ESST Course on Globalisation, Innovation and Policy

(Course TIK4020)

Master on European Studies of Society, Science and Technology (ESST),

Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture (TIK), University of Oslo,

Spring semester 2006

Course coordinator: Fulvio Castellacci

Final version, January 27th, 2006

Course description

Technological innovation and economic globalisation are major forces driving the growth and transformation of the modern economy. Innovative activities increasingly transcend national borders, and tend to intensify the interdependence among national economies, and the exchange of advanced knowledge between them. In turn, economic globalisation constitutes the rapidly changing framework within which innovative patterns and performances of national economies must be understood. The course studies the relationships between innovation and economic globalisation, as well as the relevance of institutional and policy aspects to shape such a relationship. This general theme is broad and multifaceted, and entails a rich variety of topics, academic debates and policy questions that are highly relevant for understanding the dynamics of the modern knowledge-based economy. More specifically, the course will focus on five major topics: (i) innovation and globalisation at the organisational (firm) level; (ii) innovative actvities and patterns at the industry-level; (iii) the impact of innovation on macroeconomic growth and development; (iv) the effect of globalisation for national systems of innovation and for national innovation policies; (v) the role of multilateral and regional institutions in shaping the patterns of growth and welfare across the globe. The objective of the course is twofold. First, the course will present a general introduction to each of these relevant topics, by reviewing the main concepts and theoretical approaches, empirical trends and research results, so to introduce the students to the current academic debates and the related societal and policy relevance. Secondly, the course will discuss the links between these various topics, so to provide the students with a broad and comprehensive view of some of the major transformations that characterize the modern economy. The course is composed of two parts. The first consists of seven weeks of lectures, that will take place in the period February-March, the attendance to which is compulsory for all the students. The second part of the course consists of Master thesis Seminars, which will take place in the period February–June, and which will guide the ESST Master students through the process of preparation of their Master thesis (this activity is therefore not compulsory for non-ESST Master students).

1

The lectures of the course (February - March 2006) Coordinator: Fulvio Castellacci The course investigates the relationships between innovation, globalisation and policy. The topic is complex, broad and multifaceted, and a convenient way to organize the study is to consider the relevant topics and debates in different weeks of the course, where each major topic focuses on one specific level of analysis. The first week of the course will provide a general and broad introduction to these various themes, motivate their relevance, and discuss the links between them. The lectures in the second week of the course will deal with the relationships between ICTs, innovation and globalization at the organizational level. The focus on the firm-level will introduce the students to relevant topics and the related academic debates, such as the role played by multinational enterprises (MNEs) in the globalisation of production and technology, the role of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the creation and international diffusion of advanced knowledge, the relevance of different models of entrepreneurship to shape innovative patterns in different national contexts, and the effectiveness of public policies to support firms’ R&D activities. The third week will investigate the patterns of innovative activities at the sectoral level, and it will compare the main characteristics of innovation in manufacturing industries with those in the service sectors. The rapid growth of service industries in recent decades calls for an investigation of innovative activities and performances in dynamic services, and of their specificities as compared to those in manufacturing industries. The sectoral system of innovation approach will first be used to introduce the relevant concepts and current academic debates in the study of innovation and industrial dynamics, and will then be applied to the study of two specific cases. The first is the emerging sectoral system of innovation in biotechnology, a peculiar example of a high-tech system. The second refers to a low-tech sector, the aluminium industry, and it will show the relevance of innovation and technology diffusion not only in technologically advanced sectors, but in traditional and low-tech industries as well. The lectures in the fourth and fifth weeks will take a broader cross-country and international perspective, and will discuss the impacts of ICTs and innovation on regional and macroeconomic growth in the globalising knowledge-based economy. The focus of these two weeks is thus the macro level, with special emphasis on the relationships between innovation, growth and development, a topic that has increasingly attracted the attention of academic scholars, policy makers and the broader public in recent decades. This part of the course will first of all introduce the students to the main concepts, theories and recent academic debates in the field, such as the convergence debate, new growth theories vs. evolutionary economics, as well as trade theories and related policy implications (fourth week). Then, the lectures will turn to the empirical and policy level, and will point out the great variety of patterns through which countries and regions in the world economy are adapting to the emerging technological paradigm based on ICTs (fifth week). Relatedly, the lectures will point to the relevance of national institutions and

