estimation of growth and mortality parameters of...
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Lasbela, U. J.Sci.Techl., Vol. VI, pp.100-108, 2017 ISSN 2306-8256
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Estimation of Growth and Mortality Parameters of Oreochromis
mossambicus from Indus River Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan Rashida Bhanbhro
1, Khadim Hussain
Memon
1*, Liu Qun
2, Tahira Jabeen Ursani
3, Safdar Ali Ujjan
1,
Javed Ahmed Ujan1, Abdul Manan Shaikh
1, Faiza Qazi
1, Hina Bhanbhro
3, Anam Khatoon Noonari
1,
Tahira Soomro1
1Department of Zoology, Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur 66020, Sindh, Pakistan
2Ocean University of china;
2Qingdao 266003, P.R China.
3Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro76090, Pakistan
4Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering Science & Technology Nawabshah, 67450.
Abstract:- The study was conducted to assess the current stocks of Oreochromis mossambicus (Tilapia)
from Indus River, Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan, because stock assessment helps the fisheries managers to conserve the
commercially important fish species. Total 625 pairs of length-weight relationship of O. mossambicus was
collected from October 2015 to March 2016. The length ranges from 12cm to 34cm. The weight ranges from 47g
to 900g. The estimated values of length-weight relationship were 𝑎 = 0.035, b = 2.856 and 𝑟2 = 0.952. The data was
calculated using the von Bertalanffy growth function parameters, ELEFAN operation in FISAT computer package
as: L∞ = 35.7cm and 𝑘 = 0.600𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟−1. The theoretical age at length zero (𝑡0) calculated as: -0.257𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟−1. The
estimated total mortality (Z) applying the length-converted catch curve analysis 1.350year-1, natural mortality M at
temperature of 210C were estimated as 1.066𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟−1 while the rates of fishing mortality F was calculated as:
0.284𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟−1. Hence exploitation rate (E = F/Z) calculated as 0.210𝑦𝑒𝑎r−1. Whereas biological reference points Fopt
= M, current fishing mortality rates of 0.284 year-1 were smaller than the obtained target biological reference points
(1.065 year-1). The estimated values of growth performance index was ∅′ = 2.883𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟−1. While the MSY was
recorded as 0.472 t.year-1. The obtained results of maximum sustainable yield (MSY) of 0.472t𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟−1 were higher
than the recent catch of 1.937t𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟−1. The study concluded that the stocks of O. mossambicus exits at sustainable
level in Indus River, Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan.
Key Words: Oreochromis mossambicus, Stock assessment, Length-weight relationship, Growth, Mortality
INTRODUCTION
Fresh water fish serves human being
as a significant food for their daily dietary
supplements (Hamilton, 1971) because it is the
excellent sources of protein, fat, vitamins, and
minerals in contrast to the other sources
required for healthy diet (Astawan, 2004). But
many of the commercially important fish
species have been overexploited to a level
where their survival is in danger of extinction.
If obligatory actions such as stock assessment
of commercially important fishes are not kept
under practice by the 2048 the stocks of all fish
species that are fished for food as well as for
commercial purpose are predicted to be
collapse (Worm et al., 2006), because the stock
assessment provides the baseline information
to the fisheries managers to make the better
policies for sustainable utilization of the
important fish species (Cone, 1989; Ecoutin et
al., 2005). To check the current status of O.
mossambicus (Peters, 1852) from the Indus
River Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan the length-
weight and the length frequency data was
collected because it is mostly used for the
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
stock assessment (Spare and Venema, 1998)
such as for the estimation of growth rates,
mortality rates, biological reference points and
growth performance index of the species
(Kohlers et al., 1995). The O. mossambicus is
commonly known as Tilapia fish which
belongs to the Cichlidae family (Froese and
Pauly, 2010). Locally it is known as “Daya or
Dayo” (Fisheries Resources of Keenjhar Lake,
2015). Its size ranges from 10 to 40cm
(Wohlfart and Hulata, 1983; Frimodt, 1995).
