Embedded Server Based Remote Industrial Automation Control

Worked By: Bhushan, Amit, Manoj, Shrikishor & Payal

Abstract

"Science is the study of the world as it is.

Engineering is the creation of the world tomorrow".

Science is basically "passive" observation of the universe, as it exists to generate

knowledge. Engineering is making use of that knowledge to meet human needs by

creating machine, systems, process and technologies that have not previously existed.

Design and manufacturing are the synthetic part of engineering practice.

Manufacturer has received a lot of attention recently for very good economic reasons.

In today’s fast paced world, life has become so luxurious to the present man that

he has all the comfort right at his fingertips. Man wants to control everything while

being at any place. This has been made possible through Embedded Systems in

Communication.

Ethernet has traditionally been a quite complex interface. All Ethernet chips until

today had 100 pins or more, where difficult to find in small quantities and difficult to use

from a small micro controller with little memory. Microchip has changed the world with

their new Ethernet chip! A small chip with 28 pins only and has a SPI interface, which is

easy to use from any micro controller.

This opens a whole world of completely new applications. You can easily build

small devices, which can be spread all over the house and simply connected to Ethernet.

You don't need anymore a separate serial connection or other bus. Everything can be

easily connected via Ethernet. Distance is no longer a limiting factor.

Even WIFI connectivity is possible because you can connect the devices to a

wireless bridge.

Introduction

After the “everybody-in-the-Internet-wave” now obviously follows the

“everything-in-the- Internet-wave”. The most coffee, vending and washing machines are

still not available about the worldwide net. However the embedded Internet integration

for remote maintenance and diagnostic as well as the so-called M2M communication is

growing with a considerable speed rate.

Just the remote maintenance and diagnostic of components and systems by Web

browsers via the Internet, or a local Intranet has a very high weight for many

development projects. In numerous development departments people work on

completely Web based configurations and services for embedded systems. The

remaining days of the classic user interface made by a small LC-display with front panel

and a few function keys are over. Through future evolutions in the field of the mobile

Internet, Bluetooth-based PANs (Personal Area Network's) and the rapidly growing

M2M communication (M2M=Machine-to-Machine) a further innovating advance is to

be expected.

The central function unit to get access on an embedded system via Web browser

is the Web server. Such Web servers bring the desired HTML pages (HTML=Hyper

Text Markup Language) and pictures over the worldwide Internet or a local network to

the Web browser.

This happens HTTP-based (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol). A TCP/IP protocol

stack –that means it is based on sophisticated and established standards– manages the

entire communication. Web server (HTTP server) and browser (HTTP client) build

TCP/IP- applications. HTTP achieved a phenomenal distribution in the last years.

Meanwhile millions of user around the world surf HTTP-based in the World Wide Web.

Today almost every personal computer offers the necessary assistance for this protocol.

This status is valid more and more for embedded systems also. The HTTP spreads up

with a fast rate too.

BLOCK DIA.

Literature serve

An embedded HTTP server is a component of a software system that implements the HTTP protocol. Examples of usage within an application might be:

To provide a thin-client interface for a traditional application.. To provide indexing, reporting, and debugging tools during the development

stage. To implement a protocol for the distribution and acquisition of information to be

displayed in the regular interface — possibly a web service, and possibly using XML as the data format.

To develop a web application

There are a few advantages to using HTTP to perform the above:

HTTP is a well studied cross-platform protocol and there are mature implementations freely available.

HTTP is seldom blocked by firewalls and intranet routers. HTTP clients (e.g. web browsers) are readily available with all modern

computers. There is a growing tendency of using embedded HTTP servers in applications that

parallels the rising trends of home-networking and ubiquitous computing.

Typical requirements

Natural limitations of the platforms where an embedded HTTP server runs contribute to the list of the functional requirements of the embedded, or more precise, embeddable HTTP server. Some of these requirements in random order:

"Small" RAM and ROM footprint. The exact size depends on the system, but in many cases anything over several megabytes is not embeddable.

Minimal CPU utilization. Cross compilation support for multiple CPU and operating system combinations. Easy integration with an existing application, including static linking with the

operating system and application. Serving pages from application memory if there is no file system. Modularity. Single thread and multi-thread support.

For every specific project requirements can vary significantly. For example, ROM and RAM footprints can be very serious constraint and limit the choices of the system designer. C++ or JVM availability for the system can be another constraint. Frequently performance is an issue, because typical embedded systems run multiple simultaneous

tasks and an HTTP server is only one of them and may be configured as a low priority task.

In the July 2010 survey we received responses from 205,714,253 sites.

This month's results show that three of the six major web servers have gained hostnames in the last month, while the other three suffered losses.

The largest of these gains came from Apache, which saw an increase of over 1.1M hostnames.

Google's share has continued to increase, albeit at a slower rate than last month with just under 500k additional hostnames. This is due to increased activity on Blogger.

lighttpd suffered the largest overall loss this month, falling by 446k hostnames. This was caused by the loss of 690k hostnames at Savvis in Australia. Microsoft also experienced a loss this month, serving 648k fewer hostnames worldwide and also losing 265k active sites. A big contributor to this was a loss of 388k hostnames due to lower activity on Microsoft Live Spaces.

