established and supported under the australian government’s cooperative research centres program...

Established and supported under the Australian

Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program

Program 1.

Increasing the reliability of grain supply and reducing feed costs.



Mike TavernerProgram Leader for Program 1Leader sub-program 1a – Innovative grain production



Relative business indicators

Business indicator

USA NZ Australia Brazil

COP (A$/kg) 1.48 2.62 2.20 1.10

HFC- CW 3.68 3.90 4.20 3.8

Carcass Wt./sow/y (kg)

1700 1365 1450 1550

Feed ($/tonne)

200 335 270 < 220



Research program 1

Investment in this area will lead to reduced production costs through:

1.More reliable and consistent protein and energy supplies;

2.Innovative grain, pulse and oilseed production;

3.Developing novel ingredients.



Program 1. Increasing the reliability of grain supply and

reducing feed costs.TARGETS

1. Reduce average feed costs by 10%;

2. Increase the DE of grains by 1.0 MJ/kg



Southern Australia Summer

2006 2005

SE Qld Summer

2006 2005

WHEAT $328 $188 $340 $190

BARLEY $340 $182 $350 $195

SORGHUM n/a n/a $313 $170

LUPINS $335 $360 n/a n/a

PEAS $340 $282 n/a n/a

CANOLA MEAL $289 $294 $340 $300

SOYABEAN MEAL 48.0 $409 $439 $420 $450

FULL FAT SOYBEAN MEAL $560 $760 $540 $505

MILLRUN 16% $213 $178 $235 $188



Program 1: Securing more reliable and consistent supplies of protein and

energy for pig diets

• Subprogram 1a: Innovative grain production • Subprogram 1b: Quality assessment of feed

ingredients • Subprogram 1c: Wider range of feed

ingredients for use in pig diets



What we are doing about it ……

• Improving grain production



GRAIN YIELDS PBIN 1999-2003

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

39

6-2

4

CF

R5

Ya

rru

m

92

-10

4*6

Bo

ree

n

Gle

nro

y

Tra

pp

er

Cre

ssy

Blu

e

Kile

y

Mu

kta

96

-29

Pa

rafie

ld

Sa

nti

Variety

Yie

ld t

/ha



ComputerSoftware support

Seed Rate Calculator

Fungicide Use

Timing of Sowing

Strategic group visits

Fertiliser Management

AGRONOMICPACKAGES



Site 5Walgett

Site 1Pittsworth

Site 4Inverell

Site 6Narrabri

Site 7Breeza

Site 8Curban

Site 3Weemelah

Site 2“Lundarva”



NIR CalibrationsNIR Calibrations

Pig faecal DE - dry matter basis (WHOLE - MJ/kg dm)

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

predicted pig faecal DE (MJ/kg dm)

actu

al p

ig f

aeca

l D

E (

MJ/

kg d

m)

wheat

barley

triticale

sorghum

rice

BLACK - 1st O/L passBLUE - 2nd O/L pass

1906

3828

6901

3904

1725

3909

3902

N 901-VR 0.81SECV 0.35SD 0.82



Wheat 13.3-17.0

Barley 11.7-16.0

Triticale 14.8-16.0

Sorghum 15.8-17.4

DE (MJ/kg DM)



Yield vs Predicted DE (MJ/kg)

12.00

12.50

13.00

13.50

14.00

14.50

15.00

4 5 6 7 8 9

T/ha

Pig FDE



The ideal cereal grain for pigs should allow:

• complete digestion of starch by the end of the small intestines,

• a high proportion of starch digestion occurring in the upper section of the small intestines,

• thin and fragile endosperm cell walls with low amounts of non-starch polysaccharides and having a short chain-length



CRC projects

TRITICALE 1A 102

BARLEY 1A 101

PEAS 1A 104



• “…… substantial increases in the availability of energy (0.5-1.5 MJ/kg) could be derived for pigs if more energy were digested in the small intestines”.





