Essential QuestionEssential Question: : –What were the principle What were the principle causes & major effects causes & major effects of the counterculture of the counterculture movements of the movements of the 1960s & 1970s?1960s & 1970s?

A Generation in A Generation in ConflictConflict::1965-19741965-1974

A Decade of Protest: A Decade of Protest: 1965-19741965-1974

The decade from 1965 to 1974 The decade from 1965 to 1974 was marked by protest due to:was marked by protest due to:– Escalation of the Vietnam WarEscalation of the Vietnam War– Attack on middle-class valuesAttack on middle-class values– Increased college enrollmentIncreased college enrollment

The initial liberal protests began The initial liberal protests began on on college campusescollege campuses but soon but soon inspired other, national protests:inspired other, national protests:

Native-Americans Women HippiesMexican-AmericansAfrican-Americans

Protests against Vietnam linked other social criticism—The “war abroad,”

intensified a “war at home”

The Sixties generation was the best educated in American history

The Student RevoltThe Student Revolt The student protest movement The student protest movement

began at UC-Berkeley in 1964 with began at UC-Berkeley in 1964 with the the Free SpeechFree Speech movement movement– Students protested the Students protested the

“corporate face” & “1950s rules” “corporate face” & “1950s rules” of UC-Berkeley of UC-Berkeley

– Students rioted when denied a Students rioted when denied a political voice on campuspolitical voice on campus

This inspired the formation of This inspired the formation of Students for a Democratic SocietyStudents for a Democratic Society to end racism, poverty, & violenceto end racism, poverty, & violence

Refused to allow Free Speech movement to collect money for off-campus causes

Mario Savio & the Free Speech Mario Savio & the Free Speech riotsriots

The Berkeley protests & University of Michigan-based SDS inspired riots on

campuses across the USA

Brown University ended required

courses & grades

Many colleges ended “in loco parentis” rules

The Cultural The Cultural RevolutionRevolution The student protests coincided The student protests coincided with youth counter-culture in with youth counter-culture in 1965 1965

Beginning in San Francisco & Beginning in San Francisco & spreading throughout the US, spreading throughout the US, the “hippie” culture emphasized:the “hippie” culture emphasized:– Sexual expressionSexual expression– ClothingClothing– DrugsDrugs– MusicMusic

Increase in premarital sex & use of the “pill”

“Summer of Love” in 1967

Use of psychoactive & hallucinogenic drugs

“Everyone must get stoned,” Bob Dylan

Harvard professor Timothy Leary: “Let’s all try LSD!! Tune in, turn on, & drop out!”

Folk music

British invasion & electric rock

Acid rock

Music was an important element to 1960s counter-culture

Folk singers like Joan Baez & Bob Dylan

(until Dylan discovered the electric

guitar)

“Electric rock” like The Beatles

“Acid rock” like the Grateful Dead

Drugs

Sex

Rock ‘n’ Roll

Is this the nation’s Is this the nation’s youth??youth??

Mostly children from upper-middle

class families

No work ethic?

1968:1968:The Year of The Year of TurmoilTurmoil

19681968

1968 was one of the most turbulent 1968 was one of the most turbulent years in U.S. historyyears in U.S. history– Martin Luther King Jr. & Robert Kennedy Martin Luther King Jr. & Robert Kennedy

were assassinatedwere assassinated– Riots broke out at the Democratic Riots broke out at the Democratic

National ConventionNational Convention– The Tet Offensive showed that the USA The Tet Offensive showed that the USA

was not winning the Vietnam Warwas not winning the Vietnam War

Protesting the Vietnam Protesting the Vietnam WarWar

The most dramatic focus of The most dramatic focus of youthful rebellion was Vietnam:youthful rebellion was Vietnam:– Mostly led by college students who Mostly led by college students who

escaped the draftescaped the draft– Students protested the draft, military Students protested the draft, military

research on college campuses, & research on college campuses, & disproportionate use of black & disproportionate use of black & Hispanic soldiersHispanic soldiers

– Protests got stronger as fighting Protests got stronger as fighting intensified in Vietnam in 1966intensified in Vietnam in 1966

U.S. U.S. Troop Troop Levels Levels in in VietnaVietnamm

Vietnam in 1968Vietnam in 1968 In 1968, the Vietcong launched the In 1968, the Vietcong launched the

Tet OffensiveTet Offensive against U.S. forces in against U.S. forces in South Vietnam South Vietnam – The attack was contrary to media The attack was contrary to media

reports that the U.S. was winning the reports that the U.S. was winning the Vietnam WarVietnam War