Total Sites Across All DomainsAugust 1995 - July 2010

Market Share for Top Servers Across All DomainsAugust 1995 - July 2010

Developer June 2010 Percent July 2010 Percent ChangeApache 111,792,321 54.02% 112,945,968 54.90% 0.89Microsoft 53,865,345 26.03% 53,217,620 25.87% -0.16Google 15,375,950 7.43% 15,849,853 7.70% 0.28nginx 11,264,229 5.44% 11,474,696 5.58% 0.14lighttpd 1,704,797 0.82% 1,258,800 0.61% -0.21

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & DISCRIPTION

Working Of Circuit

It will let you house your own web site with possibly hundreds or even thousands of pages, all in a little box connected to the internet via your modem/router. You don't need a computer to operate and house a website - this little box does it for you and it can be accessed from anywhere around the world, at any time, even from a mobile phone which has a web browser. In fact, it is a complete web server - so we've called it WEB SERVERS EVERYONE KNOWS THAT web servers normally involve big, expensive, powerful computers with large memory, large hard disks and exotic software, don't they? Well, that is the normal approach but now it doesn't have to be. In fact, you don't even need a computer! WEB SERVERS can do it all. Even better, it does not have a hard disk, uses practically no power and costs not much at all. WEB SERVERS is just a small PC board (single- sided, no less) with a micro controller, an SD/MMC card reader and not much else. In fact, it involves a total of just three ICs and a 3-terminal regulator. Why have a memory card? This is the "Eureka!" feature: SD/MMC cards are used in the majority of digital cam- eras and they can pack a huge amount of memory for very little cash; we've an SD/MMC memory card to store the data and website. And it just grew from there. Having thought of the memory card as the bulk memory for the project and realising just how cheap it was, the potential uses seemed to grow enormously. We are sure readers will come up with a host of different uses Let's also be realistic. We need to describe how this WEB SERVERS project works, how it connects to the intern et and all the necessary know-how that this requires . There is a lot of jargon to be digested and understood but when we have finished describing WEB SERVERS in considerable detail, we are sure that you will see the potential. WEB SERVERS presents a great learning opportunity for anyone interested in creating a personal website - it will be great for schools, too. project it lacks some features like server side scripting and encryption, for example, although for most applications, this won't be a problem. Its main advantage is that it is considerably simpler, cheaper and easier to set-up than a more powerful web server. In fact, if you have already gone through the set-up procedure for connecting a broadband modem to your computer, this project should not be any more challenging. Remote monitoring In most basic applications, control up to four digital outputs, The FTP (file transfer protocol) server allows you to store and retrieve files from a remote location and also allows you to manage your website remotely. In addition, you can use it to back-up files off-site or transfer files (both text and images) to a remote location The memory card can actually be an MMC, SD'or SDHC card (up to 32GB). The website can include dynamic content that's constantly updated - you will get emails from WEB SERVERS -Protocol) client within the WEB SERVERS .

In practice, the "Toggle" buttons Network time service if this address changes. By using this service, you can log into the web server using a domain name rather than its IP address (an IP address is numerical and all devices connected to the internet, such as your modem, have an IP address}. This is necessary as the public IP address can change if your modem is turned off for some time, so you might not always know what it is. Earlier design and a PlC micro controller. It came as a pre-built module and stored its web pages in an onboard EEPROM chip. Because the data was stored in an EEPROM, the website was limited to 64 kilobytes. Even so, it

did allow remotely using dynamic web pages and had configurable I/O pins, ) output. By contrast, our new design can store much more complex web pages. Another advantage of the new deign is that it implements simple file permissions through HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) authentication. This means that you can set a user name and password to access the whole website or just certain pages. You can also retrict access to certain files, based on the file extensions. The earlier design lacked a method of restricting access to its web pages and so its onboard website was completely open to the public. Finally, the WEB SERVERS is highly configurable and can be set up to work with almost any Ethernet network. connectors on the back of your modem. Ethernet is a standard which is used .to transmit data over a local network (eg, in an office) or to the internet via a modem. We will also be providing the source "ode for a website so that you can easily modify the web server's settings if necessary, to suit your requirements

Relay Driver Circuit

1B1

2B2

3B3

4B4

5B5

6B6

7B7

8B8

1C18

2C17

3C16

4C15

5C14

6C13

7C12

8C11

COM10

U1

ULN2803

RL1NTE-R46-24

RL2NTE-R46-24

RL3NTE-R46-24

RL4NTE-R46-24

12345

J1

CONN-SIL5

+12 V

From Dspic Port

+12V

+12 V

+12 V

+12 V

The ULN2803 consists of 8-bit TTL-input NPN darlington sink drivers. Each darlington driver can handle a maximum of 500mA continuous (when using a single channel only) and can withstand a maximum 50V in its off state. This makes the ULN2803 well suited to provide an interface between the low logic level interfaces and higher current/voltage devices such as relays, solenoids, motors and lamps.

Hardware Description

dsPIC33FJ64GP802Features:-Operating Range:

•Up to 40 MIPS operation (at 3.0-3.6V):-Industrial temperature range (-40°C to +85°C)-Extended temperature range (-40°C to +125°C•Up to 20 MIPS operation (at 3.0-3.6V):-High temperature range (-40°C to +140°C)

High-Performance DSC CPU:•Modified Harvard architecture•C compiler optimized instruction set•16-bit wide data path•24-bit wide instructions•Linear program memory addressing up to 4M instruction words•Linear data memory addressing up to 64 Kbytes•83 base instructions: mostly 1 word/1 cycle•Two 40-bit accumulators with rounding and saturation options•Flexible and powerful addressing modes:-Indirect-Modulo-Bit-Reversed•Software stack•16 x 16 fractional/integer multiply operations•32/16 and 16/16 divide operations•Single-cycle multiply and accumulate:-Accumulator write back for DSP operations-Dual data fetch•Up to ±16-bit shifts for up to 40-bit data Direct Memory Access (DMA):•8-channel hardware DMA•Up to 2 Kbytes dual ported DMA buffer area (DM RAM) to store data transferred via DMA:- Allows data transfer between RAM and a peripheral while CPU is executing code (no cycle stealing)

