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-3 hours- 180 marks

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Beta carotene-fat soluble

Lecture 10a- 10 November 2014

This lecture is based largely on Chapter 7, 12, 14, 15,16 in Understanding Normal and Clinical Nutrition by Rolfes et al.

Lecture 10- 14 November 2013

Outline

Water    -role in metabolism    -role in metabolic regulation

Outline of lecture 10

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle

    Pregnancy and Lactation    Infancy    Early Childhood    Adolescence    Adulthood

More Detailed Comments

Water   -role in metabolism

    -carries nutrients and waste products throughout the body

     -maintains structure of large molecules like proteins and glycogen

   

Water  -role in metabolism

       -participates in metabolic reactions- eg hydrolysis (eg protein catabolism), or product of metabolism (metabolic

sink)(eg when hydrogen joins with oxygen as part of electron transport chain processes)

       -solvent (provides medium for reactions)

       -regulation of body temperature       -maintains blood volume

Water

-class exercise

  -explain each role in metabolic regulation

       

Break

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle    Pregnancy and Lactation

       Pregnancy

            foetal growth and development                    -folate supplementation                                    -prevent neural tube defects                                    -one month before conception- why?                                   

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle    Pregnancy and Lactation       Pregnancy            foetal growth and development

folate supplementation                         -0.8 to 4 mg supplements                                    -if have had previous neural

tube baby then 4 mg supplements may be recommended - require a prescription as high folate intake may mask pernicious anemia of a vitamin  B12 deficiency

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle    Pregnancy and Lactation       Pregnancy           critical periods

    -maternal anemia during critical growth period of placental growth alters pattern of blood vessel growth which may affect cardiovascular health of infant

                      

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle    Pregnancy and Lactation       Pregnancy

           critical periods        -infant beta cell development-poor

maternal nutrition during critical period of  beta cell development (12 weeks gestation to 5 months post delivery) may cause diabetes particularly if person eats in overabundance in later life

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle    Pregnancy and Lactation       Pregnancy

             weight prior to conception-underweight mother

                   -underweight mother leads to greater chance of a low birthweight infant especially if mother is unable to gain sufficient weight during the pregnancy

                                                           

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle    Pregnancy and Lactation       Pregnancy

             weight prior to conception-underweight mother

                   -as well rates of preterm births and infant deaths are higher for underweight women

                                                                                             

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle    Pregnancy and Lactation       Pregnancy

             weight prior to conception-overweight mother

                   overweight mother leads to greater chance of her experiencing gestational diabetes, hypertension and post-partum infections and of having a stillborn and/or other labour and delivery complications

                                                                                       

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle    Pregnancy and Lactation       Pregnancy

             weight prior to conception-overweight mother

                   -as well infants tend to be larger and have greater risk of poor health(including neural tube defects) and death than do normal weight infants

                    -never try to lose weight during pregnancy- lose appropriately pre-conception or post-delivery

                                                                                       

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle    Pregnancy and Lactation       Pregnancy

            weight gain during pregnancy

                  underweight                 28-40 lbs                  correct weight              25-35 lbs                  overweight                    15-25 lbs     obese          15   lbs minimum

                                                                                       

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle    Pregnancy and Lactation       Pregnancy

            energy and nutrient needs during pregnancy                  energy                      add 100 kcal per day  trimester 1

                      add 300 kcal per trimesters 2 and 3

                       pregnant teenagers, underweight and physically active women may require more

                                                                                       

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle    Pregnancy and Lactation       Pregnancy

            energy and nutrient needs during pregnancy

nutrient needs

                        fig 14-10

                                                                                       

Fig. 14-10, p. 489

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle    Pregnancy and Lactation       Pregnancy

            energy and nutrient needs during pregnancy

nutrient needs

                       carbohydate- ideally 250 or more grams per day and no less than 100 grams per day

                                                                                       

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle    Pregnancy and Lactation       Pregnancy

            energy and nutrient needs during pregnancy

nutrient needs

                       protein                            add 5 grams per day  trimester 1                            add 20 grams per day trimester 2                            add 25 grams per day trimester 3                                                                                                                  

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle    Pregnancy and Lactation       Pregnancy

            energy and nutrient needs during pregnancy

nutrient needs                       protein                            most people have enough protein

to begin with  in their diet to meet these protein requirements

                                                                                                                                             

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle    Pregnancy and Lactation       Pregnancy

            energy and nutrient needs during pregnancy

nutrient needs                       protein                            do NOT use high protein

supplements during pregnancy-chance of low birthweights, pre-term births and still borns

                                                                                                                                             

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle    Pregnancy and Lactation       Pregnancy

            energy and nutrient needs during pregnancy

nutrient needs                       essential fatty acids                          linoleic and alpha-linolenic- brain

growth and development, visual acuity

                            fish oil supplements are not recommended -possibility of toxins and effect on pregnancy is not known

                                                                                                                                             

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle    Pregnancy and Lactation       Pregnancy

            energy and nutrient needs during pregnancy

nutrient needs

                          -folate, B12, iron and zinc as well as

vitamin D and calcium require particular attention

                                                                                                                                             

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle    Pregnancy and Lactation       Pregnancy

            common nutrition related concerns of

pregnancy

                    -nausea, constipation, haemorrhoids, heartburn, food cravings and aversions, non food-cravings (pica)

                                                                                                                                             

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle    Pregnancy and Lactation       Pregnancy            

malnutrition and pregnancy                    -malnutrition can lead to reduced

fertility for males and females                    -malnutrition prior to pregnancy-

prevent placenta from developing properly with subsequent potential for physical and cognitive abnormalities on the part of  the infant

                                                                                                                                             

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle    Pregnancy and Lactation       Pregnancy            

infants birthweight                    -low- premature-can catch up -have

easier time catching up in growth development if  their post-delivery nutrition is good

                            -less than gestational age- have tougher time catching up in growth development even if their post-delivery nutrition is good

                                                                                                                                             

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle    Pregnancy and Lactation       Pregnancy            

mothers age                            -adolescence- immaturity may lead

to poor food choices with subsequent foetal risk

                                                -weight gain of 35

lbs for normal weight female

                                                                                                                                                         

Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle    Pregnancy and Lactation       Pregnancy            

practices incompatible with pregnancy

alcohol and herbal supplements and nutraceuticals

                                                                                                                                             

Break