estimation (power point)

ESTIMATIONESTIMATION

Estimation is the scientific way of Estimation is the scientific way of working out the approximate cost of working out the approximate cost of an engineering project before an engineering project before execution of the workexecution of the work..

It is totally different from calculation of the It is totally different from calculation of the exact cost after completion of the project. exact cost after completion of the project.

Estimation requires a thorough Knowledge Estimation requires a thorough Knowledge of the construction procedures and cost of of the construction procedures and cost of materials & labour in addition to the skill , materials & labour in addition to the skill , experience, foresight and good judgment.experience, foresight and good judgment.

ESTIMATEESTIMATE

An estimate of the cost of a An estimate of the cost of a construction job is the probable cost of construction job is the probable cost of that job as computed from plans and that job as computed from plans and specificationsspecifications..

For a good estimate the, actual cost of the For a good estimate the, actual cost of the proposed work after completion should not proposed work after completion should not differ by more then 5 to 10 % from its differ by more then 5 to 10 % from its approximate cost estimate, provided there approximate cost estimate, provided there are no unusual, unforeseen circumstances.are no unusual, unforeseen circumstances.

NEED FOR ESTIMATENEED FOR ESTIMATE1.1. It help to work out the approximate cost of the It help to work out the approximate cost of the

project in order to decide its feasibility with project in order to decide its feasibility with respect to the cost and to ensure the financial respect to the cost and to ensure the financial resources, it the proposal is approved.resources, it the proposal is approved.

2. 2. Requirements of controlled materials, such as Requirements of controlled materials, such as cement and steel can be estimated for making cement and steel can be estimated for making applications to the controlling authorities.applications to the controlling authorities.

3. 3. It is used for framing the tenders for the works It is used for framing the tenders for the works and to check contractor’s work during and after and to check contractor’s work during and after the its execution for the purpose of making the its execution for the purpose of making payments to the contractor. payments to the contractor.

4. 4. From quantities of different items of work From quantities of different items of work calculated in detailed estimation, resources are calculated in detailed estimation, resources are allocated to different activities of the project and allocated to different activities of the project and ultimately their durations and whole planning ultimately their durations and whole planning and scheduling of the project is carried out.and scheduling of the project is carried out.

SITE CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE OVERALL COSTSITE CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE OVERALL COST

1 = Each type of work requires a different 1 = Each type of work requires a different method of construction. Construction may be method of construction. Construction may be of an ordinary house or office and it may also of an ordinary house or office and it may also be of a Dam, Tunnel, Multistory building, be of a Dam, Tunnel, Multistory building, Airport, Bridge, or a Road, already in Airport, Bridge, or a Road, already in operation. Each of these works requires totally operation. Each of these works requires totally different construction techniques, type of different construction techniques, type of machinery, and formwork. machinery, and formwork.

2 = Quality of labour and labour output varies in 2 = Quality of labour and labour output varies in different localities.different localities.

3 = Weather conditions greatly affect the output 3 = Weather conditions greatly affect the output and, hence, the overall costand, hence, the overall cost..

SITE CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE OVERALL COST (-ctd-)SITE CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE OVERALL COST (-ctd-)

4. 4. Ground conditions vary and change Ground conditions vary and change the method of construction. For the method of construction. For example, excavation may be dry, wet, example, excavation may be dry, wet, hard, soft, shallow or deep requiring hard, soft, shallow or deep requiring different efforts.different efforts.

5. 5. The work may be in open ground such The work may be in open ground such as fields or it may be in congested as fields or it may be in congested areas such as near or on the public areas such as near or on the public roads, necessitating extensive roads, necessitating extensive watching, lightening, and controlling watching, lightening, and controlling efforts, etc.efforts, etc.

SITE CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE OVERALL COST (-ctd-)SITE CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE OVERALL COST (-ctd-)

6. 6. The source of availability of a The source of availability of a sufficient supply of materials of good sufficient supply of materials of good quality is also a factor.quality is also a factor.

7. 7. The availability of construction The availability of construction machinery also affects the method of machinery also affects the method of construction.construction.

8. 8. Access to the site must be Access to the site must be reasonable. If the access is poor, reasonable. If the access is poor, temporary roads may be constructed.temporary roads may be constructed.

ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF A GOOD ESTIMATORESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF A GOOD ESTIMATOR

• In preparing an estimate, the Estimator must In preparing an estimate, the Estimator must have good knowledge regarding the important have good knowledge regarding the important rules of quantity surveying. rules of quantity surveying.

• He must thoroughly understand the drawings He must thoroughly understand the drawings

of the structure, for which he is going to of the structure, for which he is going to prepare an estimate. prepare an estimate.

• He must also be clearly informed about the He must also be clearly informed about the specifications showing nature and classes of specifications showing nature and classes of works and the materials to be used because works and the materials to be used because the rates at which various types of works can the rates at which various types of works can be executed depend upon its specifications. be executed depend upon its specifications.

ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF A GOOD ESTIMATOR (-ctd-)ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF A GOOD ESTIMATOR (-ctd-)

A good estimator of construction costs should possess the following capabilities, also:-

1 = A knowledge of the details of construction work.

2 = Experience in construction work.

3 = Having information regarding the materials required, machinery needed, overhead problems, and costs of all kinds.

4 = Good judgment with regard to different localities, different jobs and different workmen.

5 = Selection of a good method for preparing an estimate.

6 = Ability to be careful, thorough, hard working and accurate.

7 = Ability to collect, classify and evaluate data relating to estimation.

8 = Ability to visualize all the steps during the process of construction.

ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF A GOOD ESTIMATOR (-ctd-)ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF A GOOD ESTIMATOR (-ctd-) Before preparing the estimate, the estimator should visit Before preparing the estimate, the estimator should visit

thethe site and make a study of conditions, there. For site and make a study of conditions, there. For example, if the construction of a large building is example, if the construction of a large building is planned, the estimator or his representative should visit planned, the estimator or his representative should visit the site and: the site and:

Note the location of the proposed building. Note the location of the proposed building. Get all data available regarding the soil.Get all data available regarding the soil. Make a sketch of the site showing all important details. Make a sketch of the site showing all important details. Obtain information concerning light, power, and water. Obtain information concerning light, power, and water. Secure information concerning banking facilities. Secure information concerning banking facilities. Note conditions of streets leading to railway yards and Note conditions of streets leading to railway yards and

to material dealers, and to material dealers, and Investigate general efficiency of local workman.Investigate general efficiency of local workman.

TYPES OF ESTIMATESTYPES OF ESTIMATES

There are two main types of estimates:-There are two main types of estimates:-1 = 1 = Rough cost estimate.Rough cost estimate.2 =2 = Detailed estimate. Detailed estimate.

Depending upon the purpose of estimate, Depending upon the purpose of estimate, some types of detailed estimate are as some types of detailed estimate are as follows:-follows:-

a)a) Contractor's estimateContractor's estimateb)b) Engineer's estimateEngineer's estimatec)c) Progress estimateProgress estimate

I = Rough cost estimateI = Rough cost estimate

• Estimation of cost before construction from Estimation of cost before construction from plans or architectural drawings of the plans or architectural drawings of the project scheme, when even detailed or project scheme, when even detailed or structural design has not been carried out, structural design has not been carried out, is called Rough cost estimate.is called Rough cost estimate.

• These estimates are used for obtaining These estimates are used for obtaining Administrative Approval from the Administrative Approval from the concerning Authorities. concerning Authorities.

• Sometimes, on the basis of rough cost Sometimes, on the basis of rough cost estimates, a proposal may be dropped estimates, a proposal may be dropped altogether. altogether.

Rough cost estimate (-ctd-)Rough cost estimate (-ctd-)• Unit costUnit cost is worked out for projects similar to the project is worked out for projects similar to the project

under consideration carried out recently in nearly the same under consideration carried out recently in nearly the same site conditions. site conditions.

• Unit cost means cost of execution of a unit quantity of the Unit cost means cost of execution of a unit quantity of the work. work.

Rough cost estimate (-ctd-)Rough cost estimate (-ctd-)• To find rough cost of any project, this worked To find rough cost of any project, this worked

average unit cost is multiplied with total quantity average unit cost is multiplied with total quantity of the present work in the same units. of the present work in the same units.

• For example, in case of a building, plinth area For example, in case of a building, plinth area (sq. ft.) of the proposed building is worked out, (sq. ft.) of the proposed building is worked out, which is then multiplied by the cost per unit area which is then multiplied by the cost per unit area (Rs. /ft(Rs. /ft22) of similar building actually constructed ) of similar building actually constructed in the near past in nearly the same site in the near past in nearly the same site conditions, to find out the rough cost estimate of conditions, to find out the rough cost estimate of the building. the building.

• This cost is sometimes adjusted by the average This cost is sometimes adjusted by the average percentage rise in the cost of materials and percentage rise in the cost of materials and wages. wages.

Rough cost estimateRough cost estimate The rough cost estimate may be prepared on the The rough cost estimate may be prepared on the

following basis for different types of projects:following basis for different types of projects:

1. 1. Cost per square foot of covered area (plinth area) is Cost per square foot of covered area (plinth area) is the most the most commonly adopted criterion for preparing commonly adopted criterion for preparing rough cost estimate for most of the residential rough cost estimate for most of the residential buildings.buildings.