Timers/Capture/Compare/PWM:•Timer/Counters, up to five 16-bit timers:-Can pair up to make two 32-bit timers-One timer runs as a Real-Time Clock with an external 32.768 kHz oscillator-Programmable prescaler

•Input Capture (up to four channels):-Capture on up, down or both edges-16-bit capture input functions-4-deep FIFO on each capture•Output Compare (up to four channels):-Single or Dual 16-bit Compare mode-16-bit Glitchless PWM mode•Hardware Real-Time Clock/Calendar (RTCC):-Provides clock, calendar and alarm functions

Interrupt Controller:•5-cycle latency•Up to 49 available interrupt sources•Up to three external interrupts•Seven programmable priority levels•Five processor exceptionsDigital I/O:•Peripheral pin Select functionality•Up to 35 programmable digital I/O pins•Wake-up/Interrupt-on-Change for up to 31 pins•Output pins can drive from 3.0V to 3.6V•Up to 5V output with open drain configuration•All digital input pins are 5V tolerant•4 mA sink on all I/O pinsOn-Chip Flash and SRAM:•Flash program memory (up to 128 Kbytes)•Data SRAM (up to 16 Kbytes)•Boot, Secure and General Security for program FlashSystem Management:•Flexible clock options:-External, crystal, resonator, internal RC-Fully integrated Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)-Extremely low jitter PLL•Power-up Timer•Oscillator Start-up Timer/Stabilizer•Watchdog Timer with its own RC oscillator•Fail-Safe Clock Monitor•Reset by multiple sourcesPower Management:•On-chip 2.5V voltage regulator•Switch between clock sources in real time•Idle, Sleep, and Doze modes with fast wake-upAnalog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs):•10-bit, 1.1 Msps or 12-bit, 500 ksps conversion:-Two and four simultaneous samples (10-bit ADC)-Up to 13 input channels with auto-scanning

-Conversion start can be manual or synchronized with one of four trigger sources-Conversion possible in Sleep mode-±2 LSb max integral nonlinearity-±1 LSb max differential nonlinearity

Audio Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC):•16-bit Dual Channel DAC module•100 ksps maximum sampling rate•Second-Order Digital Delta-Sigma Modulator Data Converter Interface (DCI) module:•Codec interface•Supports I2S and AC’97 protocols•Up to 16-bit data words, up to 16 words per frame•4-word deep TX and RX buffers Comparator Module:•Two analog comparators with programmable input/output configuration CMOS Flash Technology:•Low-power, high-speed Flash technology•Fully static design•3.3V (±10%) operating voltage•Industrial and Extended temperature•Low power consumption

Communication Modules:•4-wire SPI (up to two modules): -Framing supports I/O interface to simple codes-Supports 8-bit and 16-bit data-Supports all serial clock formats and sampling modes•I2C™: -Full Multi-Master Slave mode support-7-bit and 10-bit addressing-Bus collision detection and arbitration-Integrated signal conditioning-Slave address masking•UART (up to two modules):-Interrupt on address bit detect-Interrupt on UART error-Wake-up on Start bit from Sleep mode-4-character TX and RX FIFO buffers-LIN bus support-IrDA® encoding and decoding in hardware-High-Speed Baud mode-Hardware Flow Control with CTS and RTS•Enhanced CAN (ECAN™ module) 2.0B active:-Up to eight transmit and up to 32 receive buffers-16 receive filters and three masks

-Loopback, Listen Only and Listen All-Messages modes for diagnostics and bus monitoring-Wake-up on CAN message-Automatic processing of Remote Transmission Requests-FIFO mode using DMA-DeviceNet™ addressing support•Parallel Master Slave Port (PMP/EPSP):-Supports 8-bit or 16-bit data-Supports 16 address lines•Programmable Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC):-Programmable bit length for the CRC generator polynomial (up to 16-bit length)

-8-deep, 16-bit or 16-deep, 8-bit FIFO for data input

BLOCK DIA.

Overview

The dsPIC33FJ32GP302/304, dsPIC33FJ64GPX02/ X04, and

dsPIC33FJ128GPX02/X04 CPU module has a 16-bit (data) modified Harvard

architecture with an enhanced instruction set, including significant support for DSP. The

CPU has a 24-bit instruction word with a variable length opcode field. The Program

Counter (PC) is 23bits wide and addresses up to 4M x 24 bits of user program memory

space. The actual amount of program memory implemented varies by device. A single-

cycle instruction prefetch mechanism is used to help maintain throughput and provides

predictable execution. All instructions execute in a single cycle, with the exception of

instructions that change the program flow, the double-word move (MOV.D) instruction

and the table instructions. Overhead-free program loop constructs are supported using the

DO and REPEAT instructions, both of which are interruptible at any time. The

dsPIC33FJ32GP302/304, dsPIC33FJ64GPX02/ X04, and dsPIC33FJ128GPX02/X04

devices have six- teen, 16-bit working registers in the programmer’s model. Each of the

working registers can serve as a data, address or address offset register. The 16th work-

ing register (W15) operates as a software Stack Pointer (SP) for interrupts and calls.

There are two classes of instruction in the dsPIC33FJ32GP302/304,

dsPIC33FJ64GPX02/X04, and dsPIC33FJ128GPX02/X04 devices: MCU and DSP.

These two instruction classes are seamlessly integrated into a single CPU. The instruction

set includes many addressing modes and is designed for optimum C compiler efficiency.

