ESSENTIALS OF COMPUTING I

CSCI 104

COMPUTING CONCEPTS

OBJECTIVES

• EXPLAIN THE FIVE PARTS OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM: PEOPLE, PROCEDURES, SOFTWARE, HARDWARE, AND DATA.

• DISTINGUISH BETWEEN SYSTEM AND APPLICATION SOFTWARE.

• DISCUSS THE THREE KINDS OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE PROGRAMS.

• DISTINGUISH BETWEEN BASIC AND SPECIALIZED APPLICATION SOFTWARE.

• IDENTIFY THE FOUR TYPES OF COMPUTERS AND THE FOUR TYPE OF MICROCOMPUTERS.

OBJECTIVES (CONTINUED)

• DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPUTER HARDWARE INCLUDING THE SYSTEM UNIT, INPUT, OUTPUT, STORAGE, AND COMMUNICATION DEVICES.

• DEFINE DATA AND DESCRIBE DOCUMENT, WORKSHEET, DATABASE, AND PRESENTATION FILES.

• EXPLAIN COMPUTER CONNECTIVITY, THE WIRELESS REVOLUTION, AND THE INTERNET.

INTRODUCTION

• WHAT IS COMPUTER COMPETENCY?• MICROCOMPUTERS ARE TOOLS FOR WORK AND PLAY• NEW FORMS OF LEARNING HAVE DEVELOPED• NEW WAYS TO COMMUNICATE AND REACH OUT TO

PEOPLE ARE AVAILABLE

PARTS OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM

1. PEOPLE2. SOFTWA

RE3. HARDWA

RE4. DATA

PEOPLE

• MOST IMPORTANT PART OF ANY SYSTEM• CONTACT IS …

• DIRECT• INDIRECT

• COMPUTER USES• BUSINESS & ENTERTAINMENT• EDUCATION & MEDICINE• INFINITE

SOFTWARE

SOFTWARE

• AKA PROGRAMS • TWO MAJOR KINDS OF SOFTWARE

• SYSTEM SOFTWARE (OPERATING SYSTEMS RELATED)

• APPLICATION SOFTWARE (PROGRAMS)

SOFTWARE• SYSTEM SOFTWARE – MICROSOFT WINDOWS

• LINUX (& ITS DISTRUBUTIONS)• MAC OS X• WINDOWS 7 • WINDOWS 8• WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT VERSION OF

WINDOWS?• APPLICATION SOFTWARE – MICROSOFT OFFICE

• CORE APPLICATIONS – WORD, EXCEL, ACCESS, AND POWERPOINT

• PERSONAL INFORMATION MANAGER – OUTLOOK

• OTHER APPLICATIONS – DREAMWEAVER AND PUBLISHER 9

SYSTEM SOFTWARE: OPERATING SYSTEMS

• WHAT DO THEY DO?• PROVIDE USER

INTERFACE• INTERFACE

BETWEEN HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

• RAM MANAGEMENT• HARD DRIVE

MANAGEMENT

• PROCESS MANAGEMENT

• NETWORK CONNECTIONS

• UTILITIES:• DISK CLEANUP• DEFRAG• WINDOWS

EXPLORER• OTHERS…

APPLICATION SOFTWARE• “END-USER” SOFTWARE• TWO MAJOR CATEGORIES

• BASIC APPLICATION OR GENERAL PURPOSE

• SPECIALIZED APPLICATIONS• DON’T SEE TOO OFTEN• MOST PROGRAMMERS

WORK ON THESE.• EXAMPLES?