Tilapia is an omnivorous fish species,
eating up the grass, mud, small insects, native
aquatic plants, small fishes, spawn and organic
detritus (FAO, 2012; Luna, 2012; Webb, 1994;
Kim et al., 2002). Feeding in fishes is normally
uninterrupted however in the case of mouth
brooding females feeding patterns are festered
and disturbed (Luna, 2012). It is a rapid
breeder fish, breeds three to four times in a
year (Luna, 2012; Mirza, 2012). This fish can
tolerate water with high salt concentration, pH,
temperature and water bodies with high food
competition (Mirza, 1990). It is the most
common exotic fish and widely distributed
throughout the world (Canonico et al., 2005;
Mirza, 1975) including Egypt, Indonesia,
101
Thailand and Pakistan (Froese and Pauly,
2010). The tilapia fish is widely used as a food
source (Gupta and Acosta, 2004). It benefits its
buyers from many ways which make it
economically significant fish species not only
in Pakistan but all over the world (Courtenay,
1989).
In Pakistan some reports are published
on length-weight of O. mossambicus such as
(Naeem et al., 2010a, 2011a) and (Naeem et
al., 2011b) from Dera Ghazi Khan Achakzai
et al., (2013) from Manchar Lake, Dadu,
Pakistan, but there is no published work
available on this species for estimation of
growth and mortality parameters from Indus
River, Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan. This is because
this study was planned to estimate the growth
and mortality rates of O. mossambicus from
Indus River, Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Data Collection
Samples of 50 specimens were
collected bi-monthly from October 2015 to
March 2016 from sampling sites of Alif Kacho
and Bay Kacho of Indus River Sukkur, Sindh
Pakistan. Fishes were caught using the net
Bottom trawl “Ghaao” or “Rachh”. The length
of net was 300 feet with mesh size of 5 inches.
DATA ANALYSIS
Length-Weight Relationship For analysis of length-weight relationship in
MS excel the formula of Le Cren (1951) W=
aLb was applied.
Where W was weight in g, was
Length in cm, 𝑎 was constant condition factor
and was the Allometric Growth Parameter
(Le Cren, 1951).
While for analysis of length-frequency data to
estimate the growth rate, mortality rates,
biological reference point and growth
performance index, the Computer software
program FiSAT II (FAO-ICLARM) stock
assessment tool (Gayanilo et al., 2003) was
used.
Growth The von Bertalanffy Growth Function (VGBF)
was used for estimation of relationship of
length with age as:
( ( 𝑘 (𝑡 𝑡 )))
Whereas stands as the Length at age t,
is the asymptotic average maximum Length of
observed sample size, k is the growth
coefficient and 𝑡 is the theoretical age with
length at zero (Haddon, 2011) which can be
calculated using (1983) empirical
formula:
𝑡
𝑘
Mortality rate
Pauly, (1983) suggested a method to
estimate total mortality parameter (Z) using
Length-Converted Catch Curve analysis
method, expressed as under:
( 𝑡 ) 𝑎 𝑡 Whereas is the number of observed fish in
length class i, 𝑡 is the time required for the
fish to grow accordingly through length class i,
𝑡 is the age (or the relative age, computed with
𝑡 = 0) corresponding to the middle length of
class i, and where b is an estimation of Z total
mortality.
Pauly’s empirical formula was used widely to
obtain the coefficient of natural mortality:
( )
𝑘
Whereas was in cm and k was in
per year. T was said to be the average water
temperature which was taken during the
sampling of fish from study area. F (Fishing
mortality) was obtained by subtracting M
(natural mortality) from Z (total mortality),
while E (exploitation ratio) was calculated
from: F/Z.
Biological Reference Point Estimation of biological reference
point was followed by the Gulland’s (1969)
method:
Here the Fopt was the maximum fishing
mortality and M is the natural mortality.
Growth Performance Index Pauly and Munro, (1984) framed equation to
estimate the growth performance index (∅ ) which was applied in this study as:
∅ 𝑘
Maximum Sustainable Yield Maximum sustainable yield was
estimated with the help of equation created by
Gulland, (1979) as:
102
y = 0.0356x2.8564 R² = 0.9529
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 10 20 30 40
Wei
gh
t (g
)
Length (cm)
Whereas in this equation Z was the total
mortality and B was the biomass. The
biasomass (B) was estimated from the Y/F,
whereas (Y) was the total observed yield in
tons of observed fish and (F) was the fishing
mortality.
