“RASTU”) 2006 – 2008

New project “HDENIQ” 2009 – 2011 within the TransEco programme

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Information is available in English!

www.rastu.fi

http://www.rastu.fi/http://www.rastu.fi/

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Background

Emission certification for heavy-duty vehicles is carried out using stand-aloneengines

testing does not reflect the properties of the vehicle

fuel consumption is not reported (will be introduced for Euro VI)

The ETC test cycle differs significantly from the actual load patterns for, e.g., city

buses discrepancy between emission certification classes and real-life emissions

performance in the case of buses

better correlation for heavy-duty trucks

Questions to be answered:

From the fleet operators’ view:

Which vehicles provide best fuel economy?

From the view of decision makers and service procurement:

Which vehicles actually deliver low emissions (regulated, CO2)?

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In 2002 VTT (Technical Research Centre of Finland) commissioned a newemission laboratory for heavy-duty vehicles

 At the end of 2009 VTT had tested more than 200 vehicles

more than 100 buses and some 100 trucks

vehicles with Euro I to EEV emission certification, diesel and NG

a comprehensive data base on emission factors and fuel consumption has been

generated

Types of activities

development of measurement methodology

determination of real-life emission characteristics

determination of fuel efficiency research on fuel savings

research on new biofuels (next generation)

Background

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Why test complete HD vehicles?

There is a clear need for a test method to determine emissions andfuel consumption that takes into account the properties of thecomplete vehicle

"real-life" emission and fuel consumption figures (g/km based)

effects of payload and driving cycle

vehicle-to-vehicle comparisons, checking of in-use vehicles

Chassis dynamometer testing can meet all these needs accuracy for fuel consumption measurements + 1 %

accuracy for emission measurements + 15 %

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Development of test methodology - trucks

For trucks the speed and road gradient profiles were recorded fromactual routes served by Transpoint (a major truck operator in Finland)

Varying speed and taking into account the road gradient creates highly

transient loading

Three cycles were developed: freeway, highway and delivery

Freeway cycle, original onroad data , 420 hp / 50 t

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Time s

   E  n  g   i  n  e  p  o  w  e  r   k   W

   D  r   i  v   i  n  g  s

  p  e  e   d   k  m   /   h

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

   R  o  a   d  g  r  a   d   i  e  n   t   %

Engine power 

Driving speed

Road gradient

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Example: Bus NOx and PM emissions

NOx and PM emissions over the Braunschweig city bus -cycle

0

3

6

9

12

15

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

PM g/km

   N   O  x  g   /   k  m

Diesel Euro 2 average

Diesel Euro 3 average

Diesel Euro 4

Diesel Euro 5

Diesel EEV

CNG Euro3 average

CNG EEV

Light weight

Euro 3 calibration

Euro limits (by factor 1.8)

Euro 1

Euro 2

Euro 3

ESC ETC

Euro 4

EEV Euro 5

Euro 6 (proposal)

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Example: Truck fuel consumption

2007 results

Fuel consumption on highway and freeway cy cles.

Full trailers (max. 60t)

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

0-Load 1/2-Load 2/2-Load 0-Load 1/2-Load 2/2-Load

   F  u  e   l  c  o  n  s  u  m  p   t   i  o  n   l   /   1   0   0   k  m

Euro 3 Average

Brand A Euro 4 EGR

Brand C Euro 4 EGR + DPF

Brand G Euro 4 SCR

Brand B Euro 4 SCR

Brand F Euro 4 SCR

Highway Freeway

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Example: Truck NOx and PM emissions

2007 results

 Full trailers (max. 60t)

PM- and NOx-emissions on h ighway and motorway cycles

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16

PM-emission (g/kWh at driven wheel)

   N   O  x  -  e  m

   i  s  s

   i  o  n

   (  g   /   k   W   h  a

   t   d  r   i  v  e  n  w

   h  e  e

   l   )

Euro 3 Average

Brand A Euro 4 EGR

Brand C Euro 4 EGR + DPF

Brand G Euro 4 SCR

Brand B Euro 4 SCR

Brand F Euro 4 SCR

Freeway

Highway

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Summary

VTT has developed methodology to measure HD vehicle fuel consumption(1% accuracy) and exhaust emissions (accuracy 15%)

transient chassis dynamometer testing including simulation of road gradient

Continuous activities on HD vehicle emissions and fuel efficiency since 2002

large projects attracting a lot of attention

good cooperation between authorities, transport companies and research institutes more than 200 HD vehicles measured

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Summary

Buses: very large variations in actual emission performance

some vehicles provide “real” EEV performance

Trucks:

fuel consumption reduced from Euro III to Euro IV and V

initially SCR vehicles delivered better fuel economy than EGR vehicles

now the gap between SCR and EGR has narrowed, especially for combined cost of fueland urea

good emission results for both EGR and SCR under high load

VTT can provide fleet operators with vehicle type specific performance data

e.g. Transpoint is using VTT data when procuring new vehicles

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VTT creates business fromtechnology