2. 2. For public buildings, cost. Per person (cost per For public buildings, cost. Per person (cost per capita) is capita) is used. For example,used. For example,

Students hostel———————-—cost per studentStudents hostel———————-—cost per student

Hospitals————————————Cost per bedHospitals————————————Cost per bed

Hotel—————————————Cost per GuestHotel—————————————Cost per Guest

Rough cost estimate (-ctd-)Rough cost estimate (-ctd-)3.3. Cost per cubic footCost per cubic foot is particularly suitable for is particularly suitable for

commercial offices, shopping centers, and commercial offices, shopping centers, and factory buildingsfactory buildings, etc., etc.

4.4. For For water tank/reservoirwater tank/reservoir, cost may be worked out , cost may be worked out on the basis of capacity in on the basis of capacity in gallons of water storedgallons of water stored..

5.5. For roads and railwaysFor roads and railways, cost may be found out , cost may be found out per mile/kilometerper mile/kilometer of length. of length.

6.6. For streetsFor streets, cost may be , cost may be per hundred feet/metersper hundred feet/meters of of length.length.

7.7. In case of In case of bridgesbridges, , cost per foot/metercost per foot/meter of clear span of clear span may be calculated.may be calculated.

EXAMPLEEXAMPLE

Calculate the total rough cost Calculate the total rough cost

estimate and cost per Flat for a estimate and cost per Flat for a

multi-storey (4-storeyed) block multi-storey (4-storeyed) block

consisting of 40 residential flats. consisting of 40 residential flats.

Other details are given in the table:Other details are given in the table:

Sr. No PORTION AREA(sq. ft)

UNIT COST (Rs./sq.ft.)

BuildingWorks

SanitoryWorks

ElectricServices

Sui GasServices

1 Main Flat Area

(i) Ground Floor (ii) Ist Floor (iii) 2nd Floor (iv) 3rd Floor

20030200302003020030

1800150016501800

130130130130

100100100100

60606060

2 Park Area at G. Floor 75,800 800 -------- 40 -------

3 Circulation Area in all 4 floors

1936 1050 -------- 70 -------

4 Covered Shopping Area at G. Floor

920 950 -------- 70 -------

5 Attached Servant Quarters

2112 1150 55 70 40

Add the following costs as Lump Sum :Add the following costs as Lump Sum :

1- 1- Road and Walkways = 15,00,000/-Road and Walkways = 15,00,000/-2- 2- Land Scapping = 12,00,000/-Land Scapping = 12,00,000/-3- 3- External Sewerage = 7,00,000/-External Sewerage = 7,00,000/-4- 4- External Water Supply, Overhead and External Water Supply, Overhead and

Underground Water Tanks with pumping Underground Water Tanks with pumping machinery for each set of Flats = 19,00,000/-machinery for each set of Flats = 19,00,000/-

5- 5- External Electricity = 3,00,000/-External Electricity = 3,00,000/-6- 6- Boundary Wall = 6,00,000/-Boundary Wall = 6,00,000/-7- 7- Miscellaneous unforeseen items Miscellaneous unforeseen items

= 8,00,000/-= 8,00,000/-8- 8- Add 6 % development charges.Add 6 % development charges.9- 9- Add 3 % consultancy charges Add 3 % consultancy charges

DETAILED ESTIMATEDETAILED ESTIMATE

• Detailed estimates are prepared by carefully Detailed estimates are prepared by carefully and separately calculating in detail the costs and separately calculating in detail the costs of various items of the work that constitute of various items of the work that constitute the whole project from the detailed working the whole project from the detailed working drawings after the design has been finalizeddrawings after the design has been finalized. .

• The mistakes, if any, in the rough cost estimate are The mistakes, if any, in the rough cost estimate are eliminated in the detailed estimate. eliminated in the detailed estimate.

• Detailed estimates are submitted to the competent Detailed estimates are submitted to the competent authorities for obtaining technical sanction.authorities for obtaining technical sanction.


The whole project is sub-divided into different The whole project is sub-divided into different items of work or activities. The quantity for each items of work or activities. The quantity for each item is then calculated separately from the item is then calculated separately from the drawings as accurately as possible. The procedure drawings as accurately as possible. The procedure is known as is known as ""taking out of quantitiestaking out of quantities".".

The quantities for each item may be estimated The quantities for each item may be estimated and shown in the pattern which is called and shown in the pattern which is called ""Bill of Bill of quantities."quantities."

The unit, in which each item of the wok is to be The unit, in which each item of the wok is to be calculated, should be according to the prevailing calculated, should be according to the prevailing practice as followed in various departments of the practice as followed in various departments of the country.country.

BILL OF QUANTITIES

Sr. NoSr. NoDescriptionDescription

of itemof item

NoNo MeasurementsMeasurements QuantityQuantity Total Total

QuantityQuantity

RemarksRemarks

LengthLength BreadthBreadth HeightHeight

PRICED BILL OF QUANTITIES

Sr. No.Sr. No. Description of ItemDescription of Item UnitUnit QuantityQuantity RateRate CostCost RemarksRemarks


Each item of the work is then multiplied by its Each item of the work is then multiplied by its estimated current rate calculated by a fixed procedure estimated current rate calculated by a fixed procedure to find out to find out cost of the itemcost of the item. .

At the end, a total of all items of the work are made to At the end, a total of all items of the work are made to get the get the total estimated costtotal estimated cost..

The rates are usually as per The rates are usually as per Schedule of RatesSchedule of Rates for the for the locality plus a locality plus a premiumpremium to allow for rise in labor and to allow for rise in labor and material rates over and above the schedule of rates. material rates over and above the schedule of rates.

A percentage, usually 5% is also provided on the total A percentage, usually 5% is also provided on the total estimated cost for the work to allow for the possible estimated cost for the work to allow for the possible contingenciescontingencies due to unforeseen items or expenditure due to unforeseen items or expenditure or other causes, besides 2% or other causes, besides 2% establishment chargesestablishment charges..


Besides drawings and details of measurements and Besides drawings and details of measurements and calculation of quantities (Bill of Quantities), the following calculation of quantities (Bill of Quantities), the following documents documents are also usually submitted with the detailed are also usually submitted with the detailed estimate for obtaining Technical Sanction:estimate for obtaining Technical Sanction:

1.1. A A reportreport explaining History, necessity, scope and main explaining History, necessity, scope and main features of the project, its design, and estimate, etc.features of the project, its design, and estimate, etc.

2. 2. SpecificationsSpecifications lying down the nature and class of work lying down the nature and class of work and material to be used in various parts of the work.and material to be used in various parts of the work.

3. 3. The The abstract of costabstract of cost (priced Bill of Quantities) showing the (priced Bill of Quantities) showing the total quantities under each sub-head, rate per unit of total quantities under each sub-head, rate per unit of measurement, and cost.measurement, and cost.

4. 4. Calculation sheetsCalculation sheets showing calculations for important showing calculations for important parts of the structure. In fact, in estimating the art and parts of the structure. In fact, in estimating the art and skill lies only in the computation of details without any skill lies only in the computation of details without any omissions, of all parts of the building or work.omissions, of all parts of the building or work.

CLASSIFICATION DEPENDING UPON CLASSIFICATION DEPENDING UPON PURPOSE OF DETAILED ESTIMATEPURPOSE OF DETAILED ESTIMATE

1- CONTRACTOR ESTIMATE1- CONTRACTOR ESTIMATE

It is made by the contractor for determining It is made by the contractor for determining the price or prices to be bid. the price or prices to be bid.

It is usually a carefully prepared detailed It is usually a carefully prepared detailed estimateestimate..

2- ENGINEER’S ESTIMATE2- ENGINEER’S ESTIMATE

This type of estimate is made by the Engineer This type of estimate is made by the Engineer (Consultant) usually for the purposes of (Consultant) usually for the purposes of financing the work and for checking bids and financing the work and for checking bids and running bills submitted by contractors.running bills submitted by contractors.

3- PROGRESS ESTIMATES3- PROGRESS ESTIMATES

• These are made by the These are made by the EngineerEngineer at at regular intervals for the completed parts regular intervals for the completed parts of the project during the progress of the of the project during the progress of the work for determining the amounts of work for determining the amounts of partial payments to be made to the partial payments to be made to the contractor. contractor.

• On large contracts, such estimates are On large contracts, such estimates are commonly made each month and, hence, commonly made each month and, hence, are frequently called are frequently called monthly estimatesmonthly estimates..

UNFORESEEN ITEMS IN DETAILED ESTIMATE UNFORESEEN ITEMS IN DETAILED ESTIMATE

• While preparing a detailed estimate, one had to While preparing a detailed estimate, one had to be very careful to see that all items of the work be very careful to see that all items of the work are incorporated. are incorporated.

• It is likely that a few Items, though unimportant It is likely that a few Items, though unimportant in nature, might have been overlooked and in nature, might have been overlooked and which may result in raising the estimate of the which may result in raising the estimate of the project. project.

• There may be also certain unforeseen There may be also certain unforeseen circumstances affecting the project. circumstances affecting the project.

• Hence, a certain allowance usually Hence, a certain allowance usually 5 to 10% 5 to 10% of of the total cost, is made in the estimation which the total cost, is made in the estimation which will take care of all these items that are will take care of all these items that are unforeseen or are overlooked and are known as unforeseen or are overlooked and are known as "Contingencies"."Contingencies".