– The attack led LBJ to believe that The attack led LBJ to believe that Vietnam could not be wonVietnam could not be won

In 1968, LBJ began discussions to In 1968, LBJ began discussions to seek a truce & announced that he seek a truce & announced that he would not seek re-electionwould not seek re-election

The Tet The Tet OffensiveOffensive, 1968, 1968

Assassinations in 1968Assassinations in 1968 In 1968, In 1968, Martin Martin

Luther KingLuther King was was assassinated in assassinated in Memphis & race Memphis & race riots broke out in riots broke out in over 100 cities over 100 cities

In 1968, leading In 1968, leading Democratic Democratic presidential presidential candidate candidate Robert Robert KennedyKennedy was shot was shot during the during the California primaryCalifornia primary

The 1968 Democratic The 1968 Democratic ConventionConvention

The withdraw of LBJ & death of RFK, The withdraw of LBJ & death of RFK, left 2 candidates for the Democratic left 2 candidates for the Democratic nomination in 1968:nomination in 1968:– MN Senator MN Senator Eugene McCarthyEugene McCarthy – VP VP Hubert HumphreyHubert Humphrey

TV showed angry protestors & police TV showed angry protestors & police fight outside the convention when fight outside the convention when Humphrey was nominatedHumphrey was nominated

Idealistic & anti-war—supported by upper-middle class whites & college students

Truman-style Cold Warrior—supported by Democratic party leaders; Did not campaign

1968 Democratic National Convention

Republicans benefited from the Vietnam disaster & a shattered Democratic party; Nixon won the election as a reconciler

Essential QuestionEssential Question: : – What were the principle causes & effects What were the principle causes & effects

of the counterculture movements of the of the counterculture movements of the 1960s & 1970s?1960s & 1970s?

Warm-Up Question:Warm-Up Question:– How does the counter-culture movement How does the counter-culture movement

of the 1960s compare to that of the of the 1960s compare to that of the 1950s?1950s?

Social Protests Social Protests of the 1960s & of the 1960s & 1970s1970s

"Black Power""Black Power"

In the late 1960s, civil rights In the late 1960s, civil rights focus moved from from political focus moved from from political to to economiceconomic equality equality– Leadership shifted from MLK’s Leadership shifted from MLK’s

nonviolent protest to militancy nonviolent protest to militancy – Civil rights began to reflect the overt Civil rights began to reflect the overt

embrace of black culture & pride: embrace of black culture & pride: dashikis, afros, “dap,” rejection of dashikis, afros, “dap,” rejection of “slave names,” & the “black is “slave names,” & the “black is beautiful” mottobeautiful” motto

More than 50% of northern blacks lived in poverty

“I’m black & I’m proud!”

—James Brown

"Black Power""Black Power"

SNCC leader SNCC leader Stokely CarmichaelStokely Carmichael::– Told blacks to seize power where they Told blacks to seize power where they

outnumber whitesoutnumber whites– Called for black-controlled unions, co-Called for black-controlled unions, co-

ops, & political partiesops, & political parties The The Black PanthersBlack Panthers dedicated dedicated

themselves to defending blacks from themselves to defending blacks from police brutality & serving their police brutality & serving their communities communities

“Political power comes through the barrel of a gun” —Huey Newton

Malcolm XMalcolm XBorn in Omaha Nebraska, Malcolm LittleBorn in Omaha Nebraska, Malcolm Little

was the son of a Baptist preacher whowas the son of a Baptist preacher who

urged Blacks to stand up for their rights.urged Blacks to stand up for their rights.

His father was killed by WhiteHis father was killed by White

Supremacist in Michigan, in 1931.Supremacist in Michigan, in 1931.

After time, Malcolm moved to HarlemAfter time, Malcolm moved to Harlem

where he became involved in gambling,where he became involved in gambling,

drug dealing and robbery.drug dealing and robbery.

Malcolm Was Arrested at the age of 20 for Malcolm Was Arrested at the age of 20 for

armed robbery. In jail he studied thearmed robbery. In jail he studied the

teaching of the Elijah Muhammad.teaching of the Elijah Muhammad.

Elijah MuhammadElijah MuhammadElijah Muhammad was the leader of the mostlyElijah Muhammad was the leader of the mostly

Black political and religious group. The NationBlack political and religious group. The Nation

Of Islam.Of Islam.

His teachings, often perceived as racist, preachedHis teachings, often perceived as racist, preached

complete separation from Whites in society.complete separation from Whites in society.