DATA

• RAW, UNPROCESSED FACTS• PROCESSING CREATES INFORMATION• STORED ELECTRONICALLY IN FILES

• DOCUMENT FILES• WORKSHEET FILES• DATABASE FILES• PRESENTATION FILES

DOCUMENT FILES• CREATED BY WORD

PROCESSORS TO SAVE DOCUMENTS SUCH AS MEMOS, TERM PAPERS, AND LETTERS

WORKSHEET FILES• CREATED BY ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEETS TO

ANALYZE THINGS LIKE BUDGETS AND TO PREDICT SALES

DATABASE FILES• TYPICALLY CREATED BY DATABASE

MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS TO CONTAIN HIGHLY STRUCTURED AND ORGANIZED DATA

PRESENTATION FILES• CREATED BY

PRESENTATION GRAPHICS PROGRAMS TO SAVE PRESENTATION MATERIALS. FOR EXAMPLE, A FILE MIGHT CONTAIN AUDIENCE HANDOUTS, SPEAKER NOTES, AND ELECTRONIC SLIDES.

HARDWARE

TYPES OF COMPUTERS

• CLUSTERS• SUPERCOMPUTERS• MAINFRAME COMPUTERS• MICROCOMPUTERS• TABLET

TYPES OF MICROCOMPUTERS

• DESKTOP• NOTEBOOK

OR LAPTOP• TABLET PC

DESKTOP COMPUTERS

• ARE SMALL ENOUGH TO FIT ON TOP OF OR ALONGSIDE A DESK YET ARE TOO BIG TO CARRY AROUND

NOTEBOOK OR LAPTOP COMPUTERS• NOTEBOOK COMPUTERS, ALSO KNOWN AS LAPTOP

COMPUTERS, ARE PORTABLE, LIGHTWEIGHT, AND FIT INTO MOST BRIEFCASES

• ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES COMPARED TO A DESKTOP?

PC TABLET• IS A TYPE OF NOTEBOOK COMPUTER THAT ACCEPTS

YOUR HANDWRITING AND SENSES TOUCH. THIS INPUT IS DIGITIZED AND CONVERTED FOR FURTHER PROCESSING BY PROGRAMS.

• OTHER DIFFERENCES

MICROCOMPUTER HARDWARE• FOUR BASIC

CATEGORIES OF EQUIPMENT:- SYSTEM UNIT- INPUT/OUTPUT- SECONDARY STORAGE- COMMUNICATION

INPUT/OUTPUT• COMMON INPUT DEVICES ARE THE KEYBOARD AND

THE MOUSE• OTHERS?• COMMON OUTPUT DEVICES ARE PRINTERS AND

MONITORS• OTHERS

SYSTEM UNIT

THE MICROPROCESSOR

• ORIGINAL CHIPS WERE NUMBERED• 8086, 80286, 80386, 80486• YOU COULD BUY CHIPS FROM MULTIPLE VENDORS

• INTEL TRADEMARKED ITS CHIP AS THE PENTIUM• PENTIUM II, PENTIUM III, PENTIUM IV• CLOCK SPEED (MHZ OR GHZ) DIFFERENTIATES CHIPS• DUAL CORE, QUAD CORE

• THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

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MEMORY (AKA RAM)• TRANSIENT (ERASED WHEN POWER TURNED OFF)• CONSIDER A UPS

(UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY)• MEASURED IN BYTES

• 1 KILOBYTE = 210 CHARACTERS (~1,000 BYTES)• 1 MEGABYTE = 220 CHARACTERS (~1,000,000

BYTES)• 1 GIGABYTE = 230 CHARACTERS (~1,000,000,000

BYTES)• COMES WITH 2GB UP TO 16GB OF RAM

• KEEP MULTIPLE PROGRAMS & DATA FILES IN MEMORY

• GRAPHIC-INTENSIVE PROGRAMS DEMAND A LOT OF MEMORY

• THE ORIGINAL PC HAD 16KB OF MEMORY 27

AUXILIARY STORAGE• UNLIKE MEMORY,

SECONDARY STORAGE HOLDS DATA AND PROGRAMS EVEN IF ELECTRICAL POWER IS NOT AVAILABLE

AUXILIARY STORAGE

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Hard (fixed) disk 1 TB and higher

Removable storage CD-ROM CD-R/CD-RW DVD/DVD-R/DVD-RW Tape (common for

backups) Flash Drives & SD Cards Outdated

Zip disks Floppy Disks

HOW COMPUTERS WORK

RAM

Hard Drive

HOW SYSTEM HARDWARE INTERACTS

CPU

CD , DVD, Flash Drive

Input Output

WHAT’S THE STORY WITH BINARY?