METHODS OF DETAILED ESTIMATEMETHODS OF DETAILED ESTIMATE The dimensions, length, breadth and height or depth The dimensions, length, breadth and height or depth

are to be taken out from the working drawings (plan, are to be taken out from the working drawings (plan, elevation and section). elevation and section).

Junctions of walls, cornersJunctions of walls, corners and the and the meeting pointsmeeting points of of walls require special attention. walls require special attention.

For symmetrical footings, which is the usual case, For symmetrical footings, which is the usual case, earthwork in excavation in foundations, foundation earthwork in excavation in foundations, foundation concrete, brickwork in foundation and plinth, and concrete, brickwork in foundation and plinth, and brickwork in superstructure may be estimated by either brickwork in superstructure may be estimated by either of the of the two methodstwo methods::

(1)(1) SEPARATE OR INDIVIDUAL WALL SEPARATE OR INDIVIDUAL WALL METHODMETHOD

(2) CENTER LINE METHOD(2) CENTER LINE METHOD

SEPARATE OR INDIVIDUAL WALLS METHODSEPARATE OR INDIVIDUAL WALLS METHOD

• The walls running in one direction are termed as The walls running in one direction are termed as ""long wallslong walls”” and the walls running in the and the walls running in the transverse direction, as transverse direction, as ""Short waLlsShort waLls",", without without keeping in mind which wall is lesser in length keeping in mind which wall is lesser in length and which wall is greater in length. and which wall is greater in length.

• Lengths of long walls are measured or found Lengths of long walls are measured or found ""Out-to outOut-to out"" and those of short walls as " and those of short walls as "In-to-In-to-in".in".

• Different Different quantitiesquantities are calculated by are calculated by multiplying the length by the breadth and the multiplying the length by the breadth and the height of the wall. height of the wall.

• The same rule applies to the excavation in The same rule applies to the excavation in foundation, to concrete bed in foundation, foundation, to concrete bed in foundation, D.P.C., masonry in foundation and super D.P.C., masonry in foundation and super structure etc.structure etc.


• For symmetrical footing on either side, the For symmetrical footing on either side, the center line remains same for super structure, center line remains same for super structure, foundation and plinth. So, the simple method is foundation and plinth. So, the simple method is to find out the centre-to-centre lengths of long to find out the centre-to-centre lengths of long walls and short walls from the plan.walls and short walls from the plan.

• Long wall length out-to-outLong wall length out-to-out = Center to center length + half breadth on one = Center to center length + half breadth on one Side + half breadth on other side.Side + half breadth on other side.

= Center to center length + one breadth= Center to center length + one breadth

• Short wall length in-to-inShort wall length in-to-in = Center to Center = Center to Center length - one breadth.length - one breadth.


This method can also be worked out in a quicker way., as follows:This method can also be worked out in a quicker way., as follows:

For long wallsFor long walls

• First of all, find the length of the First of all, find the length of the foundation trenchfoundation trench of the long of the long wall wall “out-to-out”“out-to-out” in the same manner as explained above. in the same manner as explained above.

• The length of the The length of the foundation concretefoundation concrete is the same. is the same. • For the length of the For the length of the first footingfirst footing or first step of the brick wall, or first step of the brick wall,

subtract two offsets (2x6"=12") in foundation concrete from the subtract two offsets (2x6"=12") in foundation concrete from the length of the trench or concrete. length of the trench or concrete.

• For the For the second footingsecond footing subtract from the length of the 1st footing subtract from the length of the 1st footing two offsets (2x2.25"= 4.5"), for two offsets (2x2.25"= 4.5"), for 3rd footing3rd footing subtract from the subtract from the length of the 2nd footing 2 offsets (4.5") and in this way deal length of the 2nd footing 2 offsets (4.5") and in this way deal with the long walls up to the super-structure. with the long walls up to the super-structure.

For short wallsFor short walls

Follow he same method but instead of subtracting add two offsets Follow he same method but instead of subtracting add two offsets to get the corresponding lengths to get the corresponding lengths in-to-inin-to-in. .

FoundationTrench

1 Breadth2 1 Breadth2

CENTRE LINE METHODCENTRE LINE METHOD In this method, total length of centre lines of walls, long In this method, total length of centre lines of walls, long

and short, has to be found out. and short, has to be found out. Find the total length of centre lines of walls of same Find the total length of centre lines of walls of same

type, having same type of foundations and footings and type, having same type of foundations and footings and then find the quantities by multiplying the total centre then find the quantities by multiplying the total centre length by the respective breadth and the height. length by the respective breadth and the height.

In this method, the length will remain the same for In this method, the length will remain the same for excavation in foundations, for concrete in foundations, excavation in foundations, for concrete in foundations, for all footings, and for superstructure (with slight for all footings, and for superstructure (with slight difference when there are cross walls or number of difference when there are cross walls or number of junctions). junctions).

This method is quicker but requires special attention This method is quicker but requires special attention and considerations at the junctions, meeting points of and considerations at the junctions, meeting points of partition or cross walls. partition or cross walls.

CENTRE LINE METHODCENTRE LINE METHOD For rectangular, circular polygonal (hexagonal, For rectangular, circular polygonal (hexagonal,

octagonal etc) buildings having no inter or cross octagonal etc) buildings having no inter or cross walls, this method is quite simple. walls, this method is quite simple.

For buildings having cross or partition walls, for For buildings having cross or partition walls, for every junction, half breadth of the respective every junction, half breadth of the respective item or footing is to be deducted from the total item or footing is to be deducted from the total centre length. centre length.

Thus in the case of a building with one partition Thus in the case of a building with one partition wall or cross wall having two junctions, deduct wall or cross wall having two junctions, deduct one breadth of the respective item of work from one breadth of the respective item of work from the total centre length. the total centre length.

CENTRE LINE METHODCENTRE LINE METHOD

For buildings having different types of walls, each set of For buildings having different types of walls, each set of walls shall have to be dealt separately. walls shall have to be dealt separately.

Find the total centre length of all walls of one type and Find the total centre length of all walls of one type and proceed in the same manner as described above. Similarly proceed in the same manner as described above. Similarly find the total centre length of walls of second type and find the total centre length of walls of second type and deal this separately, and so on. deal this separately, and so on.

Suppose the outer walls (main walls) are of A type and Suppose the outer walls (main walls) are of A type and inner cross walls are of B type. inner cross walls are of B type.

Then all A type walls shall be taken jointly first, and then Then all A type walls shall be taken jointly first, and then

all B type walls shall be taken together separately.all B type walls shall be taken together separately. In such cases, no deduction of any kind need be made for A In such cases, no deduction of any kind need be made for A

type walls, but when B type walls are taken, for each type walls, but when B type walls are taken, for each junction deduction of half breadth of A type walls (main junction deduction of half breadth of A type walls (main Walls) shall have to be made from the total centre length Walls) shall have to be made from the total centre length of B type walls.of B type walls.

CENTRE LINE METHODCENTRE LINE METHOD

At corners of the building where two walls At corners of the building where two walls are meeting, no subtraction or addition is are meeting, no subtraction or addition is required. required.

In the figure, the double cross-hatched In the figure, the double cross-hatched areas marked P,Q,R, & S come twice, while areas marked P,Q,R, & S come twice, while blank areas, A,B,C, & D do not come at all, blank areas, A,B,C, & D do not come at all, but these portions being equal in but these portions being equal in magnitude, we get the correct quantity.magnitude, we get the correct quantity.

DESCRIPTION AND UNITS DESCRIPTION AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENT FOR OF MEASUREMENT FOR

COMMON ITEMSCOMMON ITEMS

1 = SITE CLEARANCE WORKS1 = SITE CLEARANCE WORKS

• This item is described in detail but This item is described in detail but the price of this item is usually the price of this item is usually indicated as indicated as lump sum (LS).lump sum (LS).

• The cost of this item is provided in The cost of this item is provided in the estimate by judgment, the estimate by judgment, according to the description of the according to the description of the item and is indicated as item and is indicated as Lump sum Lump sum (L.S). (L.S).

2 = EXCAVATION FOR FOUNDATION TRENCHES2 = EXCAVATION FOR FOUNDATION TRENCHES

• Earthwork in excavation for foundation Earthwork in excavation for foundation trenches is calculated by taking the trenches is calculated by taking the dimensions of each trench as dimensions of each trench as length X length X breadth X depth.breadth X depth.

• It is measured in cubic ft, cubic yard or It is measured in cubic ft, cubic yard or cubic meter, according to the prevailing cubic meter, according to the prevailing practice.practice.

• The payment for this item is generally The payment for this item is generally

done as Rs. per hundred cubic ft. done as Rs. per hundred cubic ft.

FILLING IN TRENCHESFILLING IN TRENCHES

Filling in trenchesFilling in trenches after the after the construction of foundation construction of foundation masonry is ordinary neglected. If masonry is ordinary neglected. If the trench filling is, also taken in the trench filling is, also taken in account, it may be calculated by account, it may be calculated by deducing the volume of masonry deducing the volume of masonry in trenches from that of the in trenches from that of the volume of excavation.volume of excavation.

3 = FOUNDATION CONCRETE (P.C.C.)3 = FOUNDATION CONCRETE (P.C.C.)

• The type of concrete must be clearly The type of concrete must be clearly mentioned. The mix proportions and the type of mentioned. The mix proportions and the type of cement, sand and coarse aggregate must be cement, sand and coarse aggregate must be specified. specified.