He often expressed the idea the Blacks were theHe often expressed the idea the Blacks were the

first people to rule the world and that the Whitesfirst people to rule the world and that the Whites

tricked them out of power and oppressed them.tricked them out of power and oppressed them.

Young Malcolm X developed his adept speakingYoung Malcolm X developed his adept speaking

skills and political ideas under the direction of skills and political ideas under the direction of

Elijah Muhammad.Elijah Muhammad.

Nation of IslamNation of IslamThe Nation Of Islam (NOI) was an activistThe Nation Of Islam (NOI) was an activist

group that believed that most African slavesgroup that believed that most African slaves

were originally Muslim.were originally Muslim.

The NOI urged African -Americans to reconvert to Islam in effort The NOI urged African -Americans to reconvert to Islam in effort toto

restore the heritage that was stolen from them.restore the heritage that was stolen from them.

The NOI wanted to create a second Black nation within the UnitedThe NOI wanted to create a second Black nation within the United

States.States.

The “X” in Malcolm’s name symbolizes the rejection of his slaveThe “X” in Malcolm’s name symbolizes the rejection of his slave

name.name.

The JFK ControversyThe JFK Controversy

After the assassination of John F. Kennedy, After the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Malcolm X made a speech.Malcolm X made a speech.

Malcolm claimed that the violence Kennedy Malcolm claimed that the violence Kennedy failed to prevent ended up to come back failed to prevent ended up to come back and claim his life.and claim his life.

He stated that assassination was an example He stated that assassination was an example of of “the chickens coming home to roost"“the chickens coming home to roost"

He later stated, He later stated, "Chickens coming home to "Chickens coming home to roost never made me sad. It only made me roost never made me sad. It only made me glad."glad."

This comment lead to widespread public This comment lead to widespread public dismay.dismay.

Malcolm X Speaks, Malcolm X Speaks, 19651965

““Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect everyone; but if someone law, respect everyone; but if someone puts his hand on you, send him to the puts his hand on you, send him to the cemetery.”cemetery.”

““Nobody can give you freedom. Nobody Nobody can give you freedom. Nobody can give you equality or justice or can give you equality or justice or anything. If you're a man, you take anything. If you're a man, you take it.”it.”

““You can't separate peace from freedom You can't separate peace from freedom because no one can be at peace unless because no one can be at peace unless he has his freedom.”he has his freedom.”

Pilgrimage to MeccaPilgrimage to MeccaIn 1964, during a pilgrimage to Mecca, Malcolm discovered In 1964, during a pilgrimage to Mecca, Malcolm discovered

that orthodox Muslims preach equality among races.that orthodox Muslims preach equality among races.

Malcolm’s new knowledge and growing distrust with the NOI, Malcolm’s new knowledge and growing distrust with the NOI,

caused him to desert his argument that all Whites are the devil.caused him to desert his argument that all Whites are the devil.

Malcolm X never abandoned his theory that racism had Malcolm X never abandoned his theory that racism had

destroyed the nation and that only Blacks could freedestroyed the nation and that only Blacks could free

themselves.themselves.

In 1965 Malcolm X was assassinated by a Black Muslim at aIn 1965 Malcolm X was assassinated by a Black Muslim at a

New York City rally.New York City rally.

Black Panther PartyBlack Panther Party

U.S. African American Militant group.U.S. African American Militant group. Founded in 1966 in Oakland.Founded in 1966 in Oakland. Led by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale.Led by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. Believed violent revolution was the only way Believed violent revolution was the only way

to receive freedom.to receive freedom. Urged African Americans to arm themselves.Urged African Americans to arm themselves.

Violent PanthersViolent PanthersIn the late 60’s party leaders gotIn the late 60’s party leaders got

involved in violent confrontations involved in violent confrontations

with the police. The results was deathwith the police. The results was death

on both sides.on both sides.

Huey Newton was tried in 1967 forHuey Newton was tried in 1967 for

killing a police officer.killing a police officer.

Black Panther activist Bobby Seale, Black Panther activist Bobby Seale,

was a member of the Chicago Eight.was a member of the Chicago Eight.

A group of eight people who A group of eight people who disrupted the 1968 Democratic disrupted the 1968 Democratic convention.convention.

