esram fiji - sprep.org€¦ · • pathways to sustainable management via policy or program...
TRANSCRIPT
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ESRAM FIJI: CHRIS HEIDER
SPREP-PEBACC BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA 21 -22 NOVEMBER 2016
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Outline •Approach
•Methodology
•Work to Date
•Key EbA Issues
•Highlights & Challenges
•Process Issues Emerging
•Next Steps
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Project Team •Project Management – Chris Heider
•Ecosystem Ecology (terrestrial & coastal) – Chris Heider
•Marine & Freshwater Ecology – Rikki Dunsmore
•Hydrology, Hydrogeology, Geomorpology – Ed Salminen
•Natural Resource Economics, Social Capital – Mark Buckley
•Traditional Culture & Heritage – Simione Tuimalega
•SPREP Country Lead – Herman Timmermans
•SPREP Project Officer, Logistics Officer, Communications Officer – Filomena, Roneel & Jilda
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Datelin
e
An
ti-Merid
ian
Fiji Islands Mapping Mayhem & Fun Facts:
•The dateline crosses the two focal areas for the ESRAM
•Access to base maps is painful or non-existent (see example here)
•Queries for available data using online website creates a total mess, accessing all 360 degrees of the globe
•Have this “lucky challenge” only in: • Our study area: Macuata Province & Taveuni
Island, as well as Rabi Island (Fiji)
• Chukokta and Wrangel Island (Russia)
• Ross Dependency, Antarctica (NZ)
Macuata
Taveuni
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Taveuni Island • ~437 km2
• 13 Vanua • Free Hold • Lease Holders • Agriculture export & Tourism sectors
Macuata Province: • ~1,976 km2
• ~2,841 km2 in watershed area • ~101 Villages surveyed by CCD • Large sugar cane hub • Dispersed fishing fleet • Forestry
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Approach •Focus on describing ecosystem functions through “lens” of what matters to people (e.g. scarcity of ecosystem goods & services)
•Identify Limiting Factors and Forces of Change that are both through management (behavior) and through climate (perceived and real)
•ESRAM document will cover all three scales in one document
•Executive Summaries will highlight factors at each scale to target audiences (National and Provincial Government, NGO/IGOs, Community Leaders).
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Scope, Budget & Level of Effort
43%
43%
14%
Island (Taveuni) Province (Macuata) National
Island Scale Vulnerability: • Focus on lasting management framework (GIS) • Work through traditional landowner structure • Integrate Free-Hold Landowners & Limitations • Identify policy-rooted synergies or obstacles (e.g. Leased land)
Province Scale Vulnerability: • Role of industry in national economy • Community/ Village Vulnerabilities (perceived) • Synthesis of GIS data to identify vulnerabilities (quantified) • Review of ongoing efforts for EbA/ CBMA • Cross linkages of Provincial & Government Policies • Watershed management across boundaries
National Scale Vulnerability: • Policy-related or goal activities and potential synergies/obstacles • Pathways to sustainable management via Policy or Program initiative
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Field Effort, Workshops & Meetings [CATEGORY NAME]
[CELLRANGE] [SERIES NAME]
June 2016
[CATEGORY NAME] [CELLRANGE] [SERIES
NAME] August 2016
[CATEGORY NAME] [CELLRANGE] [SERIES
NAME] October-November 2016
[CATEGORY NAME] [CELLRANGE] [SERIES
NAME] (2017)
Total Trips: 4 Missions International Person Trips: 8 Total People Days: 105
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Climate Forces
Hydrology & Freshwater Resources
Marine & Freshwater
Ecology
Agriculture & Forestry
Terrestrial Ecology
Transportation & Energy
Infrastructure
Limiting Factors
& Forces Affecting Change
Vulnerable Resources
Scarcity
Vulnerable Conditions
Governance
Implementation Capacity
Implementation Mechanisms
Social Structure Context
Adaptation Context “Filter”
Implementation Feasibility Adaptation Benefits
Social Capital Adaptation Strategies
EbA/ CBMA
Thematic Review Social & Economic Lenses Applied
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Social Structure Context
Vanua structure
Government structure
Land tenure
Market structure
Population demographics
Donors
Governance
Traditional resource owners
Elected and appointed
officials
Land Board
Market forces and
Commerce
Landowners and Lessees
Implementation IGOs/NGOs
Implementation Capacity
Internal organizational
External relations
Leadership and personnel
Skills and tools
Implementation Mechanisms
Projects
Programs
Laws
Adaptation Context “Filter”
The human framework to design and conduct EbA/ CBMA
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Key Considerations of Adaptation •Is the change related to climate or behavior? Both?