2

multilateral organizations in shaping the impacts of innovation on economic performance. The lectures will investigate some specific and important cases to illustrate the relevance of theories of innovation, growth and development to explain macroeconomic performance in different geographical contexts: the sluggish growth of the EU economy, and its weakening foreign competitiveness; the transition and painful catching up process of Eastern European countries; and the promising growth performance of India, whose relevance lies in the major role played by technologically advanced service sectors in the process of development and structural change. Looking more closely at the interactions between organizations and national institutions in the process of knowledge creation at the country level, the sixth week of the course will consider in greater details the analysis of national innovation systems (NIS). The innovation systems approach is an increasingly popular theoretical framework to investigate the patterns and impacts of innovative activities in different national contexts. The approach has recently been used by an increasing number of empirical studies, and it has also been influential at the policy level. After reviewing the main concepts and ideas of the NIS perspective, the lectures will discuss the relevance of national systems and national policies in the current era characterized by the globalisation of technological activities and, hence, by the reduced significance of national borders. This debate will not only be introduced in general terms, but will also be discussed by focusing on some specific components and characteristics of national systems, and the new challenges and opportunities that these are faced with in the globalising economy: the role of Universities and the public science system, the co-evolution of industrial structures, public innovation policies and the related supporting institutions, and the effect that the availability of natural resources may have on the evolution of sectoral specialization patterns and national innovation systems. In particular, the latter point is very relevant for analysing the long run dynamics and the peculiar characteristics of the Norwegian system of innovation, and for comparing it to other natural resource-based national systems. The debate on the relevance of national systems in the global economy will thus lead to the seventh and last week of the course. This discussion will not only point out the theoretical and empirical arguments in favour of national systems and national policies, but will also consider other levels of analysis as possible relevant alternatives to the national level. One major alternative is the supranational level, which will be taken into account by focusing on the current system of multilateral organizations (e.g. UN, IMF, World Bank, WTO, etc.), their role in promoting growth and welfare across the globe, and the need to reform this system as a response to new opportunities and threats brought by economic globalization. Relatedly, another main alternative that will be taken into account is the regional level of analysis and, more specifically, the analysis of regional systems of innovation. Finally, the course will conclude by summing up the main issues and debates considered during these seven weeks, by linking together the various themes and results, and by discussing the major challenges ahead in the study of the relationships between globalisation, innovation and policy.

3

Master thesis Seminars (February – June 2006) Coordinators: Govindan Parayil and Olav Wicken The Master thesis Seminars constitute an important and compulsory part of the course for ESST Master students, but not a mandatory activity for other (non ESST) students. The seminars will complement the lectures by guiding the Master students through the process of focusing on a specific thesis topic, defining the research question(s), finding the relevant literature and empirical material, discussing the appropriate methodology and the related difficulties and problematic aspects, writing a well-defined and thorough thesis outline, and contacting the supervisor. The seminars will be organized and coordinated by Professor Govindan Parayil and by the ESST Master Coordinator Associate Professor Olav Wicken. All Master students will have to actively take part in the seminars, and will be encouraged to write and frequently revise their work in progress, present it to the other students, as well as discuss the other students’ work. The first part of the seminar series will take place between the beginning of February and the end of April, about twice per month (see teaching schedule). This phase will mainly serve the students to guide them through the preparation of the thesis outlines, which will be submitted and presented orally in the second mid of April. The second part of the seminar series will then proceed in the period May-June, when Master students will start to work with their supervisors, and will also present and discuss the preliminary results of their research to the other students.

4

Form of exam

ESST Master students must pass the compulsory thesis outline. Other students must pass term essay, which should be approximately 8000 words including references.