RESULTS
Length-Frequency Distribution
During present study, a total of 625
specimens of O. mossambicus with various
body sizes were collected. The minimum
length observed as 12cm, and maximum length
was recorded as 34cm with an average length
of 23cm. Minimum weights recorded as 47g
with maximum weight of 900g and average
weight was 318g. Total weight of all catch was
measured as: 0.198068t (198.068kg).
Fig.1. Length-Frequency distribution of
Oreochromis mossambicus from Indus River,
Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan
Length-Weight Relationship
The values of length-weight relationship
estimated as: a = 0.035, b = 2.856 and r² =
0.952. The length-weight relationship of fish
species provides knowledge about physical
well-being of the fish. Gayanelo and Pauly,
(1997) has defined the standard value of
wellbeing of a fish, i.e. if the b value is 3, so it
may show that the fish growth is isometric, if
the b values are <3, then fish growth is
negative allometric, and if the b values are >3,
that means the growth of fish is positive
allometric. The estimated b value in present
study of 2.856 is less than 3 that show the
negative allometric of O. mossambicus in
Indus River Sukkur.
Fig. 2. Length-Weight Relationship of
Oreochromis mossambicus from Indus River
Sukkur Sindh, Pakistan
Growth Parameters
The estimation of growth parameters
can help to estimate the parameters of
production, stock size, recruitment and
mortality of the fish population (Isaac, 1990).
The estimated results for O. mossambicus in
present study was . cm and k
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 . While the estimated values
of theoretical age 𝑡 were recorded as 𝑡 . Calculated growth coefficient k =
0.60 year-1
shows that the fish has a low
growth rate. Generally speaking there is a high
correlation between growth rate (k) and .
Beverton and Holt, (1956) specified that
natural mortality factor (M) is directly
associated to the growth coefficient (k) of a
fish and indirectly associated to the asymptotic
length ( ) and the lifecycle. In other terms
fishes having longer growth coefficient have
greater natural mortality and smaller lifespan.
Therefore in this study the smaller and
lower growth coefficient (k) indicates lower
natural mortality and longer life span.
Growth Performance Index The estimated value of growth
performance index for the O. mosumbicus
from Indus River Sukkur ∅ . 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
Fre
qu
ency
Length in cm
103
Fig. 3. VBGF growth curve of O. mossambicus with length-frequency histogram ( 35.7cm TL, k =
0.6 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 )
Biological Reference Point The estimated biological reference
point in present study was . year-1
which
shows that the current fishing mortality rate of
0.312year-1
was smaller than the target
biological reference point.
Fig. 1. Mortality estimation of O.mossambicus
using Length converted catch curve analysis
method from Indus River, Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan
Mortality
The estimated rate of total mortality Z
applying length-converted catch curve analysis
method was Z= 1.350year-1
and natural
mortality was observed as M=1.066 year-1
.
While the fishing mortality was estimated as
F=0.284year-1
. The exploitation was obtained
as E=0.231year-1
. The estimated exploitation
ratio (E) E = 0.231 year-1
was observed lower
than the optimum exploitation ratio (E) of 0.5
(Gulland, 1971). Therefore stocks of Tilapia
fish species in the Indus River Sukkur region
may be in a sustainable state.
Maximum Sustainable Yield
The estimated values of maximum
sustainable yield (MSY) for O. mosumbicus
were 0.472 tones year-1
which was higher than
recent catch of 0.198 tons 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
(193.735kg). The fish stock was may be at
justifying conditions with their (MSY) outputs
form Indus River Sukkur.
DISCUSS ION
Length-Weight Relationship
The length-weight relationship
provides knowledge about the seasonal
changes of fish species. It also describes the
growth of the fish either isometric or
allometric, this is considered as an important
tool to know the fish population dynamics
(Pauly and Gayanilo, 1996).