• ALL COMPUTERS COMMUNICATE USING BINARY• WHAT IS BINARY?• HOW ITS USED IN COMMUNICATION• WHAT IF ALL WE HAD WERE TWO LIGHT BULBS

EXAMPLE• ASCII CHART

INSIDE THE PC• ALL COMPUTERS ARE BASED

ON THE BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

• A BIT OR BINARY DIGIT HAS ONE OF TWO VALUES, ZERO OR ONE

• A BYTE IS THE SMALLEST ADDRESSABLE UNIT OF MEMORY (8 BITS)

• ASCII PROVIDES FOR 256(OR 28) CHARACTERS• 01000001 – A• 01000010 – B• ETC.

• WHY NOT JUST SPEAK ENGLISH? 34

On

Off

NETWORKING

CONNECTIVITY, THE WIRELESS REVOLUTION, AND THE INTERNET

• CONNECTIVITY• SHARING OF INFORMATION • WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

IS BECOMING POPULAR• COMPUTER NETWORKS

• CONNECTED COMMUNICATION SYSTEM OF COMPUTERS

• LARGEST NETWORK IS THE INTERNET

COMMUNICATIONS• COMMUNICATION DEVICES ENABLE MICROCOMPUTERS

THE ABILITY TO COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER COMPUTER SYSTEMS ACROSS THE GLOBE

• THE MODEM (SHORT FOR MODULATOR/DEMODULATOR) IS THE MOST WIDELY USED COMMUNICATION DEVICE

• MODEMS MODIFY TELEPHONE COMMUNICATIONS INTO A FORM THAT CAN BE PROCESSED BY A COMPUTER

• MODEMS ALSO MODIFY COMPUTER OUTPUT INTO A FORM THAT CAN BE TRANSMITTED ACROSS STANDARD TELEPHONE LINES

• NETWORK CARD – WIRELESS AND WIRED (ETHERNET)

NETWORKS• WHAT IS A NETWORK?• WHY DO ORGANIZATIONS LIKE EDINBORO HAVE

THEM?• COMMON PROTOCOL – ETHERNET

• HOW DOES IT WORK?• GROUP OF PEOPLE TALKING

• WHERE ELSE USES THEM • GAS STATION• ATM

THE INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE WEB

• THE INTERNET• NETWORK OF

NETWORKS• BEGAN IN 1969 AS A

GOVERNMENT PROJECT

• ORIGINAL NETWORK HAD 4 COMPUTERS;

• NO CENTRAL AUTHORITY AND THUS IMPOSSIBLE TO KNOW THE EXACT SIZE

• THE WORLD WIDE WEB• A SUBSET OF THE

INTERNET CONSISTING OF COMPUTERS THAT STORE HYPERTEXT DOCUMENTS

• INVENTED BY TIM BERNERS LEE WHO WANTED TO SHARE NOTES WITH COLLEAGUES AT THE EUROPEAN PARTICLE PHYSICS LABORATORY (CERN) IN SWITZERLAND

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INTERNET• BRIEFLY HOW DOES IT WORK• PROTOCOLS• TCP/IP – TRANSMISSION CONTROL

PROTOCOL/INTERNET PROTOCOL (LANGUAGE OF THE INTERNET)

• IP ADDRESS – INTERNET PROTOCOL ADDRESS• HTML – ALL WEB PAGES WRITTEN IN• HTTP – HYPER TEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL• HTTPS –HTTP SECURE• ISP – INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER

http://gargasz.info/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/what-is-dns-diagram1.jpg

A WEB SITE

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Web address (or URL)

Internet Explorer is the browser

HTTP protocol

INTERNET

• WHAT ELSE RUNS ON THE INTERNET BESIDES THE WORLD WIDE WEB?• E-MAIL• VOIP• IRC• TELNET• FILE SHARING

(TORRENTS)