• This item is measured in cubic ft and the This item is measured in cubic ft and the unit for measurement is, generally Rs. per unit for measurement is, generally Rs. per 100 cubic ft.100 cubic ft.

• When the soil is soft or weak, one layer of When the soil is soft or weak, one layer of dry dry bricks or stone solingbricks or stone soling is applied below the is applied below the foundation concrete. The soling layer is foundation concrete. The soling layer is computed in computed in sq.ft (length X breadth),sq.ft (length X breadth), specifying specifying the thickness in description of item.the thickness in description of item.

4 = BRICKWORK IN FOUNDATION UP TO PLINTH4 = BRICKWORK IN FOUNDATION UP TO PLINTH

Care must be taken, while taking dimensions Care must be taken, while taking dimensions from the drawings in the bill of quantities from the drawings in the bill of quantities because the walls in this part of the structure because the walls in this part of the structure are in the form of steps with changing are in the form of steps with changing dimensions. dimensions.

This item is calculated in cft and the unit for This item is calculated in cft and the unit for payment is Rs. per 100 cft.payment is Rs. per 100 cft.

In the description of work, the quality of bricks In the description of work, the quality of bricks and mortar ratio must be specified. For and mortar ratio must be specified. For example,example,"Brickwork in foundation and plinth using first "Brickwork in foundation and plinth using first class bricks laid in (1:4) or (1:6) cement-sand class bricks laid in (1:4) or (1:6) cement-sand (c/s) mortar———————“(c/s) mortar———————“

5 = BRICKWORK IN SUPER STRUCTURE5 = BRICKWORK IN SUPER STRUCTURE

Important considerations are:Important considerations are:

a =a = Measurements of walls shall be taken in the Measurements of walls shall be taken in the same order and in the same manner as for same order and in the same manner as for brickwork in foundations and plinth.brickwork in foundations and plinth.

b =b = In the first measurements, all openings such In the first measurements, all openings such as doors, windows, veranda openings etc. shall as doors, windows, veranda openings etc. shall be neglected. However, deductions shall be be neglected. However, deductions shall be made for all openings in the walls, at the end of made for all openings in the walls, at the end of the item.the item.

BRICKWORK IN SUPER STRUCTURE (ctd)BRICKWORK IN SUPER STRUCTURE (ctd)

c = In the description of the work, the c = In the description of the work, the quality quality of bricks and mortar ratioof bricks and mortar ratio have to be specified. have to be specified.

d = d = Masonry for archesMasonry for arches shall be paid separately, shall be paid separately, at a different rate.at a different rate.

e = The height of super structure is very e = The height of super structure is very important. Generally the quantities are important. Generally the quantities are worked out for each storey separately and worked out for each storey separately and rates would be different for different storeis rates would be different for different storeis because of additional labor work, scaffolding because of additional labor work, scaffolding and shuttering.and shuttering.

f = f = The item is worked out in cft and the The item is worked out in cft and the standard unit for payment is Rs. Per 100 cft.standard unit for payment is Rs. Per 100 cft.

6 = DAMP PROOF COURSE (D.P.C.)6 = DAMP PROOF COURSE (D.P.C.)

Horizontal D.P.C.Horizontal D.P.C. shall extend the full width of shall extend the full width of the super structure walls, however, it shall not the super structure walls, however, it shall not be provided across doorways and veranda be provided across doorways and veranda openings. It is also provided in roof and floors.openings. It is also provided in roof and floors.

Vertical D.P.C.Vertical D.P.C. is provided in external walls, is provided in external walls,

especially, in the walls of basements.especially, in the walls of basements.

The quantity of D.P.C. is estimated in square ft.The quantity of D.P.C. is estimated in square ft.(on area basis) and standard unit for payment (on area basis) and standard unit for payment is Rs. per 100 sft.is Rs. per 100 sft.

7 = ROOFING & RCC WORKS7 = ROOFING & RCC WORKS Area of the Area of the Roof slabRoof slab is calculated by taking inside is calculated by taking inside

dimensions of the room plus a bearing of the roof slab dimensions of the room plus a bearing of the roof slab on the walls, on all sides. on the walls, on all sides.

For R.C.C. Roof slabs and beamsFor R.C.C. Roof slabs and beams, the total quantities of , the total quantities of concrete and steel are estimated, separately. concrete and steel are estimated, separately.

The quantity of plain concrete is estimated in cft and The quantity of plain concrete is estimated in cft and the standard unit for payment of concrete is Rs. per the standard unit for payment of concrete is Rs. per 100 cft.100 cft.

Volume of Volume of Reinforcing SteelReinforcing Steel is not deducted , while is not deducted , while

estimating the volume of plain concrete for payment.estimating the volume of plain concrete for payment.

c = c = R.C.C. lintelsR.C.C. lintels over wall openings such as doors over wall openings such as doors and windows are also included in R.C.C. work.and windows are also included in R.C.C. work.

ROOFING & RCC WORKS (ctd)ROOFING & RCC WORKS (ctd)• Roof consisting of beams, battens, and tiles or wooden Roof consisting of beams, battens, and tiles or wooden

planks is estimated for each part, separately. planks is estimated for each part, separately.

Steel beam is estimated by weight, whereas, wooden Steel beam is estimated by weight, whereas, wooden beam is measured in cft. Battens are estimated by beam is measured in cft. Battens are estimated by numbers indicating there size and lengths. Tiles are numbers indicating there size and lengths. Tiles are also estimated by size and numbers.also estimated by size and numbers.

• Roof finishingRoof finishing may consist of bitumen coating and/or may consist of bitumen coating and/or Polythene sheets (water proofing) , earth filling (heat Polythene sheets (water proofing) , earth filling (heat proofing) and brick tiles, etc. proofing) and brick tiles, etc.

Dimensions are taken from inner face to inner face of Dimensions are taken from inner face to inner face of parapet walls. parapet walls.

This item is estimated in sft and a composite rate for This item is estimated in sft and a composite rate for payment is taken as Rs. per 100 sft of the roof area.payment is taken as Rs. per 100 sft of the roof area.

8 = REINFORCEMENT STEEL / 8 = REINFORCEMENT STEEL / GENERAL STEEL WORKGENERAL STEEL WORK

Steel is provided separately from R.C.C. Steel is provided separately from R.C.C. per ton, per Kg, or per cwt (standard per ton, per Kg, or per cwt (standard weight also called weight also called Quintal or century Quintal or century weightweight equal to 112 Ibs = 50Kg). equal to 112 Ibs = 50Kg).

Quantity of steel can either be worked Quantity of steel can either be worked out by out by rules of thumb practicerules of thumb practice or by or by intensive calculationsintensive calculations taking the length taking the length and diameter of steel bars from the and diameter of steel bars from the working drawings showing reinforcement working drawings showing reinforcement details and bar-bending schedules. In details and bar-bending schedules. In taking length of bars, due margin of taking length of bars, due margin of hooks, bends and overlappinghooks, bends and overlapping is given is given

REINFORCEMENT STEEL / GENERAL STEEL REINFORCEMENT STEEL / GENERAL STEEL WORK (-ctd-)WORK (-ctd-)

As a As a Rule Of Thumb PracticeRule Of Thumb Practice, , for for ordinary beams and slabs for residences, ordinary beams and slabs for residences, assume 6.75 Ibs of steel per cft of R.C.C. work. assume 6.75 Ibs of steel per cft of R.C.C. work. However, for R.C.C. columns, it varies from 8 to However, for R.C.C. columns, it varies from 8 to 10 Ibs per cft., because normally, we use 2% of 10 Ibs per cft., because normally, we use 2% of steel in columns. steel in columns.

Percentage of steelPercentage of steel means, area of steel divided means, area of steel divided by total area of the column multiplied by 100 by total area of the column multiplied by 100 and 1% of steel in columns corresponds to a and 1% of steel in columns corresponds to a quantity of 4.5 Ibs/cft.quantity of 4.5 Ibs/cft.

9 = FLOORS9 = FLOORS Cement concrete floors. Mosaic floors, and brick Cement concrete floors. Mosaic floors, and brick

floors are most commonly used. floors are most commonly used.

Payments are made separately for different Payments are made separately for different layers, like, topping, lean concrete, sand filling, layers, like, topping, lean concrete, sand filling, earth filling, etc.earth filling, etc.

Earth filling, sand filling and lean concrete are Earth filling, sand filling and lean concrete are paid by volume, whereas, topping is paid on paid by volume, whereas, topping is paid on area basis, mentioning thickness in the area basis, mentioning thickness in the description. description.

Standard unit for payment of topping is, usually, Standard unit for payment of topping is, usually, Rs. per 100 sft.Rs. per 100 sft.

The The skirtingskirting is estimated in running ft. is estimated in running ft.

10 = PLASTERING10 = PLASTERING The type of plaster, proportioning of materials The type of plaster, proportioning of materials

and minimum thickness of plaster have to be and minimum thickness of plaster have to be specified. specified.

The quantity is calculated for total wall surface The quantity is calculated for total wall surface without deduction for openings such as doors without deduction for openings such as doors windows, ventilators, etc. However, if the wall is windows, ventilators, etc. However, if the wall is being plastered on both the faces, the being plastered on both the faces, the deductions for opening areas are made from one deductions for opening areas are made from one side only. side only.