• Improving grain processing



Projects in sub-program 1b:

• Processing methods for improving the utilization of cereal grains by pigs.

• Canola meal value chain quality improvement.• NIRS calibrations for predicting the nutritional

quality of feed ingredients for pigs.• Determining the nutritive value of weather

damaged grains for pigs using NIRS • Effects of genetics and processing on the

value of sorghums for ethanol production and pig nutrition






• Creating supply chains



Sub-program 1a

GRAINSEARCH 1A-103

Practical guidelines for the production and supply chain arrangements to deliver new and existing cereal and cultivars for the pig industry







• Finding alternatives



Sub-program 1c

REVIEWS

• Novel and alternative feeds for use in the pig industry in Australia

• Review of Promising Novel Crops for pigs



Novel feeds workshop: priority areas

Novel by-products:1. DDGS

2. Glycerine/biodiesel

3. Regional analysis of needs & opportunities

4. Fruit & vegetable waste

5. Food waste treatment

6. Dairy sludge

• Novel crops:• Pearl millet• Pearl lupins• Root crops• Forage crops and

styloanthes• ANF management



Program 1 ……




• Finding alternatives



What is Triticale

• Man made crop

• Cross Between Durum Wheat and Rye

• AABBRR - Hexaploid



TRITICALE

Improved Production Through Breeding and Agronomy



Project Aims

• Improved Yields – Breeding – Inbred and Hybrids– Agronomy

• Improved Quality – DE, I/F Ratio, Intake– NIR



Progress

• Yield Trials and Rust Assessment of New Inbreds

• NIR Testing of a Subset of Lines.



Grain Yield of Spring Triticale

% Tahara

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

JRCT-1

30

JCRT-7

4

JRCT-5

6

JRCT-2

30

JRCT-1

49

JRCT-1

01Tre

at

Prime

322

Tahar

a

Evere

st

Kosciu

szko

Credit

Abacu

sTick

it

% T

ah

ara



Pig DE (MJ/kg)

Pig FDE (MJ/kg as fed)

13.20

13.40

13.60

13.80

14.00

14.20

14.40

14.60

14.80

JRCT-1

30

JCRT-7

4

JRCT-5

6

JRCT-2

30

JRCT-1

49

JRCT-1

01Tre

at

Prime

322

Tahar

a

Evere

st

Kosciu

szko

Credit

Abacu

sTick

it

MJ

/kg



Pig I/F Ratio

Pig I/F DE ratio

0.8200

0.8300

0.8400

0.8500

0.8600

0.8700

0.8800

JRCT-1

30

JCRT-7

4

JRCT-5

6

JRCT-2

30

JRCT-1

49

JRCT-1

01Tre

at

Prime

322

Tahar

a

Evere

st

Kosciu

szko

Credit

Abacu

sTick

it

Pig

I/F

DE

Ra

tio



Line

Pig FDE (MJ/kg as

fed) RankPig I/F DE

ratioRan

k

Pig FDE Intake Index Rank

Yield (t/ha) % Tahara Rank SR YR

JRCT-130 14.59 1 0.8680 4 54.11 58 7.56 130.6 1 5-6 1

JCRT-74 14.25 8 0.8520 28 60.73 52 7.47 129.0 2 3,6 2

JRCT-56 13.91 29 0.8570 14 69.66 11 7.42 128.2 3 4 1

JRCT-230 14.02 20 0.8555 16 63.58 42 7.3 126.1 4 2 2-3

JRCT-149 13.73 52 0.8395 50 75.48 1 7.29 125.9 5 2-3 1

JRCT-101 14.55 2 0.8750 1 56.15 55 7.25 125.2 6 3 3

Treat 14.05 19 0.8535 24 61.90 49 6.1 105.4 52 1 4

Prime 322 13.82 44 0.8505 34 71.71 7 6.06 104.7 56 1 4

Tahara 14.12 17 0.8555 17 55.88 56 5.79 100.0 69 1 2-3

Everest 13.96 27 0.8510 33 62.17 48 5.73 99.0 71 1 5

Kosciuszko 13.81 47 0.8525 26 64.83 31 5.45 94.1 80 1 6

Credit 13.79 50 0.8395 53 64.16 37 5.34 92.2 86 1 5

Abacus 13.97 26 0.8600 10 67.15 19 5.14 88.8 92 1 4

Tickit 13.98 25 0.8485 39 55.07 57 5.07 87.6 94 1 4

lsd 1% 0.229 0.0129 5.83 0.945 (5%)