•What is the threat or incentive to drive change in behavior towards adaptation?
•Who owns the land/ water resources affected?
•Who controls the resources?
•Can common stakeholder goals allow for successful adaptation to change?
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Land Tenure Drives Land Stewardship Who owns what?
•Traditional Lands = Clans
•Free-hold Lands = Individuals or entities
•Leased Lands = Leased for short term, 30, 50 or 99 years.
•Marine resources (aquaculture) = Also owned and leased (no known freehold).
•Issues surrounding investment in resource health and sustainability when lands are not owned. Why invest in land when it’s not yours?
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Development of Vulnerable Resources, Adaptation Options, Benefits
Examples of Vulnerability Analysis for
•Marine Ecosystems
•Freshwater Resources
•Agricultural Systems
•Terrestrial Ecosystems
•Transportation & Energy
See flowchart
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Climate Forces
Hydrology & Freshwater Resources
Marine Ecology
Agriculture & Forestry
Terrestrial Ecology
Transportation & Energy
Infrastructure
Limiting Factors
& Forces Affecting Change
Vulnerable Resources
Scarcity
Vulnerable Conditions
Governance
Implementation Capacity
Implementation Mechanisms
Social Structure Context
Adaptation Context “Filter”
Implementation Feasibility Adaptation Benefits
Social Capital Adaptation Strategies
EbA/ CBMA
Thematic Review Social & Economic Lenses Applied
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Marine/coastal ecosystems
Climate forces
Storm frequency and
intensity
Sea surface temperature
Sea level flux
Ocean acidification
Additive forces
Overfishing
Terrestrial runoff
pollution
Mangrove and marsh
degradation and loss
Material extraction (sand, rock and coral)
Channel dredging
Oceanographic patterns
Use related Damage
Vulnerable conditions
Inadequate reef and
pelagic fish populations
Coral reef health and
extent
Sea grass health and
extent
Eroded coasts
Pollution attenuation
capacity
Community use &
Livelihood
Adaptation strategies
Marine reserves/Tabu
Fishing regulations
Habitat protection/res
toration
Fish export limits
Upland agricultural
BMPs
Planting/Engineering
solutions
Resilience benefits
Increased/reliable tourism
revenue
Reliable fish/invert
harvest stocks
Coastal prop/infr
protection
Recreation & Tourism
Public health
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Freshwater resources
Climate forces
Storm frequency
and intensity
Sea level flux
Rainfall magnitude
Air temperature regime
Drought frequency,
duration, intensity
Additive forces
Existing ground/
surface water trends
Population trends
Terr. runoff pollution
(erosion, mines, sani)
Wetland & riparian
degradation and loss
Gravel extraction
Delivery infrastructure
Ag. Trends (irrigation)
River/stream re-engineering
Vulnerable conditions
Groundwater supply
Surface water supply
Pollution attenuation
capacity
Floodplain vulnerability
Community use/Livelihood of aquatic use
Aquatic habitat & species
Recreation & Tourism
Adaptation strategies
Reserves/Tabu
Mining, forest, ag.
regulations
Mining, forest, ag.