Standard unit for payment is Rs. per 100 sft.Standard unit for payment is Rs. per 100 sft.

HeightHeight is also specified for plastering because, is also specified for plastering because, for greater heights, labor cost increases. The for greater heights, labor cost increases. The rate varies according to the number of the storey rate varies according to the number of the storey

11 = WOODWORK/CARPENTRY11 = WOODWORK/CARPENTRY

The type of material used and the quantity of The type of material used and the quantity of finish required should be clearly indicated in the finish required should be clearly indicated in the description of the item. description of the item.

The rate for any type of woodwork includes The rate for any type of woodwork includes cutting of timber to required sizes, joinery work, cutting of timber to required sizes, joinery work, fittings and fastenings, three coats of oil paints fittings and fastenings, three coats of oil paints or varnish, bolts, locks, handles, etc. or varnish, bolts, locks, handles, etc.

The measurements are taken for the overall The measurements are taken for the overall area of doors, windows, etc.area of doors, windows, etc. If volume of timber If volume of timber required for these items is to be finding out, the required for these items is to be finding out, the computed area is multiplied with the nominal computed area is multiplied with the nominal thickness and an allowance of 25% is made for thickness and an allowance of 25% is made for wastage of timber.wastage of timber.

WOODWORK/CARPENTRY (-ctd-)WOODWORK/CARPENTRY (-ctd-) Rectangular wooden beams, vertical Rectangular wooden beams, vertical

columns, trusses, etc., are measured in columns, trusses, etc., are measured in cft. cft.

Wooden stairs are measured in number of Wooden stairs are measured in number of steps and description of the item includes steps and description of the item includes the riser, tread, and width of the steps. the riser, tread, and width of the steps.

Wooden shelves are measured in running Wooden shelves are measured in running ft (RFT).ft (RFT).

12 = PLUMBING WORK/SANITARY FITTINGS12 = PLUMBING WORK/SANITARY FITTINGS

For water supply and drainage works in a For water supply and drainage works in a building, the pipe lines and sewer lines are building, the pipe lines and sewer lines are measured in RFT, while other items are measured in RFT, while other items are measured in numbers.measured in numbers.

These items include wash hand basins (W.H.B.), These items include wash hand basins (W.H.B.), kitchen basins (which may be of glazed kitchen basins (which may be of glazed ceramic, mosaic, or stainless steel), water ceramic, mosaic, or stainless steel), water closets (W.C., which may be of European type, closets (W.C., which may be of European type, or local type), flushing tanks (also known as or local type), flushing tanks (also known as flushing cisterns), shower rose, and all type of flushing cisterns), shower rose, and all type of water tapes.water tapes.

PLUMBING WORK/SANITARY FITTINGS (-ctd-)PLUMBING WORK/SANITARY FITTINGS (-ctd-) Within sewer lines, Within sewer lines, man holes or inspection chambersman holes or inspection chambers are are

to be provided at every corner and also at a distance, not to be provided at every corner and also at a distance, not exceeding every 50 ft inside the house and every 100 ft exceeding every 50 ft inside the house and every 100 ft outside the house. outside the house.

The The size of man holesize of man hole may be may be 2.5ft X 2,5ft2.5ft X 2,5ft for low depths for low depths and 3ft X 3ft, 4ft X 4ft or 5ft X 5ft for deep depths. and 3ft X 3ft, 4ft X 4ft or 5ft X 5ft for deep depths.

Drainage pipe lines outside the covered area but inside the Drainage pipe lines outside the covered area but inside the boundary wallboundary wall are, usually, of R.C.C. with minimum are, usually, of R.C.C. with minimum diameter 4 in, however, these are available in different diameter 4 in, however, these are available in different sizes. sizes.

Inside the buildingInside the building, drainage pipe is, usually, of C.I. with , drainage pipe is, usually, of C.I. with minimum diameter 3 in. minimum diameter 3 in.

Water supply pipes are, usually, G.I. pipes., estimated in Water supply pipes are, usually, G.I. pipes., estimated in RFT in different dias. RFT in different dias.

Other accessories, like sockets, elbows, tees, reducers, Other accessories, like sockets, elbows, tees, reducers, unions, etc., are estimated in numbers. unions, etc., are estimated in numbers.

13 = ELECTRIC FITTINGS13 = ELECTRIC FITTINGS

• All the accessories used in electric All the accessories used in electric fittings are described in detail and fittings are described in detail and payment is done in numbers or RFTpayment is done in numbers or RFT..

• All All wires and pipeswires and pipes are taken in RFT are taken in RFT while other items are taken in No’s.while other items are taken in No’s.

SOME COMMON RELATIONS SOME COMMON RELATIONS USED IN BUILDING USED IN BUILDING

ESTIMATESESTIMATES

1- MORTARS

(a) Cement-Sand Mortars120 cft dry yields 100 cft wet

(b) Lime-Sand Mortars113 cft dry yields 100 cft wet

(C) Cement-Lime-Sand Mortars112 cft dry yields 100 cft wet

(d) Dry mortar required for 100 sft of ½” thick cement plaster =6 cft

2- CEMENT CONCRETE154 cft dry yields 100 cft wet

3- BRICKWORK

(a) 100 cft Brick masonary Bricks ------------1350Dry Mortar ------- 30 cftWet Mortar ------- 25 cft

(b) 100 sft surface area using bricks on bedBricks --------------360Mortar ------------- 9 cft

(b) 100 sft surface area using bricks on edgeBricks --------------540Mortar ------------- 13 cft

4- POINTING PER 1000 SFT AREA

Ingredient 1:1 1:2 1:3

Cement 8 cft 5 cft 3.8 cft

Sand 8 cft 10 cft 11.4 cft

5- EARTHWORK

Output of labor assuming one man working 8 hours per day with lift up to 5 ft or less

TYPE OF SOIL EXCAVATION PER DAY

Medium Soil 75 – 100 cft

Hard / Stiff Soil 50 – 75 cft

Rocky Soil 25 – 30 cft

6- BITUMEN

Bitumen for 100 sft of DPC (first coat) = 15 Kg

Bitumen for 100 sft of DPC (second coat)

= 10 Kg

7- CEMENT

1 Bag ------------- 50 Kg (Weight), 1.25 cft (Volume)

8- SPECIFIC WEIGHTSRCC --------------- 150 lbs / cft

PCC --------------- 145 lbs / cft

Aggregate ------- 166 lbs / cft

9- TIMBER

Timber for 100 sft of Panelled Doors and Windows = 13 cft

Timber for 100 sft of Glazed windows and Ventilators = 8 cft

10- WHITE WASH

Lime for 100 sft of white wash (one coat) = 1.00 Kg

ESTIMATION OF A SIMPLE ESTIMATION OF A SIMPLE BUILDINGBUILDING

PLANPLAN

FOUNDATIONSFOUNDATIONS

SPECIFICATIONSSPECIFICATIONS Clear height of roomsClear height of rooms: : 12’12’ Clear height of VerandahClear height of Verandah: : 10’-0”10’-0” Plinth levelPlinth level: : 1’-6”1’-6” Thickness of roof slabThickness of roof slab: : 4”4” Thickness of RCC shadeThickness of RCC shade: : 3”3” Depth of RCC Beams in VerandahDepth of RCC Beams in Verandah:: 1’-6” below verandah slab 1’-6” below verandah slab Parapet wallParapet wall: : 1’-0” (Clear height above roof tiles)1’-0” (Clear height above roof tiles) Ventilators (4 No.)Ventilators (4 No.): : 2’-6” x 1’-6”2’-6” x 1’-6” RCC lintelRCC lintel: : 6” in depth6” in depth Damp proof coarseDamp proof coarse: : 1 ½”thick PCC (1:2:4) + 2 coats of hot 1 ½”thick PCC (1:2:4) + 2 coats of hot

bitumen + polythene sheetbitumen + polythene sheet Full foundationFull foundation up to plinth level along verandah periphery is up to plinth level along verandah periphery is

providedprovided Internal finishesInternal finishes:: Three coats of white wash/distemper paint Three coats of white wash/distemper paint External finishesExternal finishes:: Three coats of Weather shield paint Three coats of Weather shield paint

Center to Center LengthsCenter to Center Lengths

L1 =L1 = (10’-0”) + (12’-0”) + (0’-4 ½”) + (0’-4 ½”) + (10’-0”) + (12’-0”) + (0’-4 ½”) + (0’-4 ½”) + (0’-4 ½”) = (0’-4 ½”) = 23’-1 ½”23’-1 ½”

S1& S2 =S1& S2 = (12’-0”) + (0’-4 ½”) + (0’-4 ½”) = (12’-0”) + (0’-4 ½”) + (0’-4 ½”) = 12’-9”12’-9”

S3 =S3 = (8’-0”) + (0’-4 ½”) - (0’-4 ½”) = (8’-0”) + (0’-4 ½”) - (0’-4 ½”) = 8’-0”8’-0”

BILL OF QUANTITIESBILL OF QUANTITIES1- CIVIL WORKS1- CIVIL WORKS

S.No

Description of item No Measurement Quantity Total Quantity Remarks

Length Breadth Depth

1 Earthwork for excavation in foundation trenches

L1 3 25’-7 ½ // 2’-6” 3’-6” 224.22 cft 672.66 cft L = 23’-1 ½”+2’-6” = 25’-7 ½”