For most instructions, the dsPIC33FJ32GP302/304, dsPIC33FJ64GPX02/ X04, and

dsPIC33FJ128GPX02/X04 is capable of exe- cuting a data (or program data) memory

read, a work- ing register (data) read, a data memory write and a program (instruction)

memory read per instruction.

cycle. As a result, three parameter instructions can be supported, allowing A + B

= C operations to be executed in a single cycle. A block diagram of the CPU is shown in

Figure3-1, and the programmer’s model for the dsPIC33FJ32GP302/ 304,

dsPIC33FJ64GPX02/X04, and dsPIC33FJ128GPX02/X04

Data Addressing Overview

The data space can be addressed as 32K words or 64Kbytes and is split into two blocks, referred to as X and Y data memory. Each memory block has its own independent Address Generation Unit (AGU). The MCU class of instructions operates solely through the X memory AGU, which accesses the entire memory map as one linear data space. Certain DSP instructions operate through the X and Y AGUs to support dual operand reads, which splits the data address space into two parts. The X and Y data space boundary is device-specific. Overhead-free circular buffers (Modulo Addressing mode) are supported in both X and Y address spaces. The Modulo Addressing removes the software boundary checking overhead for DSP algorithms. Furthermore, the X AGU circular addressing can be used with any of the MCU class of instructions. The X AGU also supports Bit-Reversed Addressing to greatly simplify input or output data reordering for radix-2 FFT algorithms. The upper 32 Kbytes of the data space memory map can optionally be mapped into program space at any 16K program word boundary defined by the 8-bit Program Space Visibility Page (PSVPAG) register. The program-to-data-space mapping feature lets any instruction access program space as if it were data space.

DSP Engine Overview

The DSP engine features a high-speed 17-bit by 17-bit multiplier, a 40-bit ALU, two 40-bit saturating accumulators and a 40-bit bidirectional barrel shifter. The barrel shifter is capable of shifting a 40-bit value up to 16 bits right or left, in a single cycle. The DSP instructions operate seamlessly with all other instructions and have been designed for optimal real- time performance. The MAC instruction and otherassociated instructions can concurrently fetch two data operands from memory while multiplying two W registers and accumulating and optionally saturating the result in the same cycle. This instruction functionality requires that the RAM data space be split for these instructions and linear for all others. Data space partitioning is achieved in a transparent and flexible manner through dedicating certain working registers to each address space.

Special MCU Features

The dsPIC33FJ32GP302/304, dsPIC33FJ64GPX02/X04, and dsPIC33FJ128GPX02/X04 features a 17-bit by 17-bit single-cycle multiplier that is shared by both the MCU ALU and DSP engine. The multiplier can per- form signed, unsigned and mixed-sign multiplication. Using a 17-bit by 17-bit multiplier for 16-bit by 16-bit multiplication not only allows you to perform mixed-sign multiplication, it also achieves accurate results forspecial operations, such as (-1.0) x (-1.0). The dsPIC33FJ32GP302/304, dsPIC33FJ64GPX02/ X04, and dsPIC33FJ128GPX02/X04 supports 16/16 and 32/16 divide operations, both fractional and integer. All divide instructions are iterative operations. They must be executed within a REPEAT loop, resulting in a total execution time of 19 instruction cycles. The divideoperation can be interrupted during any of those

19cycles without loss of data. A 40-bit barrel shifter is used to perform up to a 16-bit left or right shift in a single cycle. The barrel shifter can be used by both MCU and DSP instructions.

PROGRAMMER’S MODEL:-

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

The dsPIC33FJ32GP302/304, dsPIC33FJ64GPX02/ X04, and dsPIC33FJ128GPX02/X04 ALU is 16 bits wide and is capable of addition, subtraction, bit shifts and logic operations. Unless otherwise mentioned, arithmetic operations are two’s complement in nature. Depending on the operation, the ALU can affect the values of the Carry (C), Zero (Z), Negative (N), Overflow (OV) and Digit Carry (DC) Status bits in the SR register. The C and DC Status bits operate as Borrow and Digit Borrow bits, respectively, for subtraction operations. The ALU can perform 8-bit or 16-bit operations, depending on the mode of the instruction that is used. Data for the ALU operation can come from the W register array or data memory, depending on the addressing mode of the instruction. Likewise, output data from the ALU can be written to the W register array or a data memory location. Refer to the “16-bit MCU and DSC Programmer’s Reference Manual” (DS70157) for information on the SR bits affected by each instruction. The dsPIC33FJ32GP302/304, dsPIC33FJ64GPX02/ X04, and dsPIC33FJ128GPX02/X04 CPU incorporates hardware support for both multiplication and division. This includes a dedicated hardware multiplier and support hardware for 16-bit-divisor division.

MULTIPLIER

Using the high-speed 17-bit x 17-bit multiplier of the DSP engine, the ALU supports unsigned, signed or mixed-sign operation in several MCU multiplication modes:

•16-bit x 16-bit signed•16-bit x 16-bit unsigned•16-bit signed x 5-bit (literal) unsigned•16-bit unsigned x 16-bit unsigned•16-bit unsigned x 5-bit (literal) unsigned•16-bit unsigned x 16-bit signed•8-bit unsigned x 8-bit unsigned

DIVIDER

The divide block supports 32-bit/16-bit and 16-bit/16-bit signed and unsigned integer divide operations with the following data sizes: 1.32-bit signed/16-bit signed divide2.32-bit unsigned/16-bit unsigned divide3.16-bit signed/16-bit signed divide4.16-bit unsigned/16-bit unsigned divide

The quotient for all divide instructions ends up in W0 and the remainder in W1. 16-bit signed and unsigned DIV instructions can specify any W register for both the 16-bit divisor (Wn) and any W register (aligned) pair (W(m + 1):Wm) for the 32-bit dividend. The divide algorithm takes one cycle per bit of divisor, so both 32-bit/16-bit and 16-bit/16-bit instructions take the same number of cycles to execute.