BMPs
Riparian/ wetlands
restoration
Engineering (infrastructural)
solutions
Water metering&
pricing
Resilience benefits
Increased/ reliable water
supply
Floodplain protection
Clean water supply
Reduction in delivered pollutants
Sustainable aquatic fisheries
Recreation & tourism
Public health
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Agricultural systems
Climate forces
Storm frequency
and intensity
Air temperature
Rainfall distribution
Rainfall magnitude
Additive forces
Imports
Land tenure
Competitive uses(forestry,
urban, etc)
Customs & practices
Market Demand (includes quality)
Operating costs
Disease vectors
Vulnerable conditions
Household revenue
dependence
Household food
dependence
Eroding soils
Soil infertility
Agricultural land base
Adaptation strategies
Stable land tenure
Agricultural prescriptions
& BMPs
Soil fertility management
Local sourcing (keep it local)
Agro-Engineering
solutions
Fair Trade (etc.)
Resilience benefits
Increased/ reliable farm
revenue
Reliable food supply
Reduction of reef/ marine
habitat damage
Investments in local
community
Water quality
Public health
Agrotourism
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Terrestrial ecosystems
Climate forces
Rainfall frequency and intensity
Drought
Windstorms
Air temperature
Storm Surge
Additive forces
Deforestation
Large flood events
Land use change
Imbalanced nutrient
dynamics
Invasive species
Subsistence harvest
Vulnerable conditions
Fragmented forests
Active grass-fire cycle
Reduced native seed
stock
Invasive species
expansion
Erosion/ soil degradation
Lowered resistance to
disease
Unstable wood supply
Adaptation strategies
Forest reserves
Land use planning &
design
Mixed plantation
use
Riparian enhancement
Forest expansion
Wetland conservation
& law
Biocontrol protocols
Resilience benefits
Fire resistance
Increased biodiversity
Flood& Erosion control
Sustain yield harvest
Pollutant attenuation
Infrastructure protection
Sustained Soil
productivity
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Transportation & Energy Infrastructure
Climate forces
Storm frequency
and intensity
Air temperature
Sea level flux
Additive forces
Population growth
Fuel prices
Land use patterns and
trends
Market trends (ag, biz)
Fiji geography/ accessibility
Vulnerable conditions
Transportation
infrastructure
Petroleum-based energy and
transportation systems
Disaster response capability
Community connectivity/g
eographic separation
Power Grids
Adaptation strategies
Transportation infrastructure
investment
Renewable energy systems
Food & H20 self- reliance
Distributed energy
Pricing (tiered, time
of use)
Erosion/storm proofing
fortification
Resilience benefits
Reliable market
competitiveness
Disaster response
speed
Reliable energy supply
Reliable transportatio
n systems
National cohesion
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Other Key EbA/ CMBA Issues •Gazetted regulated and enforced fishing rights while maintaining traditional ownership
•Agricultural Fertilization Premixes, Multi-tiered “agroecology” plots
•Fortify replanting efforts in Macuata (Dept. Forestry)
•Mangrove and coastal wetland management (policy)
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Highlight: Traditional Owners Workshop •Gathered traditional leaders of Taveuni Island from 3 Districts
•Focused on identifying Core of Traditional Structure first
•Leaders identified responsibilities (Tutu vaka vanua) to the landscape
•Unified vision of how landscape should be mapped (Tua)
•Identified activities to be conducted in each Tua for each District
•Created subcommittee to engage issues with other landowners
•Identified next steps for Vanua and other landowners
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Mapping of Traditional Tua •Workshop reaching core of responsibilities within vanua
•Identify set of rules and responsibilities for land and sea management
•Identified ranges of conditions for resources in each “Tua”
Waitui
Cakau
Sawana
Matavura
Koro
Saurusa
Voavoa
Teitei
Tokaitua
Qakilo
Veikauloa
Veikaulalai
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Tua Description – what grows there, what is its purpose? Importance – what is provided by this area?