Some recently completed Master thesis

Håkon Normann (2005): Digital Distribution of Music: The Role of Networks and Knowledge in the Norwegian recorded Music Industry Koson Sapprasert (2005): How do ICTs lead to the growth of service industries? Esra Ozakan (2005): Global Sweatshop Chains with Special Emphasis on Turkish Apparel Sector Berna Beyhan Bozkirlioglu (2005): Consuming Innovations: A Case Study on the Domestication of Internet Banking in Turkey Marquerite Gerritsen (2004): A System Perspective Towards NGDOs and Innovation Paal Danielsen (2004): Scientist and Investor Relationship: the Case of IFE. Stian Nygard (2003): Innovation in Fuel Cells and Related

5

Teaching Schedule

All the lectures take place at 10:15 -12:00 am, in the Seminar Room 017, Harriet Holters hus (the Sociology Building, next to the main SV Building), Blindern. Week 6: Course introduction

Date Teacher Title of the lecture References

Monday 6.2 Fulvio Castellacci

Introduction:

purpose, scope and structure of the course

Tuesday

7.2

Bent Sofus Tranøy

Economic globalisation:

issues, trends and debates

* Gilpin (2001), chapters 8, 9, 10;

Beck (2000);

Held and Mc Grew (2002);

Hirst and Thomson (1999);

Stubbs and Underhill (2000)

Wednesday 8.2

Thursday

9.2

Jarle Hildrum

ICTs, innovation and

globalization

* McKelvey et al. (2003);

* Asheim and Gertler (2005)

Friday 10.2

Govindan Parayil and Olav Wicken Master thesis Seminar 1

6

Week 7: Innovation and globalisation at the organizational level

Date Teacher Title of the lecture References

Monday 13.2 Tommy Clausen

Entrepreneurship and innovation in

the global economy: a comparative analysis

* Dore, Lazonick and O’Sullivan

Tuesday

14.2

Sverre Herstad MNEs, innovation and globalisation

* Pauly, L. and Reich, S. (1997);

* Narula, R. (2005)

Wednesday

15.2

Thursday

16.2**

Martin Srholec MNEs and FDI

* Blomstrom and Kokko (1998);

* Ernst and Kim (2002)

Friday 17.2 Tommy Clausen

Public support to

firms’ R&D activities

* Klette, Moen and Griliches (2000)

** On the same day, TIK’s seminar: Professor K.J. Joseph: “Trade liberalization and the digital divide: a south-south cooperation perspective”, Seminar Room 721, SV Building, 14.15-16. The participation is not compulsory but warmly suggested.

7

Week 8: Innovation at the Sectoral Level

Date Teacher Title of the lecture References

Monday 20.2**

Fulvio Castellacci

How does innovation differ across sectors? Manufacturing and service industries in

the sectoral system of innovation approach

* Malerba (2005);

* Miles (2005);

Pavitt (1984); Gallouj and

Weinstein (1997); Evangelista (2000);

Malerba (2002);

Tuesday

21.2

Tommy Clausen Innovation in high-tech: the case of biotechnology

* Gertler and Levitte (2004)

Wednesday

22.2

Thursday

23.2

Svein Erik Moen Innovation in low-tech:

the case of the Norwegian aluminum industry

* Von Tunzellmann and Acha (2005)

Friday 24.2

Govindan Parayil Master thesis Seminar 2

** This lecture will take place at 9-11 am. The reason for anticipating the lecture is that on the same day there will be a TIK’s seminar given by Professor A. Szirmai on the “Measurement and analysis of catch up in developing countries: macro and micro perspectives”. The seminar will take place in Seminar Room 721, SV Building, at 11-13. The participation to this seminar is not compulsory but warmly suggested.

8

Week 9: Innovation, growth and development in the global economy (1)

Date Teacher Title of the lecture References

Monday

27.2

Fulvio Castellacci

Innovation and

macroeconomic growth: trends, theories and debates

* Castellacci

(2005a);

Fagerberg (1994); Nelson (1995); Temple (1999); Islam (2003); Fagerberg and

Godinho (2005); Verspagen (2005)

Tuesday

28.2

Per Botolf Maurseth

ICTs, innovation, diffusion and regional growth

* Fagerberg et al., (1999), chapter 5;

* Frank and Maurseth (2004)

Wednesday 1.3

Thursday

2.3

Per Botolf Maurseth

Trade, growth and development

*Maurseth (2005); * Darity and Davis

(2005)

Friday

3.3

Fulvio Castellacci

Innovation, globalisation

and catching up: new opportunities and challenges ahead for developing countries

* Castellacci

(2005b);

Freeman and Louca (2001), ch. 9 & 10;

Parayil (2005)

9

Week 10: Innovation, growth and development in the global economy (2)

Date Teacher Title of the lecture References

Monday 6.3

Jan Fagerberg

The competitiveness of

nations: economic growth in the ECE region

* Fagerberg et al.