Lines from Dual-Purpose Program

• Jackie – Released 2000

• Breakwell – 2005. 10% higher yield

• AT528 – 2007. 20% higher yield

• AT574 – 2008. 30% higher yield.



Semi-dwarfs and Hybrids

• Semi-dwarfs – anticipate a 10-20% increase in yield.

• Hybrids – cytolplasmic male sterile

– male sterile x maintainer

(T.timophevii) (normal wheat cytolplasm)



Hybrids

• Cross ms x Restorer = Hybrid

• Tested using old maintainer

• Visual assessment at Cowra rated hybrids better than corresponding inbreds



Hybrids

• Hybrid with JRCT101 was rated as the best plot

• JRCT74 appeared to be a maintainer.

• Produce hybrid from these two lines.



Hybrids

• Should be able to achieve 20% heterosis

• Ultimate aim to produce a semi-dwarf hybrid.



Pork CRC Annual ConferenceNovember 23, 2006

GRAINSEARCH



Overview

AIM:To supply high yielding varieties with superior agronomy and predictable price, quality and supply



Grainsearch

Two areas of investigation• Varieties and agronomy

– increased yield• Supply Chain Groups

– variety– agronomy– pricing & delivery



Examples

• Charles IFE Group– Varieties– Agronomy– Delivery – over supply last year, (no

pricing)

• Western Plains Pork (WPP)– Includes pricing



Grain supply pricing

• Understanding our wheat price

CBOT Futures

Exchange Rate

Basis (Domestic effect)

A$ per tonne at a given location and time



3 components

• Grain can be priced by locking in all 3 components at different times– To protect against drought prices– To take advantage of exchange rate– To take advantage of world supply

conditions



Western Plains PorkCase study – 05/06

• April 05 agreed to supply/purchase at 0 basis

• April 05 growers locked in CBOT futures at 3.70/bu

• April 05 WPP locked in exchange rate at 76c

• May 05 WPP locked in CBOT futures at 3.20/bu

• Dec 05 Growers locked in exchange rate at 74c



Western Plains PorkCase study – 05/06 (contd)

Final Prices

GrowerWPP

3.70 Futures 3.20

.74c Exchange rate .76c

0 Basis 0

$183/t$155/t



Wheat CBOT



Western Plains PorkCase study – 06/07

• March, 2006– WPP buys wheat with swaps from the

bank at $209/t for Dec 06 (cash settled)

– WPP buys basis (i.e. agreement to deliver grain) from grower co-op at

-$15/t– WPP fixed price $194/t



Pricing mechanisms used within supply chain groups

Advantages– Group of farmers committed to growing

quality feed grains– Both consumer and producer are able to

have ability to make their own price decisions - “Not competing”

– Protection from drought price fluctuations– More feed grains grown due to longer term

price certainty / more stable market



End user requirement re feed supply

• Guaranteed supply

• Quality

• Pricing– Avoiding extremes– Budgeting margin (price maker)



WPP experience

• Outline

• Past and present

• Lessons

• Where to?



At present

What characterises the grain supply side?

– Uncertain demand– Uncertain price

Why would a grain grower wish to be a dedicated feed grain producer?



At present

Grainsearch direction to date– Encourage dedicated feed grain

production with;– Superior varieties and agronomy

Increased production= increased supply ?