““Brown Power”Brown Power” Mexican-Americans began to Mexican-Americans began to

advocate for their rights: advocate for their rights: – ““La Raza” called for cultural La Raza” called for cultural

awareness, voter registration, awareness, voter registration, education & poverty reformseducation & poverty reforms

– CCéésar Chsar Cháávezvez organized the organized the Nat’l Nat’l Farm Workers' AssocFarm Workers' Assoc to demand to demand better pay for pickers better pay for pickers

– ““Chicanos” called for & won bilingual Chicanos” called for & won bilingual education programseducation programs

““Pink Power”Pink Power” Women's Liberation movement Women's Liberation movement

demanded increased rights & an end demanded increased rights & an end to sexism in America:to sexism in America:– Friedan’s Friedan’s Feminine Mystique Feminine Mystique criticized criticized

1950s housewife life1950s housewife life– National Org of Women (NOW)National Org of Women (NOW) called for called for

equal pay, child care, rape laws, & anti-equal pay, child care, rape laws, & anti-abortion lawsabortion laws

– Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was was revived to end sexism revived to end sexism

…were still seen as “homemakers”

In the 1960s, women were still employed in stereotypical jobs…

…& unmarried adults outnumbered married

adults for the first time

But…in most families, both parents worked

out of the home

Growth of female-run small businesses helped overcome corporate “glass ceiling”

In 1973, the Supreme Court upheld abortion rights in Roe v WadeIn the late 1960s,

the “pill” became widely available

State Voting on the ERAState Voting on the ERAThe ERA by fell 3 states shy of the ¾ needed for ratification

The feminist leaders supporting the ERA were Gloria Steinem

& Betty Friedan, author of Feminist Mystique (1963) & president of NOW

The leader of the anti-ERA movement was Phyllis Schlafly who believed that women were protected by the Equal Pay Act (1963)

& Civil Rights Act

““Rainbow Power”Rainbow Power” The Gay Liberation movement started in The Gay Liberation movement started in

1969 after the Stonewall Riot in New York 1969 after the Stonewall Riot in New York CityCity– The Gay Liberation Front demanded end The Gay Liberation Front demanded end

to discrimination & rallied gays to to discrimination & rallied gays to “come out”“come out”

– The American Psychiatry Assoc ended The American Psychiatry Assoc ended its classification of homosexuality as a its classification of homosexuality as a disease disease

– ½ of all states changed their sodomy & ½ of all states changed their sodomy & employment lawsemployment laws

““Red Power”Red Power”

The American Indian movement The American Indian movement sought to service its communities & sought to service its communities & regain lost lands:regain lost lands:– ““Indians of All Tribes” took Alcatraz Indians of All Tribes” took Alcatraz

Island in 1969 & called attention to Island in 1969 & called attention to the movementthe movement

– ““Trail of Broken Tears” in 1972 & Trail of Broken Tears” in 1972 & “Long March” in 1978 helped lead “Long March” in 1978 helped lead to the return of lands across the to the return of lands across the country to tribes country to tribes

Resulted in marches on the Bureau of Indian Affairs in D.C. & Wounded Knee in S.D.

A 5-month protest from California to D.C. to protest past U.S. treaty violations

““Yellow Power”Yellow Power”

The Asian-American movement The Asian-American movement began with the formation of the began with the formation of the Asian American Political Alliance:Asian American Political Alliance:– Protested U.S. involvement in Vietnam & Protested U.S. involvement in Vietnam &

use of term “gooks”use of term “gooks”– Called for & received Asian-American Called for & received Asian-American

studies in colleges, health services in studies in colleges, health services in Asian communities, & reparations for Asian communities, & reparations for interned Japanese-Americansinterned Japanese-Americans

Civil LibertiesCivil Liberties

Civil liberties were protected for Civil liberties were protected for people accused of crimes:people accused of crimes:– Gideon v Wainwright (1963)Gideon v Wainwright (1963)—all —all

citizens, no matter the crime, have the citizens, no matter the crime, have the right to an attorney right to an attorney

– Escobedo v Illinois (1964)Escobedo v Illinois (1964)—citizens have —citizens have the right to remain silent during the right to remain silent during interrogations interrogations

– Miranda v Arizona (1966)Miranda v Arizona (1966)—suspects —suspects must be told of their right against self-must be told of their right against self-incriminationincrimination

ConclusionsConclusions

The counterculture & “power The counterculture & “power protests” used similar methods:protests” used similar methods:– Active & often-militant protest for civil & Active & often-militant protest for civil &

economic rights economic rights – Cultural pride & awarenessCultural pride & awareness

These protests would continue but These protests would continue but would faced confrontation by the would faced confrontation by the conservative politics of the 1970s & conservative politics of the 1970s & 1980s 1980s

“Black is Beautiful,” “Gay is Good,” & “Sisterhood is Powerful”