S1 2 10’-3” 2’-6” 3’-6” 89.69 cft 179 .38 cft L = 12’-9”-(2’-6)” = 10’-3”

S2 1 10’-3” 2’-1 ½ ” 3’-6” 76.23 cft 76.23 cft L = 12’-9”-(2’-6)” = 10’-3”

S3 2 5’-6” 2’-6” 3’-6” 48.13 cft 96.25 cft L = 8’-0”-(2’-6)” = 5’-6”

Total = 1024.52 cft

2 Earth work in filing under floors

Room No.1 1 12’-0” 12’-0” 0’-6 ½ ” 78.00 cft 78.00 cft D = 1’-6”-(0’-11 ½”) = 6 1/2”

Room No.2 1 10’-0” 12’-0” 0’-6 ½ ” 65.00 cft 65.00 cft

Veranda 1 22’-4 ½ ” 7’-3” 0’-6 ½” 87.87 cft 87.87 cft L = 10’-0”+(0’-4½”)+(12’-0”) = 22’-4 ½”

B = 8’-0”-(0’-9)”= 7’-3”

Total = 230.87 cft

3 P.C.C (1:4:8) in foundation using crushed or broken stones

Length & Breadth same as for Foundation trenches

(Item No. 1)

L1 3 25’-7 ½ ” 2’-6” 0’-6” 32.00 cft 96.00 cft

S1 2 10’-3” 2’-6” 0’-6” 12.81 cft 25.63 cft

S2 1 10’-3 2’-1 ½” 0’-6” 10.89 cft 10.89 cft

S3 2 5’-6 2’-6” 0’-6” 6.87 cft 13.75 cft

Total= 146.27 cft

4 Burnt brick work in foundation and plinth using first class bricks in (1:6) cements sand mortar.

(a) L1

1st step 3 24’-7 ½ ” 1’-6” 0’-6” 18.47 cft 55.40 cft L = 23’-1½”+(1’-6”) = 24’-7½”

2nd step 3 24’-3” 1’-1 ½ “ 0’-6” 13.64 cft 40.92 cft L = 23’-1½”+(1’-1½”) = 24’-3”

3rd step up to plinth level

3 23’-10 ½” 0’-9” 3’-4 ½” 60.43 cft 181.30 cft

L = 23’-1½”+(0’-9”) =

23’-10½”D = 2’-0” +(1’-6”) –(0’-1 ½”) = 3’-4 ½”

Total= 277.62 cft

(b) S1

1st step 2 11’-3” 1’-6” 0’-6” 8.44 cft 16.88 cft L = 12’-9”-(1’-6”) = 11’-3”

2nd step 2 11’-7 ½ ” 1’-1 ½ ” 0’-6” 6.54 cft 13.08 cft L = 12’-9”-( 1’-1½”) = 11’-7½”


2 12’-0” 0’-9” 3’-4 ½ ” 30.37 cft 60.75 cft L = 12’-9”-( 0’-9”) = 12’-0”

Total= 90.71 cft

(c) S2

1st step 1 11’-3” 1’-1 ½ ” 0’-6” 6.33 cft 6.33 cft L = 12’-9”-(1’-6 ”) = 11’-3”

2nd step 1 11’-7 ½ ” 0’-9 ” 0’-6” 4.36 cft 4.36 cft L = 12’-9”-( 1’-1½”)= 11’-7½”


1 12’-0” 0’-4 ½ ” 3’-4 ½ ” 15.19 cft 15.19 cft L = 12’-9”-( 0’-9”) = 12’-0”

Total= 25.88 cft

(d)S3

1st step 2 6’-6” 1’-6” 0’-6” 4.87 cft 9.75 cft L = 8’-0”-(1’6”) = 6’-6’

2nd step 2 6’-10 ½ ” 1’-1 ½” 0’-6” 3.86 cft 7.73 cft L = 8’-0”-(1’-1½”) = 6’-10½”


2 7’-3” 0’-9” 3’-4 ½ ” 18.35 cft 36.70 cft L = 8’-0”-(0’-9”) = 7’-3”

Total= 54.18 cft

(e) steps in front of verandah

1st step 1 23’-10 ½” 2’-0” 0’-6” 23.88 cft 23.88 cft L = 23’-1½”+(0’-4½”) +

(0’-4½”) =23’-10½”

2nd step 1 23’-10 ½” 1’-0” 0’-6” 11.94 cft 11.94 cft

Total= 35.82 cft

G.Total= 484.21 cft

5 1-1/2” thick P.C.C (1:2:4) in DPC including two coats of hot bitumen & 2 layers of Polythene sheet

Length & Breadth same as for plinth wall

L1 2 23’-10 ½” 0’-9” - 17.9 sft 35.81 sft

S1 2 12’-0” 0’-9” - 9.00 sft 18.00 sft

S2 1 12’-0” 0’-4 ½” - 4.5 sft 4.50 sft

Verandah columns 3 0’-9” 0’-9” - 0.56 sft 1.69 sft

Total = 60.00 sft

Deduction of Door sills 1 4’-0” 0’-9” - 3.00 sft 3.00 sft

1 4’-0’ 0’-4 ½” - 1.50 sft 1.50sft

Total= 4.50 sft

Net Total = 55.50 sft

6 Brick work in super structure using first class bricks in (1:4) cement sand mortar

Length & Breadth same as for plinth wall

L1 2 23’-10 ½” 0’-9” 13’-10 ½” 248.45 cft 496.90 cft H = 12’-0” (Room height) + 0’-4” ( Slab) + 0’-4’’ (Earth filling) + 0’-1”(Mud plaster) + 0’-1½” (Tiles) + 1’-0” (P. wall) = 13’-10½”

S1 2 12’-0” 0’-9” 13’-10 ½” 124.87 cft 249.75 cft

S2 1 12’-0” 0’-4½ ” 12’-0” 54.00 cft 54.00 cft No Parapet Walls

Verandah columns 3 0’-9” 0’-9” 8’-6” 4.78 cft 14.34 cft H=10’-0”- (1’-6”)=8’-6”

Verandah parapet walls

(i) L1 1 23’-10 ½” 0’-9” 1’-6 ½” 27.60 cft 27.60 cft H = 0’-4” (Earth filling) + 0’-1” (Mud plaster) + 0’-1½” (Tiles) + 1’-0” (P. walls) = 1’-6½”

(ii) S3 2 7’-3” 0’-9” 1’-6 ½ ” 8.38 cft 16.76 cft

Total= 859.35 cft

Deduction

Doors 1 4’-0” 0’-9” 7’-0” 21.00 cft 21.00 cft

1 4’-0” 0’-4 ½ ” 7’-0” 10.5 cft 10.50 cft

Windows 3 4’-0” 0’-9” 4’-0” 12.00 cft 36.0 cft

Ventilators 4 2’-6” 0’-9” 1’--6” 2.81 cft 11.25 cft

Shelves 2 4’-0” 0’-6” 5’-0” 10.00 cft 20.00 cft

RCC lintels over

(i)doors 1 5’-0” 0’-9” 0’-6’ 1.87 cft 1.87 cft

1 5’-0” 0’-4 ½ ” 0’-6’ 0.93 cft 0.93 cft

(ii)Windows 3 5’-0” 0’-9” 0’-6’ 1.87 cft 5.62 cft

(iii)Ventilators 4 3’-6” 0’-9” 0’-6’ 1.31 cft 5.25 cft

(iv)Shelves 2 5’-0” 0’-9” 0’-6’ 1.87 cft 3.75 cft

Total = 116.18 cft

Net Total = 743.17 cft

7 Reinforced cement concrete (1:2:4) as in roof slab, lintels, columns, beams etc., (reinforcement will be measured separately)

There is 4½” bearing of both slabs on all walls

Roof slab of rooms

1 23’-1 ½” 12’-9” 0’-4” 98.28 cft 98.28 cft L = 10”-0” + 12’-0” + 0’-4½” + 0’-9” (2 bearings) = 23’-1½”

B = 12’-0” + 0-4½”(bearing) + 0’-4½”(bearing) = 12’-9”

Roof slab of Verandah

1 23’-10 ½ ” 8’-4 ½ ” 0’-4” 66.65 cft 66.65 cft B = 8’-0” + 0’-4½” (bearing) = 8’-4½”

Verandah beam

Long beam 1 23’-1 0½” 0’-9” 1’-6” 26.86 cft 26.86 cft

Short beam 2 7’-7 ½ ” 0’-9” 1’-6” 8.59 cft 17.18 cft L=8’-0”-(0’-9”) + (0’-4½”) = 7’-7½”

Lintels

Doors 1 5’-0” 0’-9” 0’-6’ 1.87 cft 1.87 cft

1 5’-0” 0’-4½ ” 0’-6’ 0.93 cft 0.93 cft

Windows 3 5’-0” 0’-9” 0’-6’ 1.87 cft 5.62 cft

Ventilators 4 3’-6” 0’-9” 0’-6’ 1.31 cft 5.25 cft

Shelves 2 5’-0” 0’-9” 0’-6’ 1.87 cft 3.75 cft

Shades 2 5’-0” 1’-6” 0’-3” 1.87 cft 3.75 cft

Total= 226.39 cft

8 Mild steel round bars as reinforcement including cutting, bending, binding and placing reinforcement in position

6.75 lbs/cft steel of 226.39 cft concrete

=1528.13 lbs

Total= 1529.00 lbs

9 Roof insulation comprising of 2 coats of hot bitumen, 4” thick earth filling, 1” thick mud plaster and 1-1/2” thick brick tiles jointed and pointed in cement sand mortar (1:3)

