Estonian presentation – neighbours in our history textbooksMare Oja, Heli Aiaots, Ülle Kõiv, Hilje Saag, Ivo Maripuu, Aare Ristikivi, Indrek Riigor

RIGA 2007

HISTORY TEACHING (National Curriculum 2002)FORM AND AGE TITLE OF THE COURSE HOURS

PER YEAR

Form 5 (11 – 12) Propedeutical course (Introductory course) 35

Form 5 (12 - 13) Ancient History 70

Form 5 (13 – 14) Medieval History 70

Form 5 (14 – 15) Modern History 70

Form 5 (15 – 16) Contemporary History 70

Gymnasium (16 – 17) History of Estonia 70

Gymnasium (17 – 18) Human – Society – Culture 105

Gymnasium (18 – 19) History of the 20th Century 70

Main principles: Two concentres Chronological approach on the Basic School level (history of

Estonia is integrated into the World History course) and thematic approach on the Gymnasium level (History of Estonia is a separate course)

Course system From closer to wider perspective (I, my home, Estonia, Europe, the

World) Accent from What? and When? to Why? and How? Different interpretations and viewpoints Freedom and responsibility of teachers National Examination Test in history (since 1997) Access on skills New educational situation and approach: multicultural education,

integration, NATO, European Union, importance of everyday life of people during centuries

Latvia

Igaunija = Ugandi Toreida = Turaida Cesis = Võnnu Valmiera = Volmari Ergeme = Härgmäe Ainaži = Heinaste Daugava river = Väina river

5 most common aspects

The Cruisade of Livonia

The Livonian Confederation

The birth of independent Estonia and Latvia

1939-1940 Soviet occupation started

The National Movement and 1991, when Estonia and Latvia returned to independence

The Crusade of Livoniasource: Henrik’s Livonian Chronicle Estonians and its South neigbours: Livs, Curonians, Latgals and

Zemgals 1180s – Bishop Meinhard 1196 – Bishop Berthold 1199 – Bishop Albert 1201 – the establisment of Riga 1202 – Livonian Brothers of the Sword 1208-1227 – Estonians fighting for freedom

The Livonian Confederation

The independent states Estonia and Latvia 1917 the autonomy of unified Province of Estonia 24.02.1918 Estonia declared its independence 18.11.1918 Latvia declared its independence 28.11.1918-02.02.1920 Estonian War of Independence The Overthrow of Karlis Ulmanis’ Government by Landeswehr

and Iron Division June, 1919 Landeswehr War in Latvian territory – 23.06.1919

victory in Battle of Võnnu (Cesis) became the Victory Day of Estonia

June, 1919 Battle of Riga – Estonian troops helped Latvian government to regain its power

The Aventure of Bemondt-Avalov and Latvian War of Independence

1939-1940

23.08.1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact (known as Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact)

1939 Soviet bases were build on to Estonia and Latvia – the Age of Bases

The Leaving of Baltic Germans (Umsiedlung) – the end of old culture

1940 Soviet occupation started: June – military occupation and overthrow of Baltic governments July – new “elections” August – formal annexion to Soviet Union

National Movements in 1980sReturn to Independence in 1991 The Peoples Front in Baltic states (Rahvarinne, Tautas Frontes,

Sajudis)

23.08.1989 The Baltic Chain

January 1991 Bloodbath in Vilnius and Riga

20.08.1991 Estonia redeclared its independence

21.08.1991 Latvia redeclared its independence

Some Facts about Estonian and Latvian History 1180-1227 The Crusade of Livonia (1290 last stronghold of the Semgals brought

under by Germans) 13th – 16th century The Livonian Confederation / The Old Livonia 1558-1582 The Livonian War (Poland vs Russia vs Sweden) The Polish in Latvia and South-Estonia = future Province of Livonia The Swedish in North-Estonia = future Province of Estonia The Swedish period 1629-1710 1700-1721 The Great Northern War 1710-1917 The Russian Empire 1918 Estonia and Latvia declared its independence 1918-1920 Estonian War of Independence 1919-1920 Latvian War of Independence 1940 Estonia and Latvia lose their independence 1940-1941 First Soviet occupation 14.06.1941 and 25.03.1949 Mass Deportations to Siberia 1941-1944 German occupation 1944-1991 Soviet occupation 1991 Estonia and Latvia regain independence 2004 Estonia and Latvia become the members of the European Union and

NATO

Russia

Russia has plaid an important role in world history, especially in 20th century. So we teach the Russian history as the important part of general history, especially history of 20th century.

