esa space debris mitigation

ESA UNCLASSIFIED – For Internal Use

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The ESA Policy on Space Debris Mitigation

CleanSat Workshop ESTEC, Noordwijk, 18th March 2015

Prepared by: Independent Safety Office (TEC-QI)

The ESA Policy on Space Debris Mitigation| CleanSat Workshop | ESTEC | 18/03/2015 | TEC-QI | Slide 2


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ESA Space Debris Mitigation (SDM) Policy

u  The terms of the Space Debris Mitigation Policy are defined in:

u  ESA/ADMIN/IPOL(2014)2 – Space Debris Mitigation Policy for Projects, ESA DG, 28/03/2014

u  This replaces ESA/ADMIN/IPOL(2008)2, derived from the European Code of Conduct for Space Debris Mitigation (28/06/2004) and IADC guidelines.

u  The Standard for the SDM Technical Requirements is:

ECSS-U-AS-10C – Space Sustainability – Adoption Notice of ISO 24113: Space Systems – Space Debris Mitigation Requirements

u  The ESA Independent Safety Office (TEC-QI) is the ESA Custodian of the ESA policy and requirements on Space Debris Mitigation.



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ESA Space Debris Mitigation (SDM) Policy and Requirements

ESA ESA/ADMIN/IPOL(2014)2 Director General’s Office Att.: Annexes 2

_______ Paris, 28 March 2014 (Original: English)

Distribution: all staff ESA unclassified – “Releasable to the Public”

Space Debris Mitigation Policy for Agency Projects

1. INTRODUCTION

As a consequence of spaceflight activities, the number of functional and non-functional (i.e.: space debris) human-made objects in Earth orbit continues to grow. To minimise the impact of space operations on the orbital environment, to reduce the risk of collision on orbit and to ensure the safety of the public on ground during re-entry, mitigation and safety measures must be anticipated as from the conception of a space system.

In May 2011, the 2nd edition of ISO 24113 "Space Systems – Space Debris Mitigation Requirements" was issued as the international standard which establishes the design and operations requirements to minimise the impact of space operations on the orbital environment. On 10th February, 2012, this standard was adopted by the European Coordination on Space Standardisation (ECSS) as the ECSS-U-AS-10C standard (Adoption Notice of ISO 24113: Space Systems – Space debris mitigation requirements).

The present Instruction establishes the ESA standard for the technical requirements on space debris mitigation for Agency projects, it sets out the principles governing its implementation and the definition of responsibilities.

2. POLICY

In order to ensure a corporate approach on space debris mitigation, it is the Agency’s policy that the ECSS-U-AS-10C is established as the ESA standard (“the standard”) for the technical requirements on space debris mitigation for Agency projects.

As the standard foresees that in cases of re-entry the maximum acceptable casualty risk shall be determined by the approving agents, it is the Agency’s policy to define that the maximum acceptable casualty risk for ESA space systems shall be as follows:

a) For ESA Space Systems for which the System Requirements Review has already beenkicked off at the time of entry into force of this Instruction, casualty risk minimisationshall be implemented on a best effort basis and documented in the Space DebrisMitigation Report.

b) For ESA Space Systems for which the System Requirements Review has not yet beenkicked off at the time of entry into force of this Instruction, the casualty risk shall notexceed 1 in 10,000 for any re-entry event (controlled or uncontrolled). If the predictedcasualty risk for an uncontrolled re-entry exceeds this value, an uncontrolled re-entryis not allowed and a targeted controlled re-entry shall be performed in order not toexceed a risk level of 1 in 10,000.

2014-0520

Reference numberISO 24113:2011(E)

© ISO 2011

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD

ISO24113

Second edition2011-05-15

Space systems — Space debris mitigation requirements

Systèmes spatiaux — Exigences de mitigation des débris spatiaux

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Dit document is door NEN onder licentie verstrekt aan: / This document has been supplied under license by NEN to:ESA ESTEC [email protected] 7/18/2013 3:29:34 PM

ESA/ADMIN/IPOL(2014)2

Space Debris Mitigation Policy for Agency Projects

28/03/2014

ECSS-U-AS-10C

Adoption Notice of ISO 24113: Space Debris Mitigation

Requirements 10/02/2012

ISO 24113

Space Debris Mitigation Requirements

15/05/2011



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Objectives of the ESA SDM Policy

The objectives of the ESA Space Debris Mitigation policy are:

•  To prevent uncontrolled growth of abandoned spacecraft and spent launch vehicle orbital stages with particular regard to preserve identified space protected regions (i.e. the LEO and GEO Protected Regions).