(2004); * Fagerberg (1996)

Tuesday 7.3

Martin Srholec Innovation, transition and

catching up in Eastern European countries

* Radosevic (1999); * Hogselius (2005)

Wednesday

8.3

Thursday

9.3

Govindan Parayil Innovation and development:

the case of India

* Parayil (2006), chapters TBD

Friday 10.3

Govindan Parayil and Olav Wicken Master thesis Seminar 3

10

Week 11: Globalisation and National Innovation Systems

Date Teacher Title of the lecture References

Monday 13.3 Fulvio Castellacci

Does globalisation reduce the relevance of national systems of innovation?

* Archibugi and Michie (1995);

* Carlsson (2006);

Narula and Zanfei (2004);

Tuesday

14.3

Magnus Gullbrandsen

Universities in NIS: threats and opportunities

from globalisation

* Etzkowitz and

Leydesdorff (2000); * Godin and

Gingras (2000); * Pavitt (1991)

Wednesday 15.3

Thursday

16.3

Olav Wicken

The NIS in natural

resource-based economies:

a comparative analysis

* Sachs and Warner (1995); * Czelusta

Friday 17.3

Olav Wicken

The co-evolution of

national systems, policies and industrial structures:

the case of Norway

* Wicken (2005); Mowery and Nelson

(1999)

11

Week 12: Globalisation, regionalisation, institutions

Date Teacher Title of the lecture References

Monday

20.3

Helge Hveem

Multilateral

organizations, global governance and development

* Hveem (2002); * Stiglitz (2002),

chapter 9; * Woods (2002)

Tuesday

21.3

Robert Hassink

Globalisation,

regionalisation and regional systems

of innovation

* Bathelt, H. et.al. (2004);

* Coe, N.M. et.al. (2004)

Wednesday

22.3

Thursday

23.3

Fulvio Castellacci

Globalisation, innovation and policy: conclusions and challenges ahead

Friday 24.3

Govindan Parayil and Olav Wicken Master thesis Seminar 4

12

Weeks 14 – 25: Master thesis Seminars Dates (to be confirmed): Wednesday 5.4 Wednesday 19.4 Wednesday 3.5 Wednesday 17.5 Wednesday 31.5 Wednesday 7.6 Wednesday 21.6

13

Teachers

Teacher Affiliation

Current position

E-mail address

Fulvio

Castellacci

TIK Centre

(University of Oslo) and Department of

International Economics, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs

(NUPI)

Postdoc and senior researcher

fulvio.castellacci@tik.uio.no

Tommy Clausen

TIK Centre (University of Oslo) PhD fellow t.h.clausen@tik.uio.no

Jan

Fagerberg

TIK Centre (University of Oslo) Professor jan.fagerberg@tik.uio.no

Magnus

Gullbrandsen

Institutes for Studies in

Innovation, Research and Education (NIFUSTEP)

Senior researcher magnus@NIFUSTEP.NO

Robert Hassink

Department of Sociology and Human Geography

(University of Oslo)

Associate Professor robert.hassink@sgeo.uio.no

Sverre Herstad

Institutes for Studies in

Innovation, Research and Education (NIFUSTEP)

Senior researcher sverre.herstad@nifustep.no

Jarle

Hildrum

Work Research Institute (AFI)

Senior researcher

jarle.hildrum@afi-wri.no

14

Helge Hveem

TIK Centre

(University of Oslo)

Professor, Director of

the TIK Centre helge.hveem@tik.uio.no

Per Botolf Maurseth

Department of

International Economics, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs

(NUPI)

Senior researcher,

Head of Department

PerBotolf.Maurseth@nupi.no

Svein Erik

Moen

TIK Centre (University of Oslo) PhD fellow s.e.moen@tik.uio.no

Govindan

Parayil

TIK Centre (University of Oslo) Professor govindan.parayil@tik.uio.no

Martin Srholec

TIK Centre (University of Oslo) Postdoc martin.srholec@tik.uio.no

Bent Sofus

Tranøy

TIK Centre (University of Oslo)