As Estonia was two centuries part of Russian Empire and half of century part of Soviet Union, we approach Russian history topics connected with Estonian history.

Form 7 – The Middle Ages Genesis of Old Russian state and relations between our

forefathers and Old Novgorod and Old Kiev Relations between Livonian Order and Russian principalities… … and Livonian War in 16th century

Form 8 – The Modern Era The Northern War and beginning of Russian Era in Estonia Absolutism in Russia by Peter I and Catherine II Napoleon’s campaign against Russia, Borodino battle Reforms of Alexander I, when the peasants in Estonia and Latvia

were released from serfdom Russification period by Alexander III The First Russian Revolution in 1905 Russia in World War I Revolutions in Russia in 1917, Civil War

Form 9 – History of the 20th centuryGenesis of Soviet Union and short history of USSR

between World War I and World War II Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and its issues: occupation of

Baltic states, first soviet year Russian (Soviet) history according World War II Soviet Union after World War II till 1985: domestic policy,

economy Cold War:

Soviet Union against United States Soviet Union and socialist countries in East Europe.

Gorbachev’s perestroika-policy and disintegration of Soviet Union.

In gymnasium (form 12) our pupils, study the depth course of 20th century.

In principle, the same curriculum is in our Russian-language schools. The curriculum gives to school and/or the teacher opportunity to teach 1/3 of the content of the history course what ever they want to.

Sweden

Probably the second best represented neighbor country in our history textbooks after Russia. In the context of Estonian history as well as that of the world.

In the World history textbooks

High school World history textbooks have all together 604 pages, Sweden is mentioned on 46 of them

Mostly neutral

Longer topics are: Vikings, the Reformation, fight for the supremacy of the Baltic Sea

In the World history textbooks

Mentioned: Rjurik, peasants were represented in the Riksdag, Uppsala University, Karl Linne, Nobel, Norway’s breakaway from Sweden, Ingmar Bergman, ABBA

In Estonian history books

High school Estonian history textbooks have all together 240 pages, Sweden is mentioned on 62 of them, so it’s almost on every 4th page

23 times it is something negative (for example looting Narva during the Livonian war, extradition of Baltic immigrants to the USSR after the Second World War etc)

23 times it’s something positive (e.g. founding of the University of Tartu, Baltic Mondays etc)

Positive information seems to be predominant

Ancient History (10, 000 BC – 13th cen) Copper and iron imported from Sweden

There were some attacks against Estonia, but also – King Ingvar was killed in Estonia and we conquered Sigtuna (maybe)

Sweden tried to introduce Christianity in Estonia without military force

Swedish attack 1220 was fended off

Middle ages (13th -16th cen)

Sweden promised to send reinforcements during the 1343–1345 uprising of Estonians against the foreign rule

North-Estonia voluntarily accepted the Swedish overlordship in 1561

Estonians were on the Swedish side in the Livonian war

Looting Narva during the Livonian war by permission of De la Gardie

The Good Old Swedish Time (16th-17th cen) During this period, majority of the peasantry lost their freedom

and became serfs, but in the end their status changed, to the extent that one might speak of the abolition of serfdom on reduced holdings

Lutherian became as a state religion

The witchcraft trials, but also the establishment of village schools, gymnasiums and Tartu University

The first industries were established

Great Famine, during which Sweden still exported the grain

The Good Old Swedish Time

Names that are familiar to every Estonian: Johan Skytte, Bengt Gottfried Forselius, Charles XI, Charles XII

20th century

Volunteers from Sweden in the Estonian War of Independence, but Sweden recognize Estonia de jure only in 1921

King Gustav V’s visit in 1929

Estonian kroons were transferred to the basis of Swedish krona

After World War II, recognition of the Soviet occupation in 1940 and deportation of Baltic refugees, but later the main center of foreign-Estonians

Supporting Estonian strive for independence in the 1980s

Finland

Basic school

Comb Ceramic and Battle Axe Culture are mentioned

Accepting Christianity

Kalmar Union

Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire (1809–1917)

Form 9 (20th century)

On December 6, 1917 Finland declared its independence Finnish Civil War (war between Finland and Soviet Russia), the

victory of the White side Karl Gustav Mannerheim Treaty of Tartu October 14, 1920 Estonian War of Independence and Finnish volunteers The attemps to create Baltic Union between Estonia, Finland,

