ethical issues related by technology

8/17/2019 Ethical Issues Related by Technology

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Science and

technology progressChallenges

to diagnostic, mana

ged care, therapyEfforts

to sustain life for

emergency patients with adv

anced equipmentSide effects in the

field of medical

ethics & morality



Diagnosis dead → not static, dependingon science and medical technology, the

tools of breath, a tool so that the

heart pacemaker and lungs are stillworking even though there has been

a clinical death.



Government Regulation No 1!1"1 #rticle 1 verse

$"%&uman condition who is

believed by medical e'perts who authori(ed that brainfunction, breathing, and or heart rate of someone has died.

)atwa *+ D about Dead No.-/1!*+!#.0!2!1""verse 0 - # person declared dead when -3pontaneous respiratory and cardiac functions have

stopped for sure ! irreversible. f convicted of brain stem death has occurred.

+ritish 4edical 5ournal, 4#6 7, -Die is if the brain stem is not functioning



#rticle 112 &ealth Regulation No /7 in

"

# person is declared as dead when no

function of the cardiovascular

system, circulatory andrespiratory systems have been proven

to be permanently stopped or if the brain

stem death has been proven.



Kinds of Death (1) 3omatic death $clinically dead%

8ccurs due to interruption of the three sedentary life9support systems $circulatory system,respiratory system, nervoussystem%. :linical refle'es was not found, nopalpable pulse, heart rate did notsound, no breathing movements, inaudible breath

sounds.

3urvival of each organ is different, so that itsdeath not together. t is important for organ transplant.

3ome cells are still alive - +rain tissue - ; minutes

4uscle tissue - / hours:ornea, blood - 7 hours3perm - a few days in the vas deferens



Kinds of Death (2)

#pparent death

8ccurs due to the third life

support systems drop until minimal

limit. <ith advanced medical

devices can still be proved thatthe three systems are still functioning.



Kinds of Death (3)

:ellular death $molecular death%

=he death of an organ or

tissue that arise shortly after thedeath of somatic.



Kinds of Death (4)

:erebral death

an irreversible damage

to both hemispheres, e'ceptthe brain

stem and cerebellum,whereas theother two systems are

still functioning with the aid.



Kinds of Death(5)

+rain stem death<hen the damage has been done intothe entire contents of the center of the

brain within the skull whichis irreversible, including the brainstem and cerebellum.

<ith known brain stem dead, it>sstated that a person can not belived again



3? *+ D No. /1!*+!#.0!2!"-

# person declared as dead when brain stem death

has occurred

loss of pupil refle' $pupillary refle'%

=he loss of the eye cornea refle' $corneal refle'%

@oss of response to pain

@oss of vomit refle', cough refle'.



=o not make a mistake inclassifying the living as the dead

:reate a minimum error in

classifying the dead as people living *erform the determination of life or

death without unreasonable delay

t must be clear and verifiable



Termination of TheEmergency Resuscitation

n each acute respiratory or circulatory distress,medical personnel should immediatelybegin resuscitation.

n every patient who can still be

saved, resuscitation efforts should be continueduntil spontaneous circulation recovers or thereare signs of irreversible cardiac arrest whichmarked by a flat line on the A:G at least

/ minutes. #s far as possible the decisionto terminate resuscitation is made by a team ofdoctors $neurologist, anaesthesiologist%.



Transplant Denition

Removal of human tissue or

an organ from one place

to another on his own or on anotherpersonBs body with certain terms and

conditions.



Transpantation from the

!ie"point of therecipient can #edistinguished$

1. Auto transplant , removal of tissues ! organs toother places in the body of oneBs own.

2. Homo transplant , removalof tissue ! organ from one body to anotherpersonBs body.

3. Hetero transplant, removalof tissue ! organs from onespecies into another species body.



Ethical Aspectsof Transplantation =he transplanted tissue ! organ is closely

related to ethics whether the offer of a man

who is still alive is acceptable and when the

time of receipt of organ is acceptable.

8rgan transplants → may from a living

donor or death ! corpse donor



Living Donor

+efore you decide to

become donors, you

must know and understand the risks- the

risk of medical, surgery, and the riskof later life.

=o become a donor, there should beno psychological pressure



=ransplant failure

transplant successful

feeling guilty

Disappointed because the sacrifice in vain

Donors feel recipient

had a debt

of gratitude



Corpse or Dead Donors

=he person in his lifetime has allowed inearnest to provide tissue ! organ of his body

when he died naturally.

<hen sick, to consider whether team doctorshave to treat it seriously.

=he bodies are used as the

donor must have permission from the familyBs

body to avoid charges of malpractice



Donor and Recipient Family

=here should be a

good understanding between donor f amilies and recipients to avoidfamily

conflict of emotions.



