essential question essential question: –how did ideological differences between jefferson &...
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Essential QuestionEssential Question:
–How did ideological differences between Jefferson & Hamilton contribute to the rise of America’s first political parties?
Foreign Affairs
The Battle over Foreign Affairs In the 1792 election, Washington
was unanimously chosen againForeign policy became the focus
of Washington’s 2nd term:–War between England & France
broke out in 1793 which divided Americans over who to support
–England refused to obey the Treaty of Paris (1783) & barred the U.S. from West Indian trade
France was engulfed in the French Revolution; The U.S. supported the revolution, but feared
its radical & bloody nature
U.S. neutrality seemed to be the best option
The French Revolution Led to War Between England & France
The Peril of NeutralityHamilton & Jefferson wanted
neutrality but disagreed how:–JeffersonJefferson: punish England (due
to impressmentimpressment) by cutting off trade & reward France
–HamiltonHamilton: England needed to be appeased, not coerced
Washington signed Proclamation Proclamation of Neutralityof Neutrality (1793) to keep America out of foreign wars
At least until the Genet Affair: French diplomat Edmond Genet challenged
American neutrality repeatedly in public
Americans seemed to favor France due to French assistance in the American Rev
English & French “impressment” of American sailors
Jay's Treaty with EnglandJohn Jay demanded from England
–The removal of British soldiers from western forts in America
–payment for impressed ships–acceptance of U.S. neutrality
Jay’s Treaty (1794)Jay’s Treaty (1794) –British vacated western forts –U.S. gained trade in West Indies–But, England did not recognize
neutrality or end impressment
The treaty avoided war with England but did not get the British to pay Southerners for lost
slaves or merchants for impressed ships
The House challenged the Senate’s Constitutional
authority to ratify the treaty
Jay was hung in effigy throughout
America
Pinckney’s Treaty with SpainPrior to 1795, Spain closed U.S.
access to the Mississippi River & encouraged Indian attacks
But, Spain interpreted Jay's Treaty as Anglo-American alliance against Spain & signed the Treaty of San LorenzoTreaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney’s Treaty):–Spain reopened the Mississippi –Settled the disputed border
between Florida & U.S.
Treaty of Greenville with IndiansTo end Indian attacks against
white settlers in the West, the U.S. fought an Ohio Indian alliance led by the Shawnee at Battle of Fallen TimbersBattle of Fallen Timbers (1794)
Led to the Treaty of GreenvilleTreaty of Greenville:–Indians ceded lands in Ohio–The U.S. promised “fair”
dealings with Indian nations
Settlers rushed to Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, & western New York
Conquest Conquest of the Westof the West(Notice the British forts in the West!)
America’s First Political Parties
America’s 1st Political Parties Disagreements over Hamilton’s
financial plans & Anglo-French Wars led to the 1st political parties:–Democratic-RepublicansDemocratic-Republicans:
led by Jefferson, favored states’ rights, “strict construction,” ties to France, & liberty
–Federalists:Federalists: led by Hamilton, favored a strong national gov’t, “loose construction”, ties to England, & public order
Also called Jeffersonian Republicans or simply, Republicans
Represented the “Spirit of 1776” & the fight against tyranny
Represented the “Spirit of 1787” & the fight for a stronger national gov’t
America’s 1st Political PartiesPolitical parties were seen as a
conspiracy against liberty –Federalists & Dem-Republicans
thought it was their duty to destroy the other party
–In the Washington & Adams eras, the Federalists dominated politics, but Jefferson’s election in 1800 killed the Federalists
Newspapers transformed political culture in the U.S.; they were widely read, highly
influential, & totally partisan
Commoners in the U.S. were highly literate
Whiskey RebellionThe whiskey tax led yeomen in
western Pennsylvania to start a Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion in 1794–When the governor of PA
refused to act, Federalists saw the revolt as a threat to safety
–Washington himself led the U.S. army to suppress the rebellion
–Both parties used the event to attack each other
Rioted with the same fervor as those against the Stamp Act
Hamilton interpreted the rebellion as a Jefferson-inspired
conspiracy
Jefferson saw it as an excuse by Federalists to
raise an army to intimidate Republicans
Whiskey Rebellion, 1794
President Washington is one of two presidents (Madison is the other) who participated in
combat while serving as president
His mere presence (and the 15,000 soldiers he brought with him) was
enough to end the Whiskey Rebellion
Washington's Farewell AddressWashington was not limited by the
Constitution to 2 terms, but in 1796 he announced his decision to retire
Washington’s Farewell AddressFarewell Address:
–Warned against political parties
–Warned against “entangling alliances” with foreign nations (led to the precedent of non-intervention in foreign affairs)
Washington never acknowledged the faction in his cabinet, he tended to side with the Federalist perspective of gov’t
Washington’s decision to retire established the precedent of 2 terms in office for presidents
Discussion Question:George Washington is universally
agreed to be the most significant of America’s Founding Fathers…
But, who is the 2nd most important of these early political leaders:–James Madison?–Alexander Hamilton?–Thomas Jefferson?–Someone else?
Make an argument for each & then rank order them with a clear justification for your #1 choice
Hamilton/Jefferson ComparisonHamilton
(Federalist)Jefferson
(Democratic-Republican)
What was his vision of the role of government (National or State?)
Payment of National & State Debts
Tariff on Imported Goods
The U.S. Economy: (Manufacturing or
Farming?)
Creating a National Bank
Interpretation of the Constitution
Whiskey Tax and Whiskey Rebellion
Support for the French Revolution
Hamilton/Jefferson Discussion Summarize the fundamental idea at
the heart of the Federalists/Anti-Federalist disagreement. In what ways is this similar to the idea at the heart of the Hamilton/Jefferson conflict? In what ways is it different?
Who’s vision for America, Hamilton’s or Jefferson’s, do you feel was most appropriate for America in 1790? Explain