DSP Engine

The DSP engine consists of a high-speed 17-bit x 17-bit multiplier, a barrel shifter and a 40-bit adder/ subtracter (with two target accumulators, round and saturation logic). The dsPIC33FJ32GP302/304, dsPIC33FJ64GPX02/ X04, and dsPIC33FJ128GPX02/X04 is a single-cycle instruction flow architecture; therefore, concurrent operation of the DSP engine with MCU instruction flow is not possible. However, some MCU ALU and DSP engine resources can be used concurrently by the same instruction (e.g., ED, EDAC).

The DSP engine can also perform inherent accumulator-to-accumulator operations that require no additional data. These instructions are ADD, SUB and NEG. The DSP engine has options selected through bits inthe CPU Core Control register (CORCON), as listedbelow:•Fractional or integer DSP multiply (IF)•Signed or unsigned DSP multiply (US)•Conventional or convergent rounding (RND)•Automatic saturation on/off for ACCA (SATA)•Automatic saturation on/off for ACCB (SATB)•Automatic saturation on/off for writes to data memory (SATDW)•Accumulator Saturation mode selection (ACCSAT)

Data Space Write Saturation.

In addition to adder/subtracter saturation, writes to data space can also be saturated, but without affecting the contents of the source accumulator. The data space write saturation logic block accepts a 16-bit, 1.15 fractional value from the round logic block as its input, together with overflow status from the original source (accumulator) and the 16-bit round adder. These inputs are combined and used to select the appropriate 1.15 fractional value as output to write to data space memory. If the SATDW bit in the CORCON register is set, data (after rounding or truncation) is tested for overflow and adjusted accordingly:•For input data greater than 0x007FFF, data written to memory is forced to the maximum positive 1.15 value, 0x7FFF.•For input data less than 0xFF8000, data written to memory is forced to the maximum negative 1.15 value, 0x8000.

The Most Significant bit of the source (bit 39) is used to determine the sign of the operand being tested. If the SATDW bit in the CORCON register is not set, the input data is always passed through unmodified under all condition

FILE REGISTER INSTRUCTIONS

Most file register instructions use a 13-bit address field (f) to directly address data present in the first 8192 bytes of data memory (near data space). Most file register instructions employ a working register, W0, which is denoted as WREG in these instructions. The destination is typically either the same file register or WREG (with the exception of the MUL instruction), which writes the result to a register or register pair. The MOV instruction allows additional flexibility and can access the entire data space.

MCU INSTRUCTIONS

The three-operand MCU instructions are of the form: Operand 3 = Operand 1 <function> Operand 2 where Operand 1 is always a working register (that is, the addressing mode can only be register direct), which is referred to as Wb. Operand 2 can be a W register, fetched from data memory, or a 5-bit literal. The result location can be either a W register or a data memory location. The following addressing modes are supported by MCU instructions:•Register Direct•Register Indirect•Register Indirect Post-Modified•Register Indirect Pre-Modified•5-bit or 10-bit Literal

MMC CARD

Block Diagram of SD Card:

Why only MMC Card/SD Card is used:

A MultiMedia Card (MMC) is an IC (Integrated Circuit) which is stored in a compact and rouged plastic enclosure. MultiMedia Card (MMC) are designed to store data and to enable the transfer of data between devices equipped with MultiMedia Card Slot. MMC standard was introduced in November, 1997 by SanDisk and Siemens AG/Infineon Technologies AG. Current MultiMedia Card capacities range upto 2GB however here we are using only 128 MB MMC Card.

A MMC is about the size of Postage Stamp 32mm long, 24 mm wide, and 1.4 mm thick. MMC can be used in SD (Secure Digital) Card reader and writers. The theoretical

transfer speed of a MMC is 2.5 MB/sec. MMC originally used a one bit Serial Interface, but newer versions of the specification allow transfer of 4 or sometimes even 8 bit at a time. They have been more or less suppressed by Secure Digital (SD) Card, but still see significant use because MMCs can be used in most devices which supports SD card.

What is SD Card?A SD Card (Secure Digital Card) is an IC (Integrated Circuit) which is stored in a

compact and rugged plastic enclosure. SD Cards are designed to store data and to enable the transfer of data between devices equipped with SD Card slots. Current SD Card capacities range upto 4 GB, however here we are using only 128 MB Card. SD Card is 32 mm long, 24 mm wide and 2.1 mm thick. An even more compact format, the Mini SD Card, is 20mm long, 21.5 mm wide and 1.4 mm thick. The theoretical transfer speed of SD 1.0 Card is 12.5 MB/sec. SD 1.1 is expected to raise this to 50 MB/sec. The SD Card Standard was introduced by Toshiba Matsushita Electric and SanDisk in 1999. Below drawn Fig.3 show the Block Diagram of MMC/SD Card.