Future Direction

Changing industry mindsets– Grain producers, end users and

marketers– Encourages and rewards feed grain

growers in a similar manner to competing millers & maltsters



Future Direction

A production system that encourages industry adoption of;– Dedicated feed grain production– Supply chain group establishment

• Superior varieties & agronomy,

– The use of grain price risk management products

• Assured delivery & pricing

– Competes with milling / malting industry



Thank – you!

Thank you!



Project 1B-103-0506

Canola Meal Value Chain Quality Improvement

Jointly Funded by

Pork CRC

&

Australian Oilseed Federation

John Spragg - JCS Solutions

Rod Mailer - NSW DPI



Relevant Pork CRC outputs addressed

1.17.1 Investigate alternate processing techniques for oil extraction of canola seeds to increase bioavailability of lysine

1.15.1 & 1.15.2 NIR calibrations developed for measuring reactive lysine in canola meal – application and use of the NIR calibration



Project Objectives – Stage 1

1. Identification of variation in nutritional quality of canola meal produced within Australian crushing plants.

2. Establish a reactive lysine NIR calibration for finished meal with application for further research and commercial use.

3. Gain information on canola meal processing conditions and their impact upon meal quality.



Crushing Plant Processing Conditions

Variable

Seedcake into Screw Press temperature

Seedcake exit Screw Press temperature

Desolventising Toaster exit temperature

Post DT temperature

Finished Meal temperature

8-10% decline in lysine dig.

due to heat processing

Crushing Stage and Lysine Digestibility - broilers



Methodology

Co-operation of crushing plants to take samples

8 plants 3 Solvent extraction

4 Expeller

1 Cold press expeller

Sampling = 270 samples collected

3 time periods – weeks

3 days within each time period

3 samplings per day

Sequenced sampling Seed, Expeller, Post Solvent, Post DT, Finished Meal



Cold Press Expeller Solvent

No. 9 32 27

Oil % as is Mean 12.69 10.72 3.43

Min 9.44 8.54 1.78

Max 16.97 12.12 4.81

Std 2.241 0.652 0.701

Protein % as is Mean 35.11 36.61 37.32

Min 34.12 31.58 33.34

Max 36.55 41.27 42.53

Std 0.766 2.859 1.871

Results Summary – Canola Meal Samples



Seed vs Meal Protein as is (all samples)

R2 = 0.6811

30.00

32.50

35.00

37.50

40.00

42.50

45.00

19.00 21.00 23.00 25.00 27.00 29.00

Seed Protein

Mea

l Pro

tein



Cold Press Expeller Solvent

Ash % as is Mean 5.91 6.38 7.07

Crude Fibre % as is Mean 12.46 11.30 10.86

ADF % as is Mean 17.85 16.70 16.35

NDF % as is Mean 26.34 23.65 24.07

Bulk Density kg/hl Mean 58.6 59.3 52.4

CHO % as is Mean 9.62 9.87 10.46

Glucosinolates umoles/g Mean 7.93 4.51 1.73

Sinapine g/kg Mean 9.32 9.84 7.92

Linoleic Acid % as is Mean 2.73 2.31 0.87

Other – Tannins, Minerals, Amino Acids, Fatty Acid Profile, Phytate P



Glucosinolates Seed vs Meal

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00

Seed %

Mea

l % Solvent

Expeller

Canadian Canola Meal Glucosinolates ave. 16 umoles/g

Rapeseed Meal 120 -150 umoles/g



Gross reactive lysine content was shown to be a good indicator of true ileal digestible reactive lysine content (and thus the degree of heat damage) van Barneveld et al 1999

Capacity to utilise NIR calibrations to quantify the extent of heat damage upon protein quality

Effect of Processing upon Protein Quality



Canola meal lysine content (g/kg, air-dry)

Cold-pressed Expeller Solvent

van Barneveld et al 1999

Total Lysine 17.41 17.25 18.70

Reactive Lysine 13.00 10.88 11.38

Reverted Lysine ‘heat damaged’

25.3% 36.9% 39.1%

2006 AOF/Pork CRC

Total Lysine 20.68 19.58 20.17

Reactive Lysine 17.80 15.46 15.42

Reverted Lysine ‘heat damaged’

13.9% 21.0% 23.5%

8-12% Lysine ‘loss’ due to heat processing



Processing Conditions

Seedcake expeller exit temp 53 - 122°C Cold Press through to high temp processing

Desolventising toaster exit temp 98 - 115°C

Expeller plants use heat and pressure to expel oilSolvent plants use solvent extraction to increase oil recovery.