#rticle 70

Cerse - transplantation of organs and ! ortissue is done only for humanitarianpurposes and should notbe commerciali(ed

Cerse /- organs and ! or tissue areprohibited from sale by any prete't

&ealth Regulation No. /7 in "

TRANSLANT !N L"#ALAS"CTS



$ealth Reg%lation No& '( in

)**+ #rticle 7;

Cerse 1- =he transplantation of organs and ! ortissue can only be done by health

personnel who have thee'pertise and authority to do so and bedone in certain healthcare facilities.

Cerse - organ retrieval and ! or tissue from a

donor must pay attention to health andconcerned donors and donor approval and ! ortheir heirs.




)**+ #rticle 72

Cerse 1- retrieval and delivery

of specimens or parts of organs can onlybe done by health personnel who have

the e'pertise and authority as well

as performed at certain health carefacilities.



,L--D TRANSF.S!-N

&ealth Regulation No. /7 in "

#rticle 7

Cerse 1- =he blood service is an effort of health care that

utili(es human blood as a base material with humanitarianpurposes and not for commercial purposes.

Cerse - +lood obtained from healthy voluntary donors anddonor selection criteria to prioriti(e health donors.

Cerse /- +lood of blood donors before used for service mustbe carried out for laboratory tests to prevent transmission ofdisease




)**+ #rticle 2

Cerse 1- =he implementation of donor bloodand blood processing performed by the+lood =ransfusion nit.

Cerse - nit of +lood =ransfusion held by thegovernment, or social organi(ation duties and

functions in the area of the Red :ross.




)**+ #rticle

Cerse - mplementation of a bloodtransfusion is done by maintaining thesafety and healthof blood recipients and healthworkers from diseasetransmission through blood transfusion.

#rticle "Cerse /- +lood on the prete'tof any commercial use is prohibited.




)**+ #rticle 1" #ny person who knowingly tradein organs or tissues by any prete't sentencedto a ma'imum of 1 years imprisonment and a

ma'imum fine of one billion rupiahs.

#rticle 1";any person who knowingly trade in blood on

the prete't whatever shall be sentenced up tofive years imprisonment and a ma'imum fineof five hundred million rupiahs.



a clone of an organism that genetically isidentical to another.



=he development of science and technology.

# techniEue to produce a duplicate that

genetically same from an organism by replacing

the nucleus of cells that have notbeen fertili(ed egg with the nucleus of

the organismBs body.



:loning is a serious problem in

ethics, much opposed by the religious

+uddhism =he birth of

human cloning incompatible with the teachings

of +uddhism.

slam &uman beings are distinguished onthe side of God, which was created by God.

Religion :loning is an effort to violate

the nature of God.



?inds of :loning-

1. Reproductive :loning all religions do

not agree.. =herapeutic cloning for treatment.

;th <orld &ealth #ssembly in Geneva,4ay 10th 1""2 the use of cloning forthe replication ofhuman individuals is ethically unacceptab

le and contrary to human integrityand morality.

F =he nternasional +ioethics :omitteeNA3:8F



Guidelines for Athics in8bstetrics and Gynecology$/%

#rticle 1-

:ommercialpurposes and cloningfor reproduction is prohibited



!n /itro Fertili0ation 1!/F2

=he first test9tube baby was born 1"2in Angland

n ndonesia

5akarta, +andung, 3urabaya and otherbig cities in ndonesia

:onditions 9 in women who havemarried and can not get pregnant in the

natural way, ovum from the woman withsperm from the husbandBs own $&ealthRegulation No./7 in " article 12%



Legal !ss%es of !n /itroFertili0ation1. *re9embryos may be discarded if not used

Angland 9 prohibit

Netherlands 9 should be discarded because

it has not been considered as an embryo $asyet nidation in

the uterus% H have approval from the relevant

ndonesia I Netherlands

#ustralia 9 all pre9embryos implanted in the

motherBs womb



. s pre9embryos may be used for research -

9 allowed $must be approved%

9 prohibited

/. :an pre9embryos be fro(en -

#llowed but there should be that personBs

consent0. )ro(en pre9embryos, may be donated to other

couples unethical

;. *re9e'isting embryos that already nidation may

be discarded ! reduced prohibited becauseit>s considered as abortion



S%rrogate 3other

a woman who bindthemselves through an agreement with another party $husband ! wife%to become pregnant and deliver an unborn

child after birth to anotherparty $the husband !wife%.

n ndonesia is prohibited contraryto #rticle 1/ :ivil :ode

1. #greements. # particular case

/. )or the kosher



".T$ANAS!A

8riginally from the Greek word-

eu J Good without suffering, thanatos J death

Authanasia-

+y deliberately not doing anything to prolong

the life of a patient or intentionally do

anything to shorten or terminate the life ofa patient. #ll this is done specifically for the

benefit of the patientBs own.



Kinds of "%thanasia

*assive euthanasia $on

reEuest or without reEuest%