ERT 101 ERT 101

BIOCHEMISTRYBIOCHEMISTRY

Laboratory Safety Laboratory Safety Rules Rules

and Proceduresand Procedures

BASIC LABORATORY SAFETY BASIC LABORATORY SAFETY RULESRULES

ALWAYSALWAYS Wear safety glassesWear safety glasses Wear protective clothingWear protective clothing Know the location and use of all safety equipmentKnow the location and use of all safety equipment Use proper techniques and proceduresUse proper techniques and procedures Add acid to waterAdd acid to water Be very cautious when testing for odorsBe very cautious when testing for odors Use hoods whenever poisonous or irritating fumes are Use hoods whenever poisonous or irritating fumes are

evolvedevolved Discard wastes properly - flush liquids down the sink with a Discard wastes properly - flush liquids down the sink with a

large excess of waterlarge excess of water Report any accident, however minor, to the instructor at Report any accident, however minor, to the instructor at

onceonce All the times think about what you are doingAll the times think about what you are doing Be alert, serious, and responsibleBe alert, serious, and responsible

NEVERNEVER Eat or drink in the labEat or drink in the lab Perform unauthorized experimentsPerform unauthorized experiments Leave anything unattended while it is being heated Leave anything unattended while it is being heated

or is reacting rapidlyor is reacting rapidly Aim the opening of a test tube or flask at yourself Aim the opening of a test tube or flask at yourself

or at anyone elseor at anyone else Add water to acidAdd water to acid Insert droppers, pipettes and other laboratory Insert droppers, pipettes and other laboratory

equipment into reagent bottles – this is a sure way equipment into reagent bottles – this is a sure way of contaminating the contentsof contaminating the contents

Return unused reagents to stock bottlesReturn unused reagents to stock bottles Clutter your work areaClutter your work area Take unnecessary risksTake unnecessary risks Enter chemical storage areaEnter chemical storage area

Biochemistry Laboratory Biochemistry Laboratory Safety Rules and Safety Rules and

ProceduresProcedures

Responsible behavior is essential. The Responsible behavior is essential. The dangers of spilled acids and chemicals dangers of spilled acids and chemicals and broken glassware created by and broken glassware created by thoughtless actions are too great to be thoughtless actions are too great to be

tolerated. tolerated. No HorseplayNo Horseplay

Wear approved eye protection at all times in the laboratory and in any area where chemicals are stored or handled. The only exception is when explicit instructions to the contrary are given by your instructor.

► Eye protection should protect against impact and chemical splashes. Goggles are strongly recommended and may be required.

► If you should get a chemical in your eye, wash with flowing water from a sink or fountain for at least 15 min. Get

medical attention immediately.

► Contact lenses are not considered protective eye wear. Wearing of contacts is allowed only if safety glasses

are also worn. Contact lenses prevent rinsing chemical splashes from the eye. Vapors in the laboratory

(HCl, for example) dissolve in the liquids covering the eye and concentrate behind the lenses. "Soft" lenses are especially bad as chemicals dissolve in the lenses themselves and are released over several hours. If a burning sensation is experienced in the eyes while wearing contacts, immediately remove the contacts and rinse the eyes thoroughly. Also clean the contacts well before replacing in eyes.

Perform Perform no unauthorized experimentsno unauthorized experiments. This . This includes using only the quantities instructed, no includes using only the quantities instructed, no more. Consult your instructor if you have any more. Consult your instructor if you have any doubts about the instructions in the laboratory doubts about the instructions in the laboratory manual.manual.

Do not smokeDo not smoke in the laboratory at any time. Not in the laboratory at any time. Not only is smoking a fire hazard, but chemicals in only is smoking a fire hazard, but chemicals in laboratory air (both as vapors and as dust) are laboratory air (both as vapors and as dust) are drawn into the lungs.drawn into the lungs.

In case of fire or accident, call the instructor at In case of fire or accident, call the instructor at once. Note the location of fire extinguishers and once. Note the location of fire extinguishers and safety showers now so that you can use them if safety showers now so that you can use them if needed.needed.

Report all injuriesReport all injuries to your instructor at to your instructor at once. Except for very superficial injuries, once. Except for very superficial injuries, you will be required to get medical you will be required to get medical treatment for cuts, burns, or fume treatment for cuts, burns, or fume inhalation. (Your instructor will arrange for inhalation. (Your instructor will arrange for transportation if needed.)transportation if needed.)

Do not eat or drink anything in the laboratory.Do not eat or drink anything in the laboratory.