So the estimated length-weight relationship
values for O. mossambicus of this study were
compared to the length-weight parameters of
O. mossambicus with different scientist’s
observations (Table 1). Achakzai et al., (2013)
reported O. mossambicus with positive
allomatric b with 3.055 and r² with 0.963 from
Pakistan. Whereas Riedel et al., (2007)
reported the tilapia fish (Oreochromis
mossambicus, O. urolepis hornorum) male and
female with b = 2.942, and b = 2.993
respectively, appeared as near to positive
allomateric growth of tilapia from Salt Lake
California. While Shendge, (2005) observed
negative allomatric of O. mossambicus from
India b values as 2.884. Shendge described
that there may be small food competition in
the Bhima River. Shubha and Reddy, (2011)
reported O. mossambicus from India for its
observed significant b value was 0.574 and r²
104
remain 0.922, they stated the good condition
of growth of fishes from their studied area.
The current estimated values of growth
parameter for Oreochromis mossambicus as: b
= 2.856 is less than 3, which indicates
negative allomatric as described by Allen
(1938) with worthy correlation r² = 0.952. The
observed values of growth parameter b and r²
for the Oreochromis mossambicus were close
to the results of above cited authors (Table 1).
However Pauly et al., (1997) described the
values of b ranged between 2.5 to 3.5 for
justifiable growth of fishes, so the observed
values of 2.856 of current study is in between
the range of prescribed values of Pauly et al.,
(1997) but less than 3, it was found that the
growth is negative allometric in the Indus
River, Sukkur. Many researcher’s described
parameters (Table 1) does not fit in the cube
law because these fishes may have changed
their form with growth (Javaid and Akram,
1972; Sinha, 1975) it is due to many reasons
(Naeem et al., 1992; Salam et al., 1994).
The value of allomatric b may differ according
to the food availability (Le Cren, 1951),
condition of maturity and spawning (Frost,
1945), sex was defined by Hile and Jobes,
(1940) in addition less or more differentiation
among inhabitants of species (Jhingran, 1968).
Table: 1 Comparison of estimated results of length-weight relationship of O. mossambicus in
present study with different species from other parts of the world
Location Species a Allomatric b R² Source
Srilanka O. mossambicus 1.911 3.132 0.913 Herath et al., 2014
Srilanka O. mossambicus 1.957 3.235 0.901 Herath et al., 2014
Srilanka O. mossambicus 1.484 2.838 0.759 Herath et al., 2014
Pakistan O. mossambicus 0.018 3.055 0.963 Achakzai et al., 2013
California O. mossambicus 0.019 2.942 Riedel et al., 2007
India Omossambicus 0.0314 2·884 0.986 Shendge, 2005
India O. mossambicus 0.004 0.574 0.922 Shubha and Reddy, 2011
Pakistan O. mossambicus 0.035 2.856 0.952 Present study
Growth Parameters
Growth parameters are helpful to
evaluate the limits of production, stock size,
recruitment and mortality of the fish
population in given area at given time (Isaac,
1990).These parameters can be estimated from
the complete or relative age of the fish species
or may also be expected by the length-
frequency analysis. In this research work the
length-frequency data was used by applying
Von Bertalanffy Growth Function (VBGF) for
evaluation of Asymptotic Length L and
Growth Coefficient (k 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 ). VBGF is
generally used for the estimation of growth
factors of fish and it was designed to observe
the growth as equilibrium between the and
catabolic process in species (von Bertalanffy,
1957; Pauly, 1980). The estimated results of
growth parameters were shown in (Table 2).
Growth parameters for O. mossambicus in
present study were estimated as:
. cm, and 𝑘 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 .
Kartamihardja, (2000) from Indonesia
observed growth parameters of O.
mossambicus and k 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 .
Novaes and Carvalho, (2012) reported
Oreochromis niloticu from Brazil with
outcomes as 33.6 and k 0.63. Márquez
et al., (2008) reported O. niloticus from
Mexico, its findings determined as:
and k which were closed to the
results of current research work. In this
research work the calculated values of
coefficient k ( 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 ) shown that fish
observed with low growth rate longer life span
smaller natural mortality. The parameters of k
could be differing when normal mass of the
fish is not growing in direct percentage to the
cube law of its length measures (Wootten,
1998; Abbas, 2000). The sampling time,
sampling area, fishing vessels, and state of
stomach and health variances have also effects
on growth differences (Ricker, 1973; Baganel
and Tesch, 1978). According to King (1995)
the negative 𝑡 values shows that juveniles
grew faster than the predicted growth curve for
adults and the positive 𝑡 values indicated that
the juvenile fishes grew slowly. Current
findings concerning 𝑡 value were negative
with 𝑡 indicates the faster juvenile
growth.