•  To prevent debris generation as a result of intentional release of objects and/or intentional break-up of space systems.

•  To limit and minimize through passivation measures the risk of accidental break-up as a result of explosions of components storing energy on-board space systems.

•  To prevent orbital collisions through collision avoidance manoeuvres to be performed by operational space systems and through disposal manoeuvres such to forbid long-term parking of non-operational space systems in the protected regions.



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Re-entry Casualty Risk

In addition to defining requirements for the mitigation of the effects of space debris, the ESA Policy identifies as well the ESA maximum acceptable casualty risk related to re-entering debris. The maximum acceptable risk shall not exceed 1 in 10000 for any re-entry. Large spacecraft can meet this requirement by performing a controlled re-entry with debris footprint over unpopulated areas .



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ESSB-HB-U-002 ESA Space Debris Mitigation Compliance Verification Guidelines

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ESA UNCLASSIFIED – For Official Use

estec European Space Research

and Technology Centre Keplerlaan 1

2201 AZ Noordwijk The Netherlands

T +31 (0)71 565 6565 F +31 (0)71 565 6040

www.esa.int

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ESA Space Debris Mitigation Compliance Verification Guidelines !

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! Prepared by ESA Space Debris Mitigation WG Reference ESSB-HB-U-002 Issue 1 Revision 0 Date of Issue 19 February 2015 Status Approved Document Type HB Distribution ESA

u  ESSB-HB-U-002 – ESA Space Debris Mit igation Compliance Verif ication Guidelines has been issued in Feb-2015.

u  ESSB-HB-U-002 is an handbook providing guidelines on the verification of the ESA Space Debris Mitigation requirements.

u  ESSB-HB-U-002 was prepared by ESA Space Debris Mitigation Working Group.

u  ESSB-HB-U-002 will be regularly updated based on the feedback from ESA and Industry users and the outcome of on-going studies (e.g. in the frame of the Clean Space Initiative).



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Application of the ESA SDM Policy

u  The ESA Space Debris Mitigation Policy applies to:

•  The procurement of ESA Space Systems (e.g. launchers, satellites, inhabited or robotic vehicles)

•  Operations, under the responsibility of ESA, of any given Space System

•  The procurement of launch services for ESA Space Systems on a best effort basis



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SDM --! additional mission requirements

u  The Space Debris Mitigation requirements add new mission requirements to the ESA Space Systems.

u  The compliance to these requirements is assessed at the time of proposals evaluation together with the compliance to rest of the mission requirements and it contributes to the outcome of the evaluation

u  The compliance verification guidelines handbook is intended to provide as well a common approach to demonstrate compliance at the time of proposal preparation



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Protected Regions

•  LEO Protected Region Low Earth Orbit Protected Region is a shell that extends from the surface of a spherical Earth with an equatorial radius of 6,378 km up to an altitude (Z) of 2000 km

•  GEO Protected Region Geosynchronous Protected Region is a segment of a spherical shell defined by:

•  lower altitude boundary = geostationary altitude minus 200 km

•  upper altitude boundary = geostationary altitude plus 200 km

•  latitude sector: 15 deg South ≤ latitude ≤ 15 deg North

•  geostationary altitude (ZGEO) = 35,786 km (with respect to the spherical Earth with an equatorial radius of 6,378 km)



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Assessment of Compliance with the SDM Requirements

During the development phase:

The Space System compliance with the Space Debris Mitigation requirements shall be assessed in the frame of the Technical Project Reviews.