Heat damage is occurring in both expeller and DT areas.



1. Identification of Canola Meal Quality Variation

Work with crushers to address variation - AOF

2. Reactive Lysine NIR Calibration

Enhanced Reactive Lysine NIR calibration

Lower cost method of assessing canola meal quality

Tool for further work in crushing plants

3. Industry Canola Meal Nutritional Guide

Publication of results for dissemination to Australian animal feed industries

Detailed analysis results for use in feed formulation

Research Outcomes



Stage 2 – Subject to funding approval

1. Optimising processing conditions at crushing plants – canola meal

a) On site modifications – crusher co-oper.

b) Meal quality rapidly assessed at low cost – NIR

2. Livestock trials to validate data

a) Pigs (poultry, cattle)

b) Protein digestibility & energy

3. Publication of guidelines for crushers

4. Extension to assess imported soybean meal quality



Enhancing the value of sorghum for pigs

1b 101-105

John BlackPork CRC subprogram 1b coordinator



Energy value of grains for animalsEnergy value of grains for animals

Cereal grains are fed to livestock as a source of energy

– Available (digestible energy) content (MJ/kg)– Intake (kg/d) influenced by rate of passage

– Available energy intake (MJ/d) – total energy available for production

Available energy expressed as:DE for pigs, but proportion digested in small intestines is

important for determining total energy available



Premium Grains for Livestock ProgramPremium Grains for Livestock Program

Grains vary widely in DE

Range in DE (MJ/kg DM) for pigs

Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum

12.4-15.0 10.6-14.7 12.3-16.5 15.5-16.6

Variation in DE 3-4 MJ/kg; less for sorghum

Sorghum has highest DE



Sorghum digested differently in Sorghum digested differently in pigs compared with poultrypigs compared with poultry

Pigs Broilers

Ileal DE 13.0 16.1

Faecal DE/AME 16.4 15.9

Ileal/faecal 0.85 1.01

• Broilers digest more energy from sorghum in small intestine

• Opportunity to increase digestion of sorghum in small intestine of pigs & gain 1-2MJ/kg in available energy



PGLP ResultsPGLP Results

Pigs - Mean grain DE

12

13

14

15

16

17


Gra

in D

E (

MJ/

kg D

M)

Mean intake of 7 kg pigs

0.050

0.150

0.250

0.350


Inta

ke (

kg/d

)

Mean DE intake for 7 kg pigs

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9


DE

inta

ke (M

J/d

)

No correlation between DE and intake



Protein Matrix SorghumProtein Matrix Sorghum



Research strategiesResearch strategies

1. Goals:• Increase digestion of sorghum starch in SI of pigs• Increase intake of sorghum based diets• Improve energy value of DDGS from ethanol production

2. Research Strategies:• Select from ~ 200 lines grown in different environments samples with

highest starch digestibility and intake

3. Deliverables:• Identify sorghum lines with enhanced value for pigs and ethanol • DNA markers for breeding high value sorghum for pigs & ethanol• NIR calibrations for identifying high starch availability, intake and

high energy DDGS• Processing methods, including enzymes, for improving sorghum value



Micro-waved sorghum



Name: Avril FinnMasters of Tropical Animal ScienceJames Cook University, Townsville