Waitui Deep sea Food, income, air, wind, storms
Cakau Reef Food, fish, protection from storms, nursery area, tourism (diving) income,
Sawana From reef to beach, intertidal area Food, fishing grounds
Matavura Coastal strand – where you moor your boats at night, mangroves Protection, filtration (protects reef), buffers reef from runoff, access to the sea, gateway to the sea,
tourism, family area
Koro Above the wave zone, location of villages House and home, dwellings, community, schools, church, commerce, rest and relaxation
Saurusa Empty space between villages, garden, forest providing plants, villages may
grow into these areas, expansion
Burial areas, expansion, food and nourishment, firewood, construction material, light timber production,
material for thatching,
Voavoa Formerly Teitei -- fallow areas, agricultural area, market, farms, rotational
farming, can change position with Teitei Needed to maintain the Teitei
Teitei Organized farming, currently cultivated, can change position with Voavoa
(rotating ~7-10 years) Food for village and commerce, sustainability
Tokaitua Intermediate ridge tops Hunting (pigs, chickens)
Qakilo Inter-valleys, side streams located within Protection from landslides, wind, hunting, erosion protection, water infiltration, spring water
Veikauloa Deep forest, mid-slope forest, can be rain-forest, big trees, water source Rain interception, tourism (hiking, bird watching)
Veikaulalai Cloud Forest – Ridgetop mist catcher Cloud-water interception, source of water, chiefly location
Traditional Mapping Structure
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Taveuni Resource Mapping Framework
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Workshop Outcome: Activities Number Action
1 Reforestation – Replanting of trees and new trees suitable for Taveuni Climate
2 Replanting of coconut trees on the farming area
3 Encourage, introduce, and enforce organic farming on Taveuni land
4 Replanting of appropriate trees on river banks
5 Replanting of trees on shoreline
6 Be more vigilant of blue line on forest reserve and stop encroaching farming
7 Organize more workshops for youth participation
8 Formation of subcommittee representation from the three (3) districts to be the
voice of this forum at other meetings
9 To approach estate owners, new immigrants, and resettled farmers, hoteliers, to be
part of this conservation movement
10 Buffer zones on river banks
(11) (Aquaculture and access to fisheries technology)
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Other Key Outcomes: Macuata •Analysis of all major villages in Macuata Province pertaining to vulnerability (ongoing)
•Strong GIS data library to analyze watershed functions
•Integration of sugar industry & energy plant operations for potential involvement
•Great support from Macuata High Chief to work on ways to develop fishing regulations that are documented by Government, with Enforcement
•Support from neighboring Cakadrove Province to approach regarding watershed management in connected landscapes (approximately 1/3 of watershed area is outside Macuata Province)
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Other Implementation Options •Strengthening communities in the role and function of the 7 Tutu vaka vanua for resource management (requested by Taveuni, direct relevance to Macuata fishing rules).
•Resource mapping using new image products to properly map and quantify land use/ land cover change from 2010 – 2016.
•Supporting on-going efforts within Macuata: Marine, forestry, river restoration/ function.
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Issues & Challenges •ESRAM is a very comprehensive assessment in a very short timeline. Consider it a “living document” to be updated or enhanced (and not cumbersome)
•How will approaches ensure project longevity? What makes this so different than any other planning document?
•NGOs were very willing to share information (where not restricted); Government was less willing. Information privacy issues were a constant issue.
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Big Questions •How to incentivize conducting activities to increase resilience in a way that is not just “another project” funded and implemented by external groups?
•What motivation is there to participate in EbA/ CBMA? What happens in 10 years?
•Who is buying in? Communities to SPREP project or SPREP project to communities? How to ensure longevity?
•Land Tenure is a key challenge for being vested in long-term sustainability; how are other countries managing this?
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Next Steps •Draft ESRAM Complete (2016)
•Field mission to communities (early 2017) to communicate findings and get feedback; further development of EbA specifics
•Phase 2 (TBD)