Senior researcher b.s.tranoy@tik.uio.no

Olav

Wicken

TIK Centre (University of Oslo)

Associate Professor,

ESST Master coordinator

olav.wicken@tik.uio.no

15

Useful links and web resources The Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture (TIK) The Innovation Group at TIK The project on Innovation, Path-dependency and Policy (IPP) The DIME Network of Excellence Department of Sociology and Human Geography (University of Oslo) Department of Economics (University of Oslo) Centre for Entrepreneurship (University of Oslo) Birkeland Innovasjon – Technology Transfer Office at the University of Oslo The Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) Institutes for Studies in Innovation, Research and Education (NIFUSTEP) Work Research Institute (AFI) The Norwegian School of Management (BI) The Norwegian Research Council (NFR) Science and Technology Policy Research (SPRU), UK Eindhoven Centre for Innovation Studies (ECIS), The Netherlands Groningen Growth and Development Centre (GGDC), The Netherlands Trend Chart - Innovation Policy in Europe The European Science Foundation The United Nations The World Bank The World Trade Organization (WTO) The European Union

16

List of references NB: the compulsory readings are marked with an asterisk in the tables with the Teaching Schedule (see pp. 6-12 above). Archibugi, D. and Michie, J. (1995): “The globalisation of technology: a new taxonomy”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 19: 121-140. Asheim, B. and Gertler, M. (2005): “The geography of innovation: regional innovation systems”, in J. Fagerberg, D. C. Mowery and R. R. Nelson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Bathelt, H. et.al. (2004): “Clusters and knowledge: local buzz, global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation”, Progress in Human Geography, 28 (1): 31-56. Beck, U. (2000): What is Globalization?, Polity Press. Blomstrom, M. and Kokko, A. (1998): “Multinaltional corporations and spillovers”, Journal of Economic Surveys, 12 (3): 247-277. Carlsson, B. (2006): “Internationalization of innovation systems: A survey of the literature”, Research Policy, forthcoming. Castellacci, F., (2005a):”Theoretical convergence? A critical review of evolutionary and new growth theories”, Journal of Economic Surveys, forthcoming. Castellacci, F. (2005b): “Innovation, diffusion and catching up in the fifth long wave”, Futures, 37 (7), September 2006, forthcoming. Coe, N.M. et.al. (2004): “Globalizing regional development: a global production networks perspective”, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, NS 29: 468-484. Czelusta, J. W. “Natural Resources, Economic Growth and Technical Change: Lessons from Australia and the United States”, downloadable at: http://www.stanford.edu/~czelusta/papers.htm#resources Darity, W. and Davis, L. (2005): “Growth, trade and uneven development”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 29: 141-170. Dore, R. W. Lazonick and M. O’Sullivan (1999): “Varieties of capitalism in the Twentieth Century”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 15(4): 102-120.

17

Ernst, D. and Kim, L. (2002): “Global production networks, knowledge diffusion and local capability formation”, Research Policy, 31: 1417-1429. Etzkowitz, H. and L. Leydesdorff (2000), "The dynamics of innovation: from national systems and 'Mode 2' to a triple helix of university-industry-government relations", Research Policy 29, 109-123. Evangelista, R. (2000): “Sectoral patterns of technological change in services”, Economics of Innovation and New Technologies, 9: 183-221. Fagerberg, J. (1994): “Technology and International Differences in Growth Rates”, Journal of Economic Literature, 32: 1147-1175. Fagerberg, J. (1996): “Technology and competitiveness”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 12 (3): 39-51. Fagerberg, J., Knell, M. and Srholec, M. (2004): “The competitiveness of nations: economic growth in the ECE region”, Economic Survey of Europe, United Nations Publication, 2004 (2): 51-66. Fagerberg, J. and Godinho, M. M. (2005): “Innovation and Catching-up”, in J. Fagerberg, D. C. Mowery and R. R. Nelson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Frank, B. and P. B. Maurseth (2004): “The German ICT industry: Spatial employment and innovation patterns”, forthcoming. Gallouj, F. and Weinstein, O. (1997): “Innovation in services”, Research Policy 26: 537-556. Gilpin (2001): Global Political Economy – Understanding the International Economic Order, Princeton University Press. Godin, B. Y. Gingras (2000), "The place of universities in the system of knowledge production", Research Policy, 29:273-278. Held, David and McGrew, Anthony (eds.) (2002). Governing Globalization: Power; Authority and Global Governance. Cambridge: Polity. (See especially Chapters. 1, 6 & 9). Hirst and Thompson (1999): Globalization in Question, Polity Press, 2nd Edition. Hogselius, P. (2005): “The dynamics of innovation in post-communist countries: opportunities and challenges”, paper presented at the DRUID Summer Conference, June 2005.

