essentials chapter 3 the molecules of life
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 1/39
Chemical Compounds of Life
Chapter 3
![Page 2: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 2/39
Biologically important compounds
Organic and Inorganic compounds:
± Organic ± contain carbon ± occur naturally in
living things. Also contain H,O, and N
Less frequently ± P,S,Fe,Ca,Na,Cl,Mg and K.
± Inorganic do not contain carbon ± except
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and calcium
carbonate. Water,carbon dioxide,salts,inorganic bases and
acids commonly found in living things
![Page 3: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 3/39
Inorganic compounds: Water
Properties of Water
± Cohesion ± water as a polar molecule - force
of attraction between molecules of the same
substance
± Adhesion ± attraction between molecules of
one substance and molecules of another
substance ± why water is one of the bestsolvents.
± Capillary action
![Page 4: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 4/39
Organic compounds
Four types:
± Carbohydrates
± Proteins ± Lipids
± Nucleic Acids
± Looking at structure and function
![Page 5: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 5/39
Carbohydrates
Contain C,H,O
H, O always in a 2:1
ratio
Building blocks ±
simple sugars called
monosaccharides
Names end in ³ose´ Importance ± contain
large amounts of
energy
![Page 6: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 6/39
Carbohydrates
Simplest sugar = glucose = monosaccharide (mono =one)
Monosaccharide + monosaccharide disaccharide(double sugar)
Polysaccharide (many sugars) = mono + mono + mono+di + disaccharide.
Polymers are large molecules consisting of repeatingsubunits (monomers)
Excess sugar stored as a polysaccharide in
organisms:Plants: store starch ± a polysaccharide (seeds, roots
and stems
animals: store glycogen ± a polysaccharide in theliver and muscles
![Page 7: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 7/39
How organic compounds are
synthesized and broken down Hydrolysis: Large complex molecules are broken
down into simpler ones. Water must be presentduring the reaction.
AB
+ water -
A +B
Complex + water = simple + simple
Dehydration synthesis : small molecules arebonded together to make more complexmolecules
A + B - AB + water » Simple + simple = complex + water
Enzymes are organic catalysts ± they must be present for allchemical reactions to occur in living things.
![Page 8: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 8/39
![Page 9: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 9/39
![Page 10: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 10/39
disaccharides
![Page 11: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 11/39
![Page 12: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 12/39
Carbohydrates
Function as a source of energy in living
things.
Function in structure: ± Polysaccharides:
± Chitin ± exoskeleton of insects
± Cellulose ± cell walls of plant cells.
![Page 13: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 13/39
Lipids
Fats, oils and waxes
Contain C,H,O ± less oxygen in lipids
Function in cell structure ± cellmembranes
Some hormones are lipids
reserve energy supply ± Plants store oils in seeds
± Animals store fat under skin for insulation and
reserve energy source in fat cells
![Page 14: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 14/39
Lipids
Fats and oils are made up of glycerol and
fatty acids.
± Glycerol is a 3 carbon compound with an OHbonded to each carbon
± Fatty acids are chains of carbon and
hydrogen with a carboxyl group at the end
± (COOH) ± Dehydration synthesis of a fat produces a fat
and 3 water molecules
![Page 15: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 15/39
Lipids
fatty acid
![Page 16: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 16/39
![Page 17: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 17/39
Lipids
Fats can be saturated or unsaturated
± Saturated ± solid at room temperature, single
bonds in carbon chain ± butter, lard, bacon
grease
± Unsaturated ± liquid at room temperature,
double bonds in carbon chain - oils
![Page 18: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 18/39
LE 5-12a
Saturated fat and fatty acid.
Stearic acid
![Page 19: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 19/39
LE 5-12b
Unsaturated fat and fatty acid.
Oleic acid
cis double bondcauses bending
![Page 20: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 20/39
Fats made from unsaturated fatty acids are calledunsaturated fats
Plant fats and fish fats are usually unsaturated
Plant fats and fish fats are liquid at room
temperature and are called oils
![Page 21: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 21/39
Unsaturated fat
![Page 22: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 22/39
LE 5-11b
Fat molecule (triacylglycerol)
![Page 23: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 23/39
Steroids
Steroids are lipids characterized by a carbonskeleton consisting of four fused rings
Cholesterol, an important steroid, is a component
in animal cell membranes
Although cholesterol is essential in animals, high
levels in the blood may contribute to
cardiovascular disease
![Page 24: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 24/39
Saturated fats
![Page 25: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 25/39
![Page 26: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 26/39
Phospholipids
Phospholipids make up the plasma
membrane all living things. They are made
up of a glycerol molecule and 2 fatty acids
plus a phosphate group.
The cell membrane is called a
phospholipid bilayer
![Page 27: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 27/39
LE 5-14
WATERHydrophilichead
Hydrophobic
tailsWATER
![Page 28: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 28/39
LE 5-13
Structural formula Space-filling model Phospholipid symbol
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobictails
Fatty acids
Choline
Phosphate
Glycerol
![Page 29: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 29/39
Proteins
Contain C,H,O,N (some contain S)
Amino acids are the building blocks ± 20
different amino acids
Structural parts of cells and body tissues Hormones ± chemical messengers
Enzymes ± catalysts for chemical reactions
Antibodies ±protect organisms against disease.
Examples of some proteins ± insulin (regulates
blood sugar levels)- hemoglobin ±in red blood
cells (carries oxygen to body cells)
![Page 30: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 30/39
Structure of proteins
Made of amino acids bonded together
forming dipeptides and polypeptides ± the
bond is called a peptide bond
Amino acids have distinct makeup
± Amino group
± Carboxyl group
± R group ± variable group
± Central carbon atom
![Page 31: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 31/39
![Page 32: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 32/39
Formation of a dipeptide
![Page 33: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 33/39
Protein structure
![Page 34: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 34/39
Nucleic Acids
Deoxyribonucleic acid - DNA
Ribonucleic acid - RNA
![Page 35: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 35/39
DNA
Hereditary material Made up of building blocks called
nucleotides
± Nucleotides ± sugar, phosphate, nitrogenousbase
Sugar = deoxyribose
Phosphate PO4
Nitrogenous base (4) = adenine, guanine,cytosine, thymine
± Purines = adenine and guanine
± Pyrimidines = cytosine and thymine
![Page 36: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 36/39
nucleotide
![Page 37: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 37/39
Structure of DNA
Adenine bonds to
thymine
Guanine bonds to
cytosine
DNA is a double helix
± Double stranded ± a
polymer of nucleotides
![Page 38: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 38/39
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid
± Single strand
± Involved in protein
synthesis ± Polymer of nucleotides
Sugar = ribose
Phosphate = PO4
Nitrogenous bases (4)
± Adenine
± Cytosine
± Guanine
± Uracil
![Page 39: Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021218/577d34e81a28ab3a6b8f238e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
8/8/2019 Essentials Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/essentials-chapter-3-the-molecules-of-life 39/39
From DNA to RNA to Protein