105
Table: 2. Growth parameters of O. mossambicus in comparison with other species from
different countries of world.
Location Species cm k year־ˡ Source
Bangladesh Oreochromis niloticus 54.76 0.39 Ahmed et al., 2003
Indonesia Oreochromis mossambicus 24.90 1.0 Kartamihardja, 2000
Brazil Oreochromis niloticus 33.60 0.63 Novaes and Carvalho, 2012
Mexico O. niloticus 17.88 0.34 Márquez et al., 2008
Pakistan Oreochromis mossambicus 35.70 0.60 Present work
Mortality
The obtained results in present study
for O. mossambicus compared to the
previously estimated results for the O.
mossambicus and C. reba from the different
countries of the world (Table 3), which
showed that current estimations were generally
smaller than the previously estimated values
except that of the estimated values by Novaes
et al., (2012) who reported O. niloticus from
Brazil with exploitation rate (E) 0.57 that was
higher than the suggested optimum level of
0.5.
Ahmed et al., (2003) reported O. niloticus
from Bangladesh, the rate of exploitation (E)
was 0.42. Previously there is no work done on
the C. reba on these parameters from Indus
River Sukkur. The estimated exploitation ratio
E for Oreochromis mossambicus was
0.21𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 which are smaller than the
optimum exploitation ratio (E) of 0.5 (Gulland,
1971). Therefore stock of this fish species
from Indus River, Sukkur are said to be in a
sustainable condition.
Table: 3. Length converted catch curve Mortality parameters of O. mossambicus in comparison
with other species from different countries of world.
Location Species Zyear־ˡ Myear־ˡ Fyear־ˡ Eyear־ˡ Source
Bangladesh Oreochromis niloticus 2.650 0.798 1.850 1.433 Sharmin, 2012
Brazil O. niloticus 2.810 1.210 1.610 0.570 Novaes et al., 2012
Bangladesh O. niloticus 1.390 0.800 0.590 0.420 Ahmed et al., 2003
Pakistan O. mossambicus 1.350 1.065 0.280 0.210 Present study
Biological Reference Points The estimated biological reference
points in present study for O. mossambicus
was . 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 which shows that the
current fishing mortality rate of 0.312 were
smaller than target biological reference points.
This specifies that the current status of fish
species in the Indus River, Sukkur may be in a
sustainable condition.
Growth Performance Index
Baijot, and Moreau, (1997) presented
his hypothesis for growth performance index
(∅ ) that it helps to explain the diverse
biological information of various stocks or
population status. The estimated value of
growth performance index from Indus River
Sukkur for the O. mossambicus was ∅ . 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 . The parameters of lifespan
account of O. mossambicus in this current
research may develop some concerns for the
fishery managers.
Maximum Sustainable Yield
The estimated values of maximum
sustainable yield (MSY) of 0.472 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
were higher than recent catch of 0.198 tons
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 (193.735kg) that specified sustainable
stocks of O. mossambicus in Indus River,
Sukkur.
CONCLUSION The obtained parameters of fishing
mortality (F) and maximum sustainable yield
(MSY) both indicate that the fish species of O.
mosumbicus may be in a sustainable state in
Indus River Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan. Because
the estimated results of fishing mortality rate
(F) 0.312 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 are smaller than the target
106
biological reference points of . 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
and the estimated maximum sustainable yield
(MSY) 0.472 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 was higher than the
present catch of 0.198 tons 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 (193.735
kg).
ACKNOWLEDGMENT The corresponding author is thankful to Higher
Education of Pakistan (HEC) for funding this
project. This work is supported by the special
research fund of Higher Education of Pakistan
(Project No. 597).
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Received October 20th, Accepted December 15th, 2017
Manuscript can be viewed online at:
http://www.lujst.com/