Start Date: February 2006

Title: Improving utilisation of

sorghum grain by pigs through feed

additives

http://images.google.com.au/imgres?imgurl=http://cropwatch.unl.edu/photos/cwphoto/sorghum.jpg&imgrefurl=http://cropwatch.unl.edu/photos/sorghpho.htm&h=1550&w=1067&sz=1641&tbnid=hp3Z5Kh8lUphTM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=103&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsorghum&start=1&sa=X&oi=images&ct=image&cd=1



Improving utilisation of sorghum grain by pigs through feed additives

Sorghums to be selected and assessed by:

• NIR

• Weaner trials

• Grower trials

• Ileal and faecal DE



Additives to be tested for improving sorghum :

• Enzymes – protease, amylase and phytase

• Emulsifier (with surfactant properties) in combination with enzyme;

• Copper sulphate



Weaner trial

• 7.5kg pigs

• 3 week feeding

• 20 pigs / treatment

• 32 treatments / grains

• At QAF



Preliminary ResultsPreliminary ResultsFeed conversion ratio

Grain Type Grain

Id Predicted FCR (0 & 21 days)

Sorghum (Liberty) 7856 1.286 bcdefg Triticale 6826 1.283 bcdefg Barley 3757 1.277 bcdef Wheat 1754 1.276 bcdef Barley 3756 1.254 abcde

Triticale 6828 1.248 abcd Wheat 1841 1.246 abcd Wheat 1727 1.237 abc Barley 3868 1.235 abc

Wheat (Durum) 1757 1.229 abc Wheat 1753 1.226 abc

Triticale 6825 1.203 ab Triticale 6824 1.098 a



Preliminary ResultsPreliminary Results

Rate of gain

Grain Type Predicted Value Wheat 0.4356 b

Triticale 0.4353 b Barley 0.4259 b

Sorghum 0.3725 a



Novel Feed Materials for the Australian Pig Industry

Sub program 1C.



CRC Sub-Program 1c

• What is the potential for novel feed ingredients?

• Wider range of feed ingredients • More reliable, consistent and cost

competitive energy and protein supplies• Reduce variation and average feed costs

for the pig industry



Starting point

• Two separate reports commissioned• Experience and contacts in respective fields

1. “Novel and alternative feeds for use in the pig industry in Australia”– Victorian Department of Primary Industries

– Cherie Collins, Ray King, Frank Dunshea, Paul Eason, Chris Hofmeyr

2. “Review of promising novel crops for pigs”– Queensland Department of Primary Industries and West

Australian Department of Agriculture

– Danny Singh, John Kopinski and Jay Kim, Bruce Mullan



Novel feeds workshop: priority areas

Novel by-products:1. DDGS

2. Glycerine/biodiesel

3. Regional analysis of needs & opportunities

4. Fruit & vegetable waste

5. Food waste treatment

6. Dairy sludge

• Novel crops:• Pearl millet• Pearl lupins• Root crops• Forage crops and

styloanthes• ANF management



Areas for immediate focus

1. DDGS2. Pearl Millet3. Desk top studies

a) Regional analysis of needs & opportunitiesb) Fruit and vegetable wastec) Root and forage cropsd) Pearl lupinse) Food waste treatment and management

4. Glycerol5. Dairy sludge



1.Ethanol production and DDGSCereal grain Wheat, sorghum, corn

Ethanol Process Overview

alpha amylase enzyme

CO2

Yeast and

Glucoamylase

Enzyme

w hole stillage

thin stillage

coarse solids

Feed Industry Co-products

GrainCleaning

Hammermill Mix SlurryLiquefaction

Cooker

Centrifuge Evaporator

Fermentation

Dist illat ion

Ethyl Alcohol

Cond. DistillersSolubles

Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles

Distillers Wet Grains

Rotary Dryer



Dried Distillers Grains & Solubles

• Highest priority material– Potential scale of industry?– Legislated inclusion of ethanol or industry

subsidies will affect the overall scale

• Competition for grain and likely upward effect on energy costs

• Significant supply of DDGS as a by-product



Ethanol industry players

• Manildra, Nowra NSW is the only current working plant of scale– Australian Ethanol Ltd promoting another working

plant in Southern NSW inside 2 years– Numerous other proposed plants throughout

eastern Australia

• Ethanol Producers Association• Understand and influence the development

of the ethanol industry to benefit the pig industry



What we do & don’t know about DDGS

• More than one waste stream– Dried distillers grains– Solubles (liquid)

• Number of grains can be used as feedstocks– Potential for different quality/value

• Manufacturing process involves some heating and drying

• Sometimes blended with dry materials

• Will there be differences between manufacturing plants?