18

Hveem, H. (2002): “Globalisation, governance and development: a political economy perspective”, European Journal of Development Research, 14. Islam, N. (2003) What have we learnt from the convergence debate?. Journal of Economic Surveys 17(3), 309-362. Klette, Moen and Griliches (2000): "Do subsidies to commercial R&D reduce market failures? Microeconometric evaluation studies", Research Policy, 2000. Krugman, P.R. and Obstfeld, M. (2006): International Economics – Trade and Policy, Seventh Edition, Pearson International Edition, Boston. Malerba, F. (2002): “Sectoral systems of innovation and production”, Research Policy 31 (2): 247-264 . Malerba, F. (2005): "How innovation differ across sectors and industries", in J. Fagerberg, D. C. Mowery and R. R. Nelson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Maurseth, P.B. (2005): “Trade and development: a selective review”, NUPI notat, Oslo. McKelvey, M., Alm, H. and Riccaboni M. (2003): “Does co-location matter for formal knowledge collaboration in the Swedish biotechnology-pharmaceutical sector?”, Research Policy, 32: 483-501. Miles, I. (2005): "Innovation in services", in J. Fagerberg, D. C. Mowery and R. R. Nelson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Mowery, D. and Nelson, R. (1999): The Sources of Industrial Leadership, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Nelson, R. (1995) Recent evolutionary theorizing about economic change. Journal of Economic Literature 33, 48-90 Narula, R. (2005): “Globalisation of innovation: The role of Multinational enterprises”, in Fagerberg et al (Eds): The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford University Press. Parayil, G. (2006): Political Economy and Information Capitalism in India, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, UK, in press. Pauly, L. and Reich, S. (1997): “National Structures and Multinational Corporate Behavior: Enduring Differences in the Age of Globalization”, International Organization 51: 1-30. Pavitt, K. (1984): “Sectoral patterns of technical change: towards a taxonomy and a theory”, Research Policy, 13, pp. 343-373.

19

Pavitt, Keith (1991), "What makes basic research economically useful?" Research Policy, 20:109-119. Radosevic, S. (1999): ”Trasformation of science and technology systems into systems of innovation in central and eastern Europe: the emerging patterns and determinants”, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 10: 277-320. Sachs, J.D. and Warner, A. (1995): “Natural resource abundance and economic growth”, NBER working paper series; no. 5398, 1995, downloadable at: http://www.geog.byu.edu/shumway/Geog331/Readings/Natres&EG.pdf Stiglitz, J. (2002): Globalization and its Discontents, chapter 9, Penguin Books. Stubbs and Underhill (2000): Political Economy and the Changing Global Order, Oxford University Press. Temple, J. (1999) The new growth evidence. Journal of Economic Literature 37, 112-156. Verspagen, B. (2005) Innovation and Economic Growth. In J. Fagerberg, D. C. Mowery and R. R. Nelson (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Von Tunzelmann, N., Acha, V., 2005. Innovation in ‘low-tech’ industries, in: Fagerberg, J., Mowery, D.C., Nelson, R.R. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Wicken, O. (2005): “Path creation, path dependency and innovation systems – The historical construction of a national innovation system in Norway”, TIK Centre, University of Oslo. Woods, N. (2002): “Global governance and the role of institutions”, in: D. Held, A. McGrew, (Eds.), Governing Globalization: Power; Authority and Global Governance, Polity Press, Cambridge.

20