Fig. shows Internal Architecture of MMC/SD Card. It is a Flash Memory. Here four Control signal is shown as CS, CMD/DI, DAT/DO and CLK/SCLK which used for the read/write operations. Also four register sets are shown: OSR: Operational Card Register, CID: Card Identification Register, CSD: Card Specific Data Register and RCA: Relative Card Address Register. In the above Fig.3: All the units in the MultiMedia Card are clocked by an internal clock generator. The interface driver unit synchronize the DAT and CMD signals from external clock to the internal used clock signal the Card is controlled by the three line MMC interface containing the signal CMD, CLK, DAT. For the identification of the MMC in a stack of MMCs, a Card Identification Register (CID) and a relative Card address register (RCA) is foreseen. An additional register contains different types of operation parameters. This register is called Card Specific Data Register (CSD). The communication using the MMC lines to access either the memory field or the registers is defined by the MMC Standard. The Card has its own Power on the detection unit. No additional Master reset signal is required to setup Card System is powered up. No external programming voltage supply is required. The programming voltage generated on Card. These MultiMedia Card supports a second interface mode the SPI interface mode i.e. Serial Peripheral Interface Mode. The SPI mode is activated if CS signal is assorted (negative) during the reception of the reset command (CMD0). These MultiMedia Cards' Interface can operate in two different modes MultiMedia Card Mode and SPI(Serial Peripheral Interface) Mode. Both modes are using the same pins. The default mode the MMC Mode. The SPI Mode is selected by activating (=0) the CS signal (Pin 1) and sending the CMD0.

LM35

In our project we are using LM 35A IC for temperature measurement. LM 35A is precision type IC temperature sensor whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius temperature. The LM 35A thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin as the user is not required to subtract large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient centigrade scaling. The LM35A does not require any external calibration to provide typical accuracy as 1/4 degree Celsius

at room temperature & 3/4 degree Celsius over a full -55 to +150degree Celsius temperature range. The LM35A has low output impedance, linear o/p & precise inherent calibration make interfacing to read out or control circuitry in especially easy.It can be used with single power supply or with +& - supplies. As it draws 60 ampere from its supply, it has a very low self heating less than 0.1 degree Celsius in still air.

Features:

CALIBRATED DIRECTLY IN CELSIUS Linear +10.0mV/c scale factor. 0.5Cel accuracy guarantee able (at +25 c). Suitable for remote application. Low cost due to water level trimming. Operated from 4 to 30 volt. Less then 60 micro A current drain.

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT BY USING LM 35A SENSOR

Graph of voltage vs. temperature of LM35

Ethernet Controller Chip ENC28j60 Features

• IEEE 802.3 compatible Ethernet controller

• Integrated MAC and 10BASE-T PHY• Receiver and collision squelch circuit• Supports one 10BASE-T port with automatic polarity detection and correction• Supports Full and Half-Duplex modes• Programmable automatic retransmit on collision• Programmable padding and CRC generation• Programmable automatic rejection of erroneous packets• SPI™ Interface with speeds up to 10 Mb/s

Buffer

• 8-Kbyte transmit/receive packet dual port SRAM• Configurable transmit/receive buffer size• Hardware-managed circular receive FIFO• Byte-wide random and sequential access with auto-increment• Internal DMA for fast data movement• Hardware assisted IP checksum calculation

Medium Access Controller (MAC)Features

• Supports Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast packets• Programmable receive packet filtering and wake-up host on logical AND or OR of the following:

- Unicast destination address- Multicast address- Broadcast address- Magic Packet™- Group destination addresses as defined by 64-bit hash table- Programmable pattern matching of up to 64 bytes at user-defined offset• Loopback mode

Physical Layer (PHY) Features

• Wave shaping output filter• Loopback mode

Operational

• Two programmable LED outputs for LINK, TX,RX, collision and full/half-duplex status• Seven interrupt sources with two interrupt pins• 25MHz clock• Clock out pin with programmable prescaler• Operating voltage range of 3.14V to 3.45V• TTL level inputs• Temperature range: -40°C to +85°C Industrial,0°C to +70°C Commercial (SSOP only)• 28-pin SPDIP, SSOP, SOIC, QFN packages

MEMORY ORGANIZATIONAll memory in the ENC28J60 is implemented as static RAM. There are three

types of memory in the ENC28J60: Control Registers Ethernet Buffer PHY Registers The Control registers memory contains the registers that are used for configuration, control and status retrieval of the ENC28J60. The Control registers are directly read and written to by the SPI interface. The Ethernet buffer contains transmit and receive memory used by the Ethernet controller in a single memory space. The sizes of the memory areas are programmable by the host controller using the SPI interface. The Ethernet buffer memory can only be accessed via the read buffer memory and write buffer memory SPI commands (see Section4.2.2 Read Buffer Memory Command and Section4.2.4 Write Buffer Memory Command). The PHY registers are used for configuration, control and status retrieval of the PHY module. The registers are not directly accessible through the SPI interface; they can only be accessed through Media Independent Interface Management (MIIM) implemented in the MAC.

Magnetics, Termination and Other External Components

To complete the Ethernet interface, the ENC28J60 requires several standard components to be

installed externally. These components should be connected as shown in Figure. The internal analog

circuitry in the PHY module requires that an external 2.32 kΩ, 1% resistor be attached from RBIAS to

ground. The resistor influences the TPOUT+/- signal amplitude. The resistor should be placed as close as

possible to the chip with no immediately adjacent signal traces to prevent noise capacitively coupling into

the pin and affecting the transmit behavior. It is recommended that the resistor be a surface mount type.

Some of the deviceís digital logic operates at a nominal 2.5V. An on-chip voltage regulator is incorporated

to generate this voltage. The only external component required is an external filter capacitor, connected

from VCAP to ground. The capacitor must have low equiva- lent series resistance (ESR), with a typical

value of 10 μF, and a minimum value of 1 μF. The internal regulator is not designed to drive external loads.