What we do & don’t know about DDGS

• Colour, protein, nutrient content, availability and handling properties can change substantially

• Process concentrates residual components of the grain– Fibre– Gums– Mycotoxins?

• Accuracy of book values??– Lack of independent values for Aust. material



Future CRC Programs 1.

• Collect DDGS from various feedstocks and plants– Establish accepted feeding values– Establish appropriate economic values

• Grain varieties that maximise the quality of DDGS - GRDC

• Develop quality programs and rapid analysis techniques (NIR) to measure quality/value



Future CRC Programs 2.

• Establish maximum inclusion rates for various class of pigs

• Investigate enzymes and technology to maximise feeding value

• Quantify mycotoxin load• Establish working relationships within the

Ethanol industry• Feasibility for importation of DDGS from

U.S.A



2. Pearl Millet

• Feeding values established and accepted

• Agronomic performance equivalent or better than sorghum

• Adoption by pig producers and crop growers has been poor



2. Pearl Millet - CRC focus

• Focus on adoption strategies and promotional tools

• Closed loop systems ideal– growers, agronomy, feed and pig

producers

• Develop breeding programs to increase stocks of higher yielding varieties

• Investigate potential for widening the growing area



3a. Regional analysis study.

• Majority of by-products and some crops tend to be region specific

• Likely to be different nutrient shortages and surpluses between regions

• Different unit cost cost pressures on a nutrient basis for pig diets throughout Australia



3a. Regional analysis study.

• Parametric studies to define nutrient costs for specific regions– Various classes of pig– Present and future

• Need model of supply and demand for all potential feed commodities– Dairy Aust., Meat and Livestock Aust. – Ethanol?



3b.Fruit and vegetable waste

• Large volumes of vegetable waste produced regularly– Citrus, apple/pear, tomato, grape, olive etc.– Volumes produced exceed capacity of ruminant

industry’s consumption– Typically considered poor feed value for

monogastrics

• Conduct review on potential for enzyme technology (new or near) to enable utilisation of vegetable waste



3c. Root and forage crops

• Crops with highest potential to decrease feed cost are those with highest yields– Root and forage crops tend to have high biomass– May have some specific regional agronomic

advantage– Maybe specific to certain class of pig– Have different management and handling

properties compared conventional materials

• A review on the feasibility of root and forage crops for feeding and handling prospects



3d. Pearl Lupins

• Dedicated feed grain

• High protein and oil content (low hull and high kernel content)

• Anti nutritional factors (alkaloid) appear to be a limiting factor

• Low alkaloid varieties tend to be lower yielding

• Small amount of grain available



3d. Pearl Lupins – CRC focus

• Obtain samples to conduct chemical analysis and determine alkaloid content

• Determine agronomic potential– trials in eastern Australia

• Expand crops availability through breeding programs– GRDC, Pulse Aust., WA Dept Ag

• Determine animal performance



3e. Food waste treatment

• Significant amount of food waste generated– High level of logistical and disposal

problems– Land fill restrictions

• APL and CRC to determine long term feasibility of undertaking partnerships in food waste management



4. Glycerol

• By-product of manufacturing biodiesel

• Relatively high in energy

• Small number of decentralised plants

established and supported under the australian government’s cooperative research centres program...

Documents

mjkg slide

grain processing slide

leader subprogram

lundarva slide

pig nutrition slide

pig industry slide

supply chains slide

short chainlength slide