Latvia, Lithuania and Poland – failed Construction of the Mannerheim Line Lapua Movement Molotov-Ribbentrop (Nazi-Soviet) Pact and map showing the

spheres of influences

The Winter War – 1 chapter, pictures: The USSR demands The Shelling of Mainila November 20, 1939 USSR invaded Finland The USSR is expelled from the League of Nations The Moscow Peace Treaty (1940)

Continuation War (1941 – 1944)

Paris Peace Treaties, 1947

War reparations (Finland was the only country, which has fully paid war reparations)

Finland between the East and West – 1 chapter The post-war era was a period of rapid economic growth Agrarian country was transformed into a technologically

advanced country Social welfare system Paasikivi-Kekkonen’s Line Finlandization Kekkonen’s visit to Estonia Finnish TV Bilateral trade Soviet Union fell in 1991 the depression 1990 – 1993

in Finland Finland joined the European Union in 1995

High school Kalmar Union The Great Northern War Russia annexed Finland from Sweden in 1809 The eastern provinces became the autonomous Grand

Duchy of Finland within the Russian Empire The Congress of Vienna Russia was allowed to keep Finland and held it until 1917 Finland and the Baltic countries in the Russian Empire Governor-General of Finland Nikolai Bobrikov The "February Manifesto“(1899) Petition to Nicholas II requesting to revoke the manifesto

1904 Bobrikov was assassinated by Eugen Schauman in Helsinki

Collapse of the Russian Empire and the new states (map)

Finland declared its independence in 1917 Finnish Civil War Finnish Republic (1919) The Lapua Movement MRP The Winter War Continuation War (1941–1944) War reparations Finland after the WW II and during the Cold War

LithuaniaBasic school:

Baltic peoples are mentioned The Grand Duchy of Lithuania – 4 pages

Emergence of the State Gediminas The Polish–Lithuanian union The battle of Grünwald The position of Lithuania in the union

Illustrations: Mindaugas; Jagailo and Jadviga union; Trakai; The Crusades – the battle of Saule 1236

Lithuania became part of Russia during the rule of Catherine II

20th century The Lithuanian independence is mentioned as a result of the

decomposition of the Russian Empire The attempts to create the Baltic Union in the 1920s and the

contradictions between countries, the Polish–Lithuanian dispute over Vilnius

Neutrality in 1938 along with Estonia and Latvia The occupation of Klaipeda by Germany in 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact Occupation of the Baltic countries in 1940, Lithuania in June 15 The Soviet period – conflicts emerged with the Lithuanian freedom

fighters The collapse of the USSR

The Vilnius TV–tower occupied, the events of January 13 1991 referendum for the independence of Lithuania Recognition of the independence of the Baltic countries Acceptance to the UN

High School Findings of flint stone in the Pulli settlement in South

Lithuania Lithuanians as strong rivals at the end of the prehistoric

period who had many devastating attacks to Estonia 1236 – the battle of Saule 1260 – in the battle of Durbe Estonians and Curonians

went over to the Lithuanian side 1263 – Lithuanians looted Old Pärnu Lithuanians accepting Christianity and the Krevo Union The battle of Grünwald There might have been 170–170.000 Lithuanians at the

beginning of the 13th century (Estonians almost as much) Poland and Lithuania in the Livonian War

The Baltic countries at the beginning of the 20th century – emigration from Lithuania and the appearance of active refugee groups

1905 – the summon of the Seim in Lithuania, claiming for autonomy, the movement forced back by Russia

The idea of re-independence spreading in Lithuania already before the WW I. At the end WW I support was sought from Germany – Germany had to give up some territories to Lithuania

The peace treaties of 1920 1926 – Lithuania renounced democracy, the coup d’état of

Smetona, the question of Vilnius and Klaipeda March 23 1939 Germany’s ultimatum to Lithuania, occupation of

Klaipeda Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, accepting Soviet military bases on

October 10 1939, the Lithuanian saying ‘We’ve won Vilnius but lost Lithuania’

The occupation of the Baltic countries The ultimatum of June 14, the occupation of Lithuania on June

15 The Soviet occupation, the resistance movement: the important

role of the Church in Lithuania, the underground Cronicle of Lithuanian Catholic Church, the Baltic Appeal

The Lithuanian ethnic majority dropping to 79 per cent. The restoration of independence

