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Inequalities of Gender and Age Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Essentials of Essentials of Sociology Sociology

9 9 th th Edition Edition

Chapter 10: Gender and Age Chapter 10: Gender and Age


Chapter Overview Chapter Overview n Issues of Sex and Gender

n How Females Became a Minority Group

n Gender Inequality in the United States

n The Changing Face of Politics

n Aging in Global Perspective

n The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

n The Functionalist Perspective

n The Conflict Perspective

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“Unequal Access to Power, Prestige, and Property on the Basis of Sex.”

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What’s Gender What’s Gender Stratification? Stratification?


Sex – refers to biological characteristics Gender – refers to social characteristics – ”Male and Female” Each culture has its own definitions of gender We inherit our sex and learn our gender

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Sex and Gender Sex and Gender


Gender Differences in Behavior: Gender Differences in Behavior: Biology or Culture? Biology or Culture?

Most sociologists believe that if biology was the compelling factor in human behavior males and females would act the same around the world

Opening the Door to Biology: Ø A Medical Accident Ø The Vietnam Veterans Study

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Gender Inequality in Gender Inequality in Global Perspective Global Perspective

Every society sorts men and women into separate groups and gives them different access to property, power, and prestige. These divisions always favor menasagroup. Females are therefore classified as a minority group

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Early On, Life was Short Females Limited by Childbearing Men Became Dominant as Hunters and Warriors Weapons, Trade, and Knowledge gained from Contact with Others Gave Men Power Ideology developed that women were less dominant than men

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The Origins of Patriarchy The Origins of Patriarchy


Feminism – the belief that biology is not destiny and that stratification according to gender is wrong 1 st Feminist movement – 1920s Trying to win the right to vote for women 2 nd Feminist movement – 1960s Trying to earn equal pay for women 3 rd Feminist movementhappening todayincludes a greater focus on the plight of women in the Least Industrialized Nations

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The Three Feminist The Three Feminist Movements Movements


Gender Inequality in Education – Gender tracking is evident Gender Inequality in Health Care Gender Inequality in Politics Gender Inequality in the Work Place ØThe Pay Gap ØThe Glass Ceiling ØThe Glass Escalator

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Gender Inequality Gender Inequality in the U.S. in the U.S.

Inequalities of Gender and Age Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t10

Figure 10.2 Changes in College Enrollment, by Sex *This sharp drop in female enrollment occurred when large numbers of male soldiers returned from World War II and attended college under the new GI Bill of Rights. **Projection by U.S. Department of Education 2008. Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 1938:Table 114; 1959:Table 158; 1991:Table 261; 2010:Table 272.


Figure 10.5 Women’s and Men’s Proportion of the U.S. Labor Force Note: Pre1940 totals include women 14 and over: totals for 1940 and after are for women 16 and over. Broken lines are projections by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Sources: By the author. Based on Handbook on Women Workers, 1969:10; Manpower Report to the President 1971:203, 205; Mills and Palumbo 1980:6, 45; Statistical Abstract of the United States 2010:Table 575.


Violence Against Women Violence Against Women Forcible Rape1 out of 1,000 U.S. girls and women between the ages of 12 and 50 is raped each year. Most victims know their attackers Date RapeMany victims are college women and it is often not reported Murdermen are more likely than women to be killers Violence in the Home

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Structural Barriers Coming Down

Abandoning Stereotypes

New Consciousness

Change in Relationships

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Glimpsing the Glimpsing the Future With Hope Future With Hope


Social Construction of Aging Tiwi vs. Abkhasians

Every society treats the elderly in different ways

Graying of America – the growing elderly

population in the U.S.

Life expectancy has increased with industrialization

7 million more elderly than teenagers today in the

U.S.

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Aging in The Global Aging in The Global Perspective Perspective


Figure 10.11 U.S. Life Expectancy by Year of Birth Sources: By the author. Based on Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial Edition, Part 1, Series B, 107–115; Statistical Abstract of the United States 2010:Table 102.


Figure 10.14 As Florida Goes, So Goes the Nation Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 2009:Table 17. Projections to 2015.


Ageism – Discrimination based on ones age The “meaning” of growing old has changed through the years In the U.S. the elderly used to be seen as an asset, today they are seen more as a liability Why has this occurred?

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Symbolic Symbolic Interactionist Interactionist Perspective Perspective


Disengagement Theory – There needs to be a smooth transition between those leaving their jobs and those entering the workplace Activity Theory – the more informal and formal activities the elderly engage in the more they find life fulfilling Continuity Theory – The more roles one continues to possess in retirement the more fulfilling life will be

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Functionalist Functionalist Perspective Perspective


The conflict perspective looks at the rising costs of the elderly and how money is being taken away from other age cohorts Looks at how the Dependency Ratio is affecting Social Security The ratio of workers paying into Social Security vs. those who are collecting Social Security

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Conflict Perspective Conflict Perspective


Figure 10.16 Health Care Costs for the Elderly and Disabled Note: Medicare is intended for the elderly and disabled. Medicaid for the poor. About 22 percent of Medicaid payments ($58 billion) go to the elderly (Statistical Abstract 2010:Table 144). Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States various years, and 2010:Tables 137, 144. Broken lines indicate the author’s projections.

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