Rooms (1 & 2) 1 22’-4 ½ ” 12’-0” - 268.50 sft

268.5 sft L = 10’-0”+ (12”-0”) + (0’-4½”) = 22’- 4-½”

Verandah 1 22’-4 ½ ” 7’-3” - 162.22 cft

162.22 cft B = 8’- 0”- (0’-9”) = 7’-3”

Total = 430.72 sft

10 Sand under floors

Room No.1 1 10’-0” 12’-0” 0’-6” 60.00 cft 60.00 cft

Room No.2 1 12’-0” 12’-0” 0’-6” 72.00 cft 72.00 cft

Verandah 1 22’-4½ ” 7’-3” 0’-6” 81.11 cft 81.11 cft

Total = 213.11 cft

11 Cement concrete (1:4:8) as under layer of floors

Room No.1 1 10’-0” 12’-0” 0’-4” 40.00 cft 40.00 cft

Room No.2 1 12’-0” 12’-0” 0’-4” 48.00 cft 48.00 cft

Verandah 1 22’-4 ½ ” 7’-3” 0’-4” 54.07 cft 54.07 cft

Total = 142.07 cft

12 1-1/2” thick cement concrete (1:2:4) as top layer of floor, finished smooth

Room No.1 1 10’-0” 12’-0” - 120.00 sft

120.00 sft

Room No.2 1 12’-0” 12’-0” - 144.00 sft

144.00 sft

Verandah 1 23’-10 ½” 8’-0” - 191.00 sft

191.00 sft L = 10’-0” + (12’-0”) + (0’-4 ½ ”) + (0’-9”) + (0’-9”) = 23’-10 ½ ”

Door sill 1 1 4’-0’ 0’-9” - 3.00 sft 3.00 sft

Door sill 1 1 4’-0” 0’-4 ½ ”

- 1.50sft 1.50sft

Total= 459.5 sft

Deduction

Columns 3 0’-9” 0’-9” - 0.56 sft 1.68sft

Net Total=

457.80 sft

13 ½” thick (1:3) cement sand plaster to walls finished smooth

Inner side

Room No.1 (Long wall) 2 12’-0” - 12’-0” 144.00 sft 288.00 sft

Room No.1(Short wall) 2 10’-0” - 12’-0” 120.00 sft 240.00 sft

Room No.1 (Ceiling) 1 10’-0” - 12’-0” 120.00 sft 120.00 sft

Room No.2 (Long wall) 2 12’-0” - 12’-0” 144.00 sft 288.00 sft

Room No.2(Short wall) 2 12’-0” - 12’-0” 144.00 sft 288.00 sft


Verandah wall 1 23’-10 ½” - 10’-0” 238.75 sft 238.75 sft L = (10’-0”) + (12’-0”) + (0’-4½ “) +(0’-9”)+ (0’-9”) = 23’-10 ½ “

Verandah ceiling 1 22’-4 ½” - 7’ –3” 162.26 sft 162.26 sft L = (10’-0”)+(12’-0”) L = (10’-0”)+(12’-0”)

+(0’-4 ½ “) = 22’-½“+(0’-4 ½ “) = 22’-½“ Columns 3 3’-0” - 8’-6” 25.50 sft 76.5 sft L = (0’-9”) + (0’-9”) +

(0’-9”) + (0’-9”) = 3’-0 ”

Long beam (internal side)

1 22’-4 ½” - 1’-6” 33.55 sft 33.55 sft

Long beam (soffit) 2 10’-9 ¾” - 0’-9” 8.10 sft 16.21 sft L={(22’-4 ½”)-(0’-9”)}/2=10’-9¾”

Short beam (internal sides)

2 7’-3” - 1’-6” 10.87 sft 21.74 sft L={(8’-0”)-(0’-9”)} L={(8’-0”)-(0’-9”)}

= 7’-3”= 7’-3”

Short beam (soffit) 2 7’-3” - 0’-9” 5.43 sft 10.87 sft

Door jambs 2 0’-9” - 7’-0” 5.25 sft 10.50 sft

2 0’-4½” - 7’-0” 2.63 sft 5.25 sft

1 0’-9” - 4’-0” 3.0 sft 1.50 sft

1 0’-4½” - 4’-0” 1.50 sft 3.00 sft

Window jambs 6 0’-9” - 4’-0” 3.00 sft 18.00 sft

6 0’-9” - 4’-0” 3.00 sft 18.00 sft

Ventilator jambs 8 0’-9” - 2’-6” 1.88 sft 15.00 sft

8 0’-9” - 1’-6” 1.19 sft 9.00 sft

Shelves 4 0’-6” - 5’-0” 2.5 sft 10.00 sft

4 0’-6” - 4’-0” 2.0 sft 8.00 sft

Outer side

Rear wall

(From 6” below G.L. to Parapet walls)

1 23’-10 ½” - 15’-10½”

379.00 sft

379.00 sft H = (0’-6”) + (1’-6”) + (12’-0”) + (0’-4”) + (0’-4’’) + (0’-1”) + (0’-1½”) + (1’-0”)= 15’-10½”

Left & Right side wall

2 13’-6” - 15’-10½”

214.32 sft

428.64 sft L= (12’-0”) + (0’-9”) + (0’-9”)= 13’-6”

Front side (above verandah roof)

1 23’-10 ½” - 3’-0” 71.63 sft 71.63 sft H = (12’-0”) + 0’-10½”) + (1’-0”) - (10’-10 ½” )= 3’-0”

Left & Right side plinth of verandah

2 8’-0” - 2’-0” 16.00 sft 32.00 sft H = (1’ – 6’’) + (0’ – 6’’) = 2’ – 0’’

Parapet wall

Inner side of rooms 2 22’-4 ½” - 1’-0” 22.37 sft 44.70 sft L = (10’-0”)+(12’-0”)L = (10’-0”)+(12’-0”)+(0’-4 ½ “) +(0’-4 ½ “) = 22’-4 ½ “= 22’-4 ½ “

2 12’-0” - 1’-0” 12.00 sft 24.00 sft

Inner side of Verandah

1 22’-4 ½” - 1’-0” 22.37 sft 22.37 sft

2 7’-3 “ - 1’-0” 7.25 sft 14.50 sft

Outer side of Verandah

1 23’-10 ½” - 3’-4 ½”

67.66sft 67.66 sft H = (1’-6”)+(0’-4”)H = (1’-6”)+(0’-4”)+(0’-6 ½”) + (1’-0 “) +(0’-6 ½”) + (1’-0 “) = 3’-4 1/2= 3’-4 1/2////

2 8’-0” - 2’-10” 22.67 sft 45.33 sft

Top of parapet wall (Rooms)

2 23’-10 ½” - 0’-9” 17.9 sft 35.80 sft

2 12’-0” - 0’-9” 9.00 sft 18.00 sft

Top of parapet wall (Verandah)

1 23’-10 ½” - 0’-9” 17.90 sft 17.90 sft

2 7’-3” - 0’-9” 5.43 sft 10.87 sft

Steps

Tread 2 23’-10 ½” - 1’-0” 23.87 sft 47.74 sft

Riser 3 23’-10 ½” - 0’-6” 11.93 sft 35.80 sft

Sides 2 2’ – 00’’ 0’-6” 1.00 sft 2.00 sft

2 1’ – 00’’ 0’-6” 0.5 sft 1.00 sft

Total= 3316.07 sft

Deduction

Doors 2 4’-0’ - 7’-0” 28.00 sft 56.00 sft

Windows 3 4’-0’ - 4’-0” 16.00 sft 48.00 sft

Ventilators 4 2’-6” - 1’-6” 3.75 sft 15.00 sft

Total= 119.00 sft

Net Total= 3197.07 sft

14 Wood work as in

(i) 1 ½” thick wooden doors with chowkat,.

2 4’-0’ - 7’-0” 28.00 sft 56.00 sft

Total = 56.00 sft

(ii) Glazed and gauzed windows and ventilators.