In case of major deviations during the orbital lifetime:

The Space System compliance with the Space Debris Mitigation requirements shall be assessed, prior of the disposal phase, by the Space Debris Mitigation Review Panel, chaired by the Head of the Independent Safety Office (TEC-QI) and composed of experts in the relevant technical disciplines.



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ESA Responsibilities for SDM

u  Study Managers / Project Managers / Mission Managers

Responsibility for the preparation and maintenance of the Space Debris Mitigation Plan (SDMP) and Space Debris Mitigation Report (SDMR) in accordance with the implementation requirements

u  Head of the Independent Safety Office (TEC-QI)

Technical Authority, as delegated by the Head of the Department in charge of Product Assurance and Safety (D/TEC-Q), for:

•  the maintenance of the Space Debris Mitigation Policy with the related requirement;

•  the independent supervision of their verification of compliance;

•  the processing of waivers with the technical assistance and expertise of the Technical and Quality Management Directorate (TEC) and the Space Debris Office (HSO-GR)

•  Periodic compilation of a report on the status of implementation of the Space Debris Mitigation Policy for all ESA projects



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SDM Documentation

u  Space Debris Mitigation Plan (SDMP)

u  Space Debris Mitigation Report (SDMR)

Doc.%%Review/%Phase%

Content%

ESA%Technical%Authority%Approval%/%Review%

SDMP% PRR# Preliminary#plan#for#the#implementation#and#verification#of#the#SDM#requirements#

Review#

SDMP% SRR# Final#plan#for#the#implementation#and#verification#of#the#SDM#requirements#

Approval#

SDMR% PDR# Implementation#and#verification#of#the#SDM#requirements# Review#

SDMR% CDR# Update#of#the#implementation#and#verification#of#the#SDM#requirements# Review#

SDMR% QAR#Update#of#the#implementation#and#verification#of#the#SDM#requirements#

Review#

SDMR% FAR#Update#of#the#implementation#and#verification#of#the#SDM#requirements# Approval#

SDMR% FRR#Update#of#the#implementation#and#verification#of#the#SDM#requirements# Review#

SDMR%Before#Mission#Change#

commitment#Update#of#the#implementation#and#verification#of#the#SDM#requirements# Approval#

SDMR% EOM% Update#of#the#risk#analysis#at#deFcommissioning# Approval#

SDMR% Prior#to#reFentry# Update#of#the#risk#analysis#prior#to#reFentry# Approval#

#



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Space Debris Mitigation Plan (SDMP) Content

u  Statement of planned compliance of the proposed design with all Space Debris Mitigation requirements, including justification for all non-compliances

u  Description of design and operational measures planned for achieving compliance with the Space Debris Mitigation requirements

u  Identification of the verification and validation methods and plans to demonstrate compliance with the applicable Space Debris Mitigation requirements

u  For space systems that will re-enter:

§  Preliminary re-entry casualty risk analysis with rationale for the planned re-entry approach and identification of the tools and methodologies used for the assessment

§  Identification of the space system functions that contribute to the planned controlled re-entry, if applicable

§  Identification of the re-entry scenario, including nominal and degraded de-orbit cases;

§  Verification and validation plan to demonstrate compliance with the re-entry casualty risk requirement



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Space Debris Mitigation Report (SDMR) Content

1.  Description of the design and operational measures implementation for achieving compliance with the Space Debris Mitigation requirements

2.  Analysis and Test reports in support of the implementation of the Space Debris Mitigation requirements

3.  List of objects (mission-related objects or space debris) planned to be released as part of the nominal mission, including characteristics, orbital characteristics and predicted orbital lifetime

4.  List of events which can cause violation of the requirements and relevant consequences (e.g. description and characteristics of debris generated, etc.)