On the TPIN+/TPIN- and TPOUT+/TPOUT- pins, 1:1center taped pulse transformers, rated for Ethernet

operations, are required. When the Ethernet module is enabled, current is continually sunk through both

TPOUT pins. When the PHY is actively transmitting, a differential voltage is created on the Ethernet cable

by varying the relative current sunk by TPOUT+ compared to TPOUT-. A common-mode choke on the

TPOUT interface, placed between the TPOUT pins and the Ethernet transformer (not shown), is not

recommended. If a common-mode choke is used to reduce EMI emissions, it should be placed between the

Ethernet transformer and pins 1 and 2 of the RJ-45 connector. Many Ethernet transformer modules include

common-mode chokes inside the same device package. The transformers should have at least the isolation

rating specified in Table16-5 to protect against static voltages and meet IEEE 802.3 isolation requirements

(see Section16.0 ìElectrical Characteristics for specific transformer requirements). Both transmit and

receive interfaces additionally require two resistors and a capacitor to properly terminate the transmission

line, minimizing signal reflections. All power supply pins must be externally connected to the same power

source. Similarly, all ground references must be externally connected to the same ground node. Each VDD

and VSS pin pair should have a 0.1 μF ceramic bypass capacitor (not shown in the schematic) placed as

close to the pins as possible. Since relatively high currents are necessary to operate the twisted-pair

interface, all wires should be kept as short as possible. Reasonable wire widths should be used on power

wires to reduce resistive loss. If the differential data lines cannot be kept short, they should be routed in

such a way as to have a 100Ω characteristic impedance.

Relay Driver (ULN 2803D)

It is 18 pin relay driver 1C as shown in figure 3.3 (a). We can switch ON/OFF

eight relays with this 1C. Also more than one LEDs can be made ON/OFF with this

1C.The free-wheeling diode required for the relay operation is inbuilt. It generally

operates on -+ 5V.

Figure 3.4 (a) Pin structure of ULN 2803

The internal structure of the 1C is as shown in figure 3.3 (b). Darlington pair is

used for switching the relay or LED. In such way here 1C requires inbuilt 8 darlington

pairs. When +5V supply is given to transistor Tl it act as switch i.e.it get ON and the

output current of transistor Tl drives another transistor T2 from the darlington pair and

therefore relays get de-energized. The common free-wheeling diode is connected to pin

no 10 and the common ground is at pin no 9.

Fig 3.4 (b) Internal Structure of ULN2803D.

LM317A

3-TerminalAdjustableRegulator

Features

Guaranteed1%outputvoltagetolerance(LM317A)

Guaranteedmax.0.01%/Vlineregulation(LM317A)

Guaranteedmax.0.3%loadregulation(LM117)

Guaranteed1.5Aoutputcurrent

Adjustableoutputdownto1.2V

Current limit constant with temperature

P+ Product Enhancement tested

80dBripplerejection

Out put is short- circuit protected

General Description

SOFTWARE :-

FLOW-CHART

About Internet:-

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the

standardized Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). It is a network of networks that consists of

millions of private and public, academic, business, and government networks of local to

global scope that are linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, and

other technologies.

The Internet carries a vast array of information resources and services, most

notably the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the

infrastructure to support electronic mail, in addition to popular services such as online

chat, file transfer and file sharing, online gaming, and Voice over Internet Protocol

(VoIP) person-to-person communication via voice and video.

The origins of the Internet reach back to the 1960s when the United States funded

research projects of its military agencies to build robust, fault-tolerant and distributed

computer networks. This research and a period of civilian funding of a new U.S.

backbone by the National Science Foundation spawned worldwide participation in the

development of new networking technologies and led to the commercialization of an

international network in the mid 1990s, and resulted in the following popularization of

countless applications in virtually every aspect of modern human life. By 2009, an

estimated quarter of Earth's population uses the services of the Internet.

ABOUT HTML :-

HTML, which stands for HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup

language for web pages. It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting

structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. It

allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. It is

written in the form of HTML elements consisting of "tags" surrounded by angle brackets within

the web page content. It can embed scripts in languages such as JavaScript which affect the

behavior of HTML webpages. HTML can also be used to include Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

to define the appearance and layout of text and other material. The W3C, maintainer of both

HTML and CSS standards, encourages the use of CSS over explicit presentational markup.[1]

TCP/IP-based HTTP as Communication Platform :-

HTTP [1] is a simple protocol that is based on a TCP/IP protocol stack (picture

1.A). HTTP uses TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). TCP is a relative complex and

high-quality protocol to transfer data by the subordinate IP protocol. TCP itself always

guarantees a safeguarded connection between two communication partners based on an

extensive three- way-handshake procedure. As a result the data transfer via HTTP is

always protected. Due to the extensive TCP protocol mechanisms HTTP offers only a

low-grade performance.

Picture 1: TCP/IP stack and HTTP programming model

HTTP is based on a simple client/server-concept. HTTP server and client communicate

via a TCP connection. As default TCP port value the port number 80 will be used. The

server works completely passive. He waits for a request (order) of a client. This request

normally refers to the transmition of specific HTML documents. This HTML documents

possibly have to be generated dynamically by CGI [2]. As result of the requests, the

server will answer with a response that usually contains the desired HTML documents

among others (picture 1.B).