3 4’-0’ - 4’-0” 16.00 sft 48.00 sft

4 2’-6’ - 1’-6” 3.75 sft 15.00 sft

Total = 63.00 sft

G.Total =

119.00 sft

15 Three coats of painting to doors , windows and ventilators

- - - - - .(2 x Qty of item No.14)= 238.0 sft

Total 238.00 sft

16 Three coats of distempering/ white washing to walls (Internal Side)

Room No.1 (Long wall)

2 12’-0” - 12’-0” 144.00 sft 288.00 sft

Room No.1 (Short wall)

2 10’-0” - 12’-0” 120.00 sft 240.00 sft


Room No.2 (Long wall)

2 12’-0” - 12’-0” 144.00 sft 288.00 sft

Room No.2 (Short wall)

2 12’-0” - 12’-0” 144.00 sft 288.00 sft


Verandah wall 1 23’-10 ½” - 10’-0” 238.75 sft 238.75 sft

Verandah Ceiling 1 22’-4 ½” - 7’ –3” 162.26 sft 162.26 sft

Columns 3 3’-0” - 8’-6” 25.50 sft 76.50 sft

Long beam (sides) 1 22’-4 ½” - 1’-6” 33.55 sft 33.55 sft

Long beam (soffit) 2 10’-9 ¾” - 0’-9” 8.10 sft 16.21 sft L= {(22’-4 ½”)-(0’-9”)}/2 = 10’-9¾”

Short beam (sides) 2 7’-3” - 1’-6” 10.87 sft 21.74 sft

Short beam (soffit) 2 7’-3” - 0’-9” 5.43 sft 10.87 sft

Door jambs 2 0’-9” - 7’-0” 5.25 sft 10.50 sft

2 0’-4½” - 7’-0” 2.63 sft 5.25 sft

1 0’-9” - 4’-0” 3.0 sft 1.50 sft

1 0’-4½” - 4’-0” 1.50 sft 3.00 sft

Window jambs 6 0’-9” - 4’-0” 3.00 sft 18.00 sft

6 0’-9” - 4’-0” 3.00 sft 18.00 sft

Ventilator jambs 8 0’-9” - 2’-6” 1.88 sft 15.00 sft

8 0’-9” - 1’-6” 1.19 sft 9.00 sft

Shelves 4 0’-6” - 5’-0” 2.5 sft 10.00 sft

4 0’-6” - 4’-0” 2.0 sft 10.00 sft

Total = 2017.16 sft

Deduction

Doors 4 4’-0’ - 7’-0” 28.00 sft 112.00 sft

Windows 4 4’-0’ - 4’-0” 16.00 sft 64.00 sft


Total= 142.5 sft

Net Total =

1874.66 sft

17 Three coats of Weather shield paint to walls. (External side)

Rear wall 1 23’-10 ½” - 15’-4½” 367.07 sft 367.07 sft H = H = ={(15’-10 ½”)-(0’-6”) = 15’-4 1/2”

Left & Right side wall 2 13’-6” - 15’-4½” 207.5 sft 415.13 sft

Front side (above verandah roof)

1 23’-10½” - 3’-0” 71.63 sft 71.63 sft

Left & Right side wall of verandah

2 8’-0” - 2’-0” 16.00 sft 32.00 sft

Parapet wall

Inner side of rooms 2 22’-4 ½” - 1’-0” 22.37 sft 44.70 sft

2 12’-0” - 1’-0” 12.00 sft 24.00 sft

Inner side of Verandah

1 22’-4 ½” - 1’-0” 22.37 sft 22.37 sft

2 7’-3” - 1’-0” 7.25 sft 14.50 sft

Outer side of Verandah

1 23’-10½” - 2’-10½ ” 67.66 sft 67.66 sft

2 8’-0” - 2’-10½ ” 22.67 sft 45.32 sft


2 23’-10 ½” - 0’-9” 17.9 sft 35.80 sft

2 12’-0” - 0’-9” 9.00 sft 18.00 sft


1 23’-10 ½” - 0’-9” 17.90 sft 17.90 sft

2 7’-3” - 0’-9” 5.43 sft 10.87 sft

Total= 1186.95 sft

Deduction

Windows 2 4’-0’ - 4’-0” 16.00 sft 32.00 sft


Total= 39.50 sft

Net Total=

1147.45 sft

ABSTRACT OF QUANTITIESABSTRACT OF QUANTITIES

1- CALCULATIONS1- CALCULATIONS

1. Excavation in Medium soil

Quantity from BOQ item No. 1

Output of one labourer working 8 hrs

04 labourers are required for 3 ½ days to excavate 1050 cft earth.

=

=

1024.52 cft

75 cft

2. PCC (1:4:8)

Quantity of BOQ item No.3 (Foundations) = 146.27 cft

Quantity of BOQ item No.11 (Floors) = 142.07 cft

Total = 288.34 cft

Note:

Dry material for 100 cft of cement concrete = 154 cft

Materials

(i) Cement=154x1x288.34/(100x13) = 34.15cft

(ii) Sand=154x4x288.34/(100x13) = 136.62 cft

(iii) Coarse aggregate =154x8x288.34/(100x13) = 273.25 cft

3. Ist Class Burnt brick work in foundation in cement sand mortar (1:6)

Quantity of BOQ item No.4 = 484.21 cft

Note: Bricks for 100 cft of brick work = 1350 Nos.

Dry mortar for 100 cft of brik work = 30 cft

Material

(i) Bricks=1350x484.21/100 = 6537 Nos.

(ii) Cement=30x1x484.21/(7x100) = 20.75 cft

(iii) Sand=30x6x484.21/(7x100) = 124.51cft

4. 1 ½” thick PCC (1:2:4) in DPC including two coats of hot bitumen & 2 sheets of Polythene.

Quantity of BOQ item No.5=55.50x0.125 = 6.93 cft

Note: (i) Dry material for 100 cft of cement concrete = 154 cft

(ii) Bitumen for 100 sft of DPC (first coat) = 15 Kg

(iii) Bitumen for 100 sft of DPC (second coat) = 10 Kg

Material

(i) Cement=154x1x6.93/(100x7) = 1.52 cft

(ii) Sand=154x2x6.93/(100x7) = 3.04 cft

(iii) Coarse aggregate=154x4x6.93/(100x7) = 6.09 cft

(iv) Bitumen =25x55.50/100 = 13.87 Kg

(v) Polythene Sheet (2 x 55.5) = 111.0 sft

5. Ist Class Burnt brick work in Super structure in cement sand mortar (1:4)


Note: (i) Bricks for 100 cft of brick work = 1350 Nos.

(ii) Dry mortar for 100 cft of brik work = 30 cft

Material

(i) Bricks=1350x743.17/100 = 10033 Nos.

(ii) Cement=30x1x743.17/(5x100) = 44.59 cft

(iii) Sand=30x4x747.13/(5x100) = 178.36 cft

6. Reinforced cement concrete (1:2:4)


Note: Dry material for 100 cft of cement concrete

= 154 cft

Materials

(i) Cement=154x1x226.39/(100x7) = 49.80 cft

(ii) Sand=154x2x226.39/(100x7) = 99.61 cft


(Note:

(iv) Mild steel round bars

1 Kg = 0.454 lbs)

==

1529 lbs 693.55 Kg

7. Roof insulation

Quantity of BOQ item No.9 = 430.72 sft

Note: (i) Brick tiles for 100 sft roof insulation = 360 Nos.

(ii) Dry mortar for 100 sft = 9.00 cft

(iii) Bitumen for 100 sft of DPC (first coat) = 15 Kg

(iv) Bitumen for 100 sft of DPC (second coat) = 10 Kg

Material

(i) 1 ½” thick brick tiles = 1551 Nos.

(ii) Cement=9x1x430.72/(4x100) = 9.69 cft

(iii) Sand=9x4x430.72/(4x100) = 29.07 cft

(iv) Bitumen =430.72/100 = 107.68 Kg

(v) Mud /Earth filling=430.72x0.42 = 180.90 cft

(Vi) Polythene sheet (2 x 430.72) = 862 sft

8. Sand under floors


Material

Sand = 213.11 cft

9. 1 ½” thick cement concrete (1:2:4) in floors

Quantity of BOQ item No.12=457.80x0.125 = 57.23 cft

Note: (i) 1 ½” = 0.125 ft(ii) Dry material for 100 cft of cement concrete

= 154 cft

Materials

(i) Cement=154x1x57.23/(100x7) = 12.59 cft

(ii) Sand=154x2x57.23/(100x7) = 25.18 cft


10. 1/2” thick cement plaster in cement sand mortar (1:3)


Note: Dry mortar for 100 sft of ½” thick cement plaster = 6 cft

Material

(i) Cement=6x1x 3197.07/(4x100) = 47.96 cft

(ii) Sand=6x3x 3197.07/(4x100) = 143.87 cft

11. Wood work in door, windows ventilators

Quantity of BOQ item No.14 (i) Doors = 56.00 sft

Quantity of BOQ item No.14 (ii) Windows = 63.00 sft

Note: (i) Timber for 100 sft of Panelled Doors = 13 cft

(ii) Timber for 100 sft of Glazed windows and Ventilators = 8 cft

Material

(i) Timber for doors =13x56/100 = 7.28 cft

(ii) Timber for windows and Ventilators =8x63/100

= 5.04 cft

Total = 13.32 cft

12. White wash / Distemper


Note: Lime for 100 sft of white wash (one coat) = 1.00 Kg

Material

Lime for three coats=1x3x1872.9/100 = 56.24 Kg

13. Weather Shield


14. Earth filling under floors


Material

Earth for filling = 230.87 cft

2- SUMMARY2- SUMMARY S.No. Description of material Quantity

1. Cement(From 2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10)

220.68 cft or177 Bags

2. Sand (From 2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10)

740.26 cft

3. Coarse aggregate(From 2,4,6,9)

528.92 cft

4. Mild steel round bars (item No: 6) 693.55 Kg

5 Burnt bricks 1st class (From 3,5)

16570 Nos.

6 1/2” thick Brick tiles (item No: 7) 1551 Nos.

7 Bitumen (From 4,7)

121.55 Kg

8 Polythene sheet(From 4,7)

973 sft

9. Timber (item No: 11)

13.32 cft

10. Lime (item No: 12)

56.24 Kg

11. Mud/Earth filling(From 7,13)

411.77 cft

estimation (power point)

Engineering