This applies to both food and chemicals. This applies to both food and chemicals. The obvious danger is poisoning.The obvious danger is poisoning.

Not so obvious is that you never should Not so obvious is that you never should touch touch chemicals. Many chemicals are chemicals. Many chemicals are absorbed absorbed through the skin. Wash all chemicals through the skin. Wash all chemicals off with off with large quantities of running water.large quantities of running water.

Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water when leaving the laboratory.water when leaving the laboratory.

Avoid breathing fumesAvoid breathing fumes of any kind. of any kind.

a. To test the smell of a vapor, collect a. To test the smell of a vapor, collect some in a cupped hand. some in a cupped hand.

b. Work in a hood if there is the possibility b. Work in a hood if there is the possibility that noxious or poisonous that noxious or poisonous

vapors may vapors may be produced. be produced.

Never use mouthNever use mouth suction in filling pipettes suction in filling pipettes with chemical reagents. with chemical reagents. Always Always use a use a pipette bulb.pipette bulb.

Never work aloneNever work alone in the laboratory. There in the laboratory. There must be at least one other person present in must be at least one other person present in the same room. In addition, an instructor the same room. In addition, an instructor should be quickly available.should be quickly available.

Wear shoesWear shoes in the laboratory. in the laboratory. Bare feet are Bare feet are prohibitedprohibited because of the danger from because of the danger from broken glass. broken glass. Sandals are prohibitedSandals are prohibited because of the hazards from chemical spills.because of the hazards from chemical spills.

ConfineConfine long hair and loose clothing (such as ties) long hair and loose clothing (such as ties) in the laboratory. It may either catch fire or be in the laboratory. It may either catch fire or be chemically contaminated.chemically contaminated.a. A laboratory apron or lab coat provides a. A laboratory apron or lab coat provides protection at all times. A lab apron or lab coat is protection at all times. A lab apron or lab coat is

required when you are wearing easily required when you are wearing easily combustible clothing (synthetic and light fabrics).combustible clothing (synthetic and light fabrics).b. It is advisable to wear old clothing to laboratory b. It is advisable to wear old clothing to laboratory

as it is not as expensive to replace.as it is not as expensive to replace.

Keep your work area neat at all timesKeep your work area neat at all times. Clean up . Clean up spills and broken glass immediately. Clutter not spills and broken glass immediately. Clutter not only will slow your work but it leads to accidents. only will slow your work but it leads to accidents. Clean up your work space, including wiping the Clean up your work space, including wiping the surface and putting away all chemicals and surface and putting away all chemicals and equipment, at the end of the laboratory period.equipment, at the end of the laboratory period.

Be careful when heating liquids. Flammable Be careful when heating liquids. Flammable liquids such as ethers, hydrocarbons, alcohols, liquids such as ethers, hydrocarbons, alcohols, acetone, and carbon disulfide must acetone, and carbon disulfide must never be never be heated over an open flame.heated over an open flame.

Always Always pour acids into waterpour acids into water when mixing. when mixing. Otherwise the acid can spatter, often quite Otherwise the acid can spatter, often quite violently. "Acid into water is the way that you violently. "Acid into water is the way that you oughter”oughter”

Dispose of excess liquid reagents by flushing Dispose of excess liquid reagents by flushing small quantities down the sink. Consult the small quantities down the sink. Consult the instructor about large quantities. Dispose of instructor about large quantities. Dispose of solids in crocks. solids in crocks. Never return reagents toNever return reagents to the the bottle.bottle.

Carefully read the experiment and answer the Carefully read the experiment and answer the questions in the prelab before coming to the questions in the prelab before coming to the laboratory. An laboratory. An unprepared studentunprepared student is a is a hazardhazard to everyone in the room.to everyone in the room.

Spatters are common in general chemistry Spatters are common in general chemistry laboratories. Test tubes being heated or laboratories. Test tubes being heated or containing reacting mixtures should containing reacting mixtures should never never be be pointed at anyone. If you observe this practice in pointed at anyone. If you observe this practice in a neighbor, speak to him or her or the instructor a neighbor, speak to him or her or the instructor if needed.if needed.

Finally, and most important, Finally, and most important, think think about what about what you are doing. Plan ahead. Do not cookbook. If you are doing. Plan ahead. Do not cookbook. If you give no thought to what you are doing, you you give no thought to what you are doing, you predispose yourself to an accident.predispose yourself to an accident.