GET /test.htm HTTP/1.1

Accept]: image/gif, image/jpeg, */*

User selling agent: Mozilla/4.0

Host: 192.168.0.1

Listing 1.A: HTTP GET-request

HTTP/1.1 200 OK

Date: Mon, 06 Dec 1999 20:55:12 GMT

Server: Apache/1.3.6 (Linux)

Content-length: 82

Content-type: text/html

<html>

<head>

<title>Test-Seite</title>

</head>

<body>

Test-Seite

</body>

</html>

Listing 1.B: HTTP response as result of the GET-request from listing 1.A

HTTP requests normally consist of several text lines, which are transmitted to the server

by TCP. The listing 1.A shows an example. The first line characterizes the request type

(GET), the requested object (/test1.htm) and the used HTTP version (HTTP/1.1). In the

second request line the client tells the server, which kind of files it is able to evaluate.

The third line includes information about the client-software. The fourth and last line of

the request from listing 1.A is used to inform the server about the IP address of the

client. In according to the type of request and the used client software there could follow

some further lines. As an end of the request a blank line is expected. The HTTP

responses as request answer mostly consist of two parts. At first there is a header of

individual lines of text. Then follows a content object (optional). This content object

maybe consists of some text lines –in case of a HTML file– or a binary file when a GIF

or JPEG image should be transferred. The first line of the header is especially important.

It works as status or error message. If an error occurs, only the header or a part of it will

be transmitted as answer

COMPONENT LIST & DESCRIPTION

dsPIC33FJ64GP802 1250

LM317 35

IC base 28 pin 12

Transistor Array ULN 2803 10

Relay 12v SPDP 18

Resistors 1k, 1.2k, 20

Voltage Regulator 7805 18

Bridge 12

Power supply

Transformer 09 2amp 100

ENC28J60 1850

PCB 6 x 6 80

Reliable connector

LED 12

Acrylic sheet 120

Capacitors

1 470llF 16V electrolytic 12

1 331lF 16V electrolytic 6

2 1 OIlF tantalum 6

3 1 OOnF monolithic 3

4 33pF ceramic 12

Resistors (O.25W, 1 %)

410kn 1 180n 12

1 2kn 2110n 12

11kn 451n 6

5330n 6

Semiconductors

1 dsPIC33FJ64GP802-I/SP pro- 1250

1 ENC28J60 ethernet controller (IC2) 1850

2 N4004 silicon diode (D1) 6

1 LM317T adjustable 3-terminal regulator (REG1) 35

1 3mm green LED (LED1) 6

1 3mm orange LED (LED2) 6

Ethernet RJ45 Connector with Magnetics, Amphenol 2750

8MHz crystal (X1) 25

25MHz crystal (X2) 25

ADVANTAGES

1) By allowing the operation on home appliance from anywhere through Website.

2) The component used for the assembling of this circuit are very cheap and are

easily available in the market. Hence the initial cost of setting up the circuit is

minimal.

3) If fitted in a residence, it becomes a safer and secure place to live in, As stated in

it’s applications a mock switching ON and switching OFF of different appliances

at different parts of the house in once absence can make anyone feel that owner

and the members of the family are around. This helps in the reduction of the

thefts.

5) In our country Energy saving is great problem. So one can save tremendous

amount of energy by switching OFF the electrical application by this project.

References:-

1] Online electronics circuits experimental system with embedded server Zheying Li   Wenson Pan   Inf. Sch., Beijing Union Univ., China;

This paper appears in: Advanced Learning Technologies, 2005. ICALT 2005. Fifth IEEE International Conference onPublication Date: 5-8 July 2005On page(s): 644- 646ISBN: 0-7695-2338-2INSPEC Accession Number: 8641996Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/ICALT.2005.214Current Version Published: 2005-09-19

With the embedded instrument server (Elserver), an online electronic circuit experiment system, ESNetlab, was designed in this paper. To meet the need of electronic engineering education, the ESNetlab supplied an online experimental platform. The user can construct circuit and do some instrument operation according to their requirement. An embedded instrument server has been used in the ESNetlab.

2] http://www.nabble.com/Embedded-Server-*and*-client-td24435225.html3] http://www.microsoft.com/windowsembedded/en-us/products/server/faq.mspx4] http://sun.systemnews.com/articles/32/1/ja/27095] http://www.tuxgraphics.org/electronics/200606/article06061.shtml

Books:-1] Design with PIC Micro controllers By Jonh b. Peatman

2] Micro-controller By ajay deshmukh3] Easy Microcontrol'n A Beginner's Guide to Using the PIC Microcontroller, by David Benson4] Microcontrol'n Apps , PIC Microcontroller Applications Guide by David Benson5] Interested in moving up to the 18 Series PIC® Microcontroller? See our latest bookMov'n Up, Migrating from the PIC® Microcontroller16 Series to the 18 Series , by David Benson,

Tools to be use :-

1) PIC Microchip Programmer (Burner) and Its software.

2) Personal Computer

3) Operating system [Windows98, 2000,2003,Xp, Vista]

4) PIC Micro controller Compiler

5) Schematic And Layout Design Software

6) Multi-Meter or volt-meter, Soldering Iron, 12V DC power

supply,

Applications: -

1] Industrial automation control through Internet where any remote place of the world.

2] Home appliances control

3] Embedded Web Server design

This is a proposed system which can be very useful for agriculture Applications such as soil moisture sensor for measuring moisture in the soil, water level probes reading for measuring tank level, temp sensor for reading the temp of soil, humidity sensor for measuring environmental humidity, these types of sensors can be connected to the hardware. On the other we can also use relays to control the operation of the devices. The output of these sensors will be monitored and will be displayed via a web server, and same can be controlled remotely through a web portal (Internet).

The data generated by these sensors will be logged by the Device and will be stored in the Memory Chip on the device. This is a most important feature of this project.

Weather Prophet which can be analyzed to determine the normal, high and low temperatures of any given duration can be displayed using this device.