January 13 in Vilnius The Baltic Chain

Poland Livonian War King Sigismund II – Polish rule in southern part of

Estonia Jesuits in Tartu – seminar Recatholisation Partitions of Poland by Russia, Prussia and Austria Polish autonomy and independence. Joseph Pilsutsky MRP. Submarine Orzel WW II, Katyn, Polish Jews and the Holocaust, Warshaw

uprising Poland in Soviet period, 1980s and Solidarnosc, Lech

Walesa Pope John Paul II and the role of catholic church in

communist time

Denmark, Norway and Iceland There are more discussions about Danish

history, especially in relation to Estonian history (13th-16th century)

There is less information and discussions about Norwegian and Icelandic history

Generally Scandinavian or Northern countries are dealt with

At high school level we repeat more deeply what we studied in the basic school level

Vikings The culture of Vikings (f.e. Runic writing, religion, Elder Edda etc) Englands war against Danes-Normans, attacks of Norwegian

Vikings to Scotland's coast Old-Russian country and Normans (theories) Transit trade routes across Estonia to the Byzantium and Orient

countries Discovery trips:

Eric the Red founded the first Nordic settlement in Greenland Leif Ericson, an Icelandic explorer Discovery of America

Campaigns to Estonia, sagas: Norwegian prince Halfdan White died in Estonia, Estonian seafares captured Norwegian queen Astrid and her son Olaf and tried to sell them as slaves

Vikings ships

Establishment the country and Christianisation Beginning of the statehood of the Denmark, Christianisation

13th century – Denmark as superpower/empire by the Baltic Sea (Valdemar II (1202-1241))

Norway: consolidation of Christianisation in the middle of 12th century, beginning the statehood at the beginning of 13th century

Foreign conquest and christianisation in Estonia in 13th century The role of Denmark of conquest and Christianisation of Estonia

(1219 - Battle of Lyndanise, Valdemar II (the Conqueror), Dannebrog, the fighting against German and Swedish crusaders...)

The new Estonian administrative division in middle ages: North Estonia – possession of the Danish crown, Treaty of Stensby 1238 between Denmark and Livonian Order (the borders)

Danish taxation list Liber Census Daniae: an important geographic and historic document. The list contains about 500 Estonian place names and names of 114 local vassals.

Valdemar IV Atterdag sold his domains to the Teutonic Order in 1346 (after the St.George Night uprising (1343-1345))

The code of the Lübeck law what Tallinn got 1282 (in the first page Danish king Erik Klipping and his mother Margareta)

Reformation

The Reformation: Denmark converted to Lutheranism in 1536; Denmark entered into a union with Norway, the Reformation in Norway

Denmark: Frederik I, Johan Hans Tausen, 1536 Church ordinance, 1545 Ribe´s articles

Norway: a bishop Olav Engelbergtsson, Denmark and Norway personal union in 1536 and Reformation, church service in Danish

Livonian War 1558-1583

Denmark in Livonian War for Estonia

Purchasing the Bishopric of Saare-Lääne by Denmark in 1559, duke Magnus (the brother Frederik II)

The end of war, Denmark got the island Saaremaa

1645 Treaty Brömsebro – Denmark surrendered Saaremaa to Sweden

Denmark in other wars

1397-1524 - The Kalmar Union

The intervention of Denmark in the Thirty Years' War 1625

Denmark at the beginning the Northern War

The unification of Germany: Denmark losts Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenberg in 1864

Denmark and wars in 20th century

Treaty of Versailles (1919) – Denmark got back the area Schleswig-Holstein

The Estonian War of Independence (1918-1920) – the volunteers from Denmark in the Estonian Army

The Second World War: the invasion of German Nazy Army to Denmark and Norway in April 1940, the warfare

Democracy

The progress of democracy in 1920.-1930: 1913 - Norway adopts full woman suffrage 1915 - women get the vote in Denmark 1919 - in Estonia

Nordic Countries : parliamentary democracy, welfare state

Iceland in 20th century

The Act of Union, an agreement with Denmark (1918) recognized Iceland as a fully sovereign state under the Danish king

During WW II British military forces occupied Iceland

Iceland formally became an independent republic in 1944 (plebiscite)

Iceland became a member of NATO (1949) The first country to diplomatically recognize

Estonia's reclaimed independence was ICELAND (August 22, 1991)

The culture at the beginning 20th century: Norwegian artist Edvard Munch (Art Nouveau, expressionism)

The Scream

Thank You!Paldies!