A GUIDE IN PREPARING A GUIDE IN PREPARING LAB REPORT FOR LAB REPORT FOR

SUBMISSIONSUBMISSION

OutlineOutline

TitleTitle ObjectiveObjective IntroductionIntroduction ProcedureProcedure ResultsResults DiscussionsDiscussions ConclusionConclusion QuestionQuestion Reference Reference

OBJECTIVEOBJECTIVE

It should state main objective of the It should state main objective of the experiment.experiment.

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Some of the background for this experiment Some of the background for this experiment needs to be state.needs to be state.

Do not repeat or copy introduction from lab Do not repeat or copy introduction from lab modulemodule

PROCEDUREPROCEDURE

This part should describes every step done This part should describes every step done during experimentation with passive form during experimentation with passive form and have to simplified the step (ex: in flow and have to simplified the step (ex: in flow chart) from the procedure given to you.chart) from the procedure given to you.

RESULTSRESULTS

This part deals with the management of This part deals with the management of data obtained after experiment. Data can data obtained after experiment. Data can be presented as a series of figures, tables, be presented as a series of figures, tables, etc with descriptive text and numbered but etc with descriptive text and numbered but no discussion.no discussion.

DISCUSSIONSDISCUSSIONS

This section must emphasize on discussing the outcome of the This section must emphasize on discussing the outcome of the experiment. It can be written in two ways:experiment. It can be written in two ways:

– Compare the expected outcome of the experiment with theory orCompare the expected outcome of the experiment with theory or– Make an appropriate graph on which the theory is represented and Make an appropriate graph on which the theory is represented and

experimental data by points.experimental data by points.

A critical part of discussion is error analysis. In comparison of A critical part of discussion is error analysis. In comparison of theory and experiment you may not get a perfect agreement. It theory and experiment you may not get a perfect agreement. It does not necessarily mean that your experiment was failed. The does not necessarily mean that your experiment was failed. The results will be accepted, provided that you can account for results will be accepted, provided that you can account for discrepancy. Precision and accuracy of the instrument or your discrepancy. Precision and accuracy of the instrument or your ability to read the scales may be one limitation. A part from this, ability to read the scales may be one limitation. A part from this, data analysis requires you to open your mind and critical approach data analysis requires you to open your mind and critical approach to your work and that routine methods may not be sufficient.to your work and that routine methods may not be sufficient.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

The conclusions should contain several The conclusions should contain several shorts statements closing the report. They shorts statements closing the report. They should inform the reader if the experiments should inform the reader if the experiments agreed with the theory. If there were agreed with the theory. If there were differences between measured and differences between measured and expected results, explain possible reasons expected results, explain possible reasons for these differences. You may also say for these differences. You may also say what could have been done differently, how what could have been done differently, how experiments may be improved, or make experiments may be improved, or make other comment on the laboratory report.other comment on the laboratory report.

REFERENCEREFERENCE

When citing references to literature, the When citing references to literature, the author should use the author-year format author should use the author-year format (Khairul, 2003; Khairul (Khairul, 2003; Khairul et alet al., 2002). List ., 2002). List all references cited at the end of the all references cited at the end of the paper. Start each reference on a new line. paper. Start each reference on a new line. A spacing of one line is required between A spacing of one line is required between references (Khairul and Harbant, 1999). references (Khairul and Harbant, 1999).

Websites sources should also be referenced Websites sources should also be referenced if appropriate (Online Library, 2002). A if appropriate (Online Library, 2002). A website reference should include the full website reference should include the full address of the website, and the date the address of the website, and the date the website was accessed, as well as the date website was accessed, as well as the date the website was originally published, or last the website was originally published, or last revised. If the date of publication or revision revised. If the date of publication or revision is not available, use the notation n.d. to is not available, use the notation n.d. to indicate this unavailability (Khairul and indicate this unavailability (Khairul and Harbant, n.d.). Harbant, n.d.).

References should be arranged in References should be arranged in alphabetical orders.alphabetical orders.

Students are encouraged to refer to books, Students are encouraged to refer to books, journals and conference papersjournals and conference papers

PLEASE MINIMIZE INTERNET PLEASE MINIMIZE INTERNET REFERENCESREFERENCES

In case of any problem or uncertainty, please In case of any problem or uncertainty, please contact me at:contact me at:

khairulfarihan@unimap.edu.mykhairulfarihan@unimap.edu.my

kfk_an@yahoo.comkfk_an@yahoo.com

04-979883704-9798837

013-4384185013-4384185