KNOWING HOW TO PURCHASE A PC

PURCHASE OF A PC (1)

• WHAT TO CONSIDER• HOW MUCH CAN YOU SPEND?• DESKTOP OR LAPTOP?• WHAT WILL IT BE USED FOR?• HARDWARE

• RAM• HARD DRIVE SIZE• SCREEN SIZE• NETWORK CARD

PURCHASE OF A PC (2)

• SOUND CARD• VIDEO CARD

•DOES IT HAVE MEMORY?• PROCESSOR SPEED• PROCESSOR TYPE

• APPLE VS. PC (IBM CLONE)• WHAT IS AN IBM CLONE?

• ASSIGNMENT 2

Components SpecificationsProcessor Intel Core Duo 2GHz, i5 or i7

Intel Centrino; Intel CeleronAMD AMD64; AMD Turion

Video Card 2 Screen; GammingMemory 2 Gig at leastFloppy Disk Drive Not used any moreHard Drive Desktop – 150 GB

Laptop – 80 GBCD, DVD, R/RW CD/DVD – Re-Writeable

Networking Wired – Ethernet CardWireless – 802.11g

Warranty ?Software Operating System

Office ProductsFree-WareAnti-Virus

Monitor LCDPrinter Color or not

If color want high dpiMany colors

FILE MANAGEMENT

DISK AND FILE MANAGEMENT• A FILE IS A SET OF INSTRUCTIONS OR DATA

• PROGRAM FILE: MICROSOFT WORD OR MICROSOFT EXCEL

• DATA FILE: DOCUMENT OR WORKBOOK• COPY, MOVE, RENAME OR DELETE A FILE• A FOLDER ALLOWS US TO ORGANIZE OUR FILES

• MAY CONTAIN FILES AND/OR OTHER FOLDERS• A BACK UP STRATEGY IS CRITICAL

• WHAT (DATA), WHEN (WHENEVER IT CHANGES), WHERE (OFF SITE), HOW (WINDOWS EXPLORER), AND WHO (YOU)

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WINDOWS EXPLORER EXERCISE(ASSIGNMENT 1)

• RUN THE PROGRAM• MAKE FOLDERS• MAKE SUB-FOLDERS• GOOD NAMING

ANTIVIRUS SOFTWARE

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A computer virus is an actively infectious program that can erase data and/or alter the way your computer works

Worms and Trojan horses are other types of infectious programs, but all are bad

Computer viruses are spread through email, and/or infected floppy disks

Windows does not include an antivirus program; i.e., you must buy it separately and update it frequently

Should you get antivirus software?

FILE COMPRESSION• USE WINZIP (OR

COMPATIBLE) PROGRAM TO CREATE A COMPRESSED FILE OR ARCHIVE

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Create a self-extracting file from the archive that does not require supporting software

QUESTIONS / DISCUSSION

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS• EXPLAIN THE FIVE PARTS OF AN INFORMATION

SYSTEM. WHAT PART DO PEOPLE PLAY IN THIS SYSTEM?

• WHAT IS SYSTEM SOFTWARE? WHAT KINDS OF PROGRAMS ARE INCLUDED IN SYSTEM SOFTWARE?

• DEFINE AND COMPARE BASIC AND SPECIALIZED APPLICATION SOFTWARE. DESCRIBE SOME DIFFERENT TYPES OF BASIC APPLICATIONS. DESCRIBE SOME TYPES OF SPECIALIZED APPLICATIONS.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS• DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF

COMPUTERS. WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE? WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF MICROCOMPUTERS?

• WHAT IS CONNECTIVITY? HOW ARE THE WIRELESS REVOLUTION AND CONNECTIVITY RELATED? WHAT IS A COMPUTER NETWORK? WHAT IS THE INTERNET? WHAT IS THE WEB?

SAMPLE QUIZ ON THE WEB SITE