5.  Verification Control Document covering all Space Debris Mitigation requirements with related justification

6.  Assessment of the compliance of the selected launch services with Space Debris Mitigation technical requirements in the standard

7.  For space systems that will re-enter: §  Re-entry casualty risk analysis, including methodology, assumptions, model uncertainties,

identification of simulation tools, and results of the assessment for both nominal and degraded cases

§  Description of the space system functions that contribute to the controlled re-entry, if applicable

§  Description of the re-entry scenario, including nominal and degraded cases §  Definition of the flight rules §  Definition of the notification plan to the Authorities



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Orbital Debris Assessment Report (ODAR)

•  Trilateral Agreement (ESA, NASA and JAXA) on the format and contents of the Abbreviated Orbital Debris Assessment Report (ODAR), signed on 28/09/2012, establishing that: §  The Agency which acts as space system integrator (i.e.

bus-system provider) applies its own SDM policy and requirements and is responsible for final compliance

§  The Agency which provides a component for installation on a space system provided by another Agency, should indicate the compliance for the provided component with the requirements of the Agency acting as space system integrator (i.e. to provide technical information in the Abbreviated ODAR)

§  The Agency, which provides the launch capability has the responsibility to review the compliance of both the launch vehicle and spacecraft with the SDM and system safety requirements.



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ESA – CNES Agreements for SDM

u  Arrangement between the European Space Agency and Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales concerning coordination on Safety of ESA launch systems operated at the Guiana Space Centre and their qualification status monitoring – 15/12/2011 §  The Arrangement applies to launch systems developed by ESA and to be carried out from

CGS §  ESA shall submit to CNES the technical information required to verify compliance with the

French LOS §  CNES shall grant ESA a certificate of technical conformity to the French LOS applicable

requirements u  Arrangement between the European Space Agency and Centre National d’Etudes

Spatiales concerning coordination on safety of ESA orbital systems controlled from French territory – 13/03/2013 §  The Arrangement applies to orbital systems for which ESA controls the platform from

French territory

§  Mutual assistance is provided to avoid duplication of work §  ESA will transmit to CNES the technical information required to verify compliance with the

French LOS applicable requirements §  CNES will perform necessary safety assessments, will agree with ESA on possible corrective

measures, and will issue a technical conformance status



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TEC-QI Role for Space Debris Mitigation (SDM)

u  Generation of SDM requirements u  Technical Authority for the assessment of compliance with the ESA SDM

Requirements: •  Review and approval of Space Debris Mitigation Plan (SDMP)

and Space Debris Mitigation Report (SDMR) •  Processing of waivers

u  Reporting on the status of implementation of ESA SDM Policy u  Representation in the ECSS and ISO WGs for SDM



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How to change SDM Policy, Requirements, and Guidelines

Document Type Change/Update Process

ESA/ADMIN/IPOL(2014)2 ESA policy

•  The ESA SDM Technical Authority (TEC-QI) is in charge of the maintenance of the SDM policy.

•  The SDM policy is effective for 4 years after publication and subject to revocation or revision by ESA DG.

•  The SDM policy is reviewed for extension, modification, or revocation, not later 6 months before the end of the validity period.

ECSS-U-AS-10C ECSS standard

•  The standard is prepared by the ECSS Space Debris Working Group (SDWG), including members from ESA (e.g. TEC-QI, HSO-GR) and European industry and space agencies.

•  Change Requests (CRs) can be proposed with a rationale at any time. •  The CRs are submitted to ECSS Executive Secretariat or TA

representative.

ESSB-HB-U-002 ESA handbook

•  The handbook is prepared by the ESA SDM Working Group (SDM WG). •  The handbook is approved by the ESA ESSB, ESB and QSB . •  Change Requests (CRs) can be proposed by anyone in ESA with a

rationale

ISO 24113 ISO standard

•  The document is prepared by ISO Technical Committee ISO/TC 20 (Aircraft and space vehicles), subcommittee SC 14 (Space systems and operations), Working Group 7, which includes experts delegated by the member bodies (ESA is only non-voting observer).

•  Proposed changes shall be submitted to ISO TC20/SC14 WG 7.



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Conclusions

u  SDM imposes new requirements on design and operational space systems.

u  New technological solutions may be required to fulfill the SDM requirements.

u  Methods for the verification of compliance with the SDM requirements need to be refined such that they can be used at the issue of the contract to select the contractor.

u  The behavior of the space system during on-orbit presence need to be studied (e.g. battery and pressure vessels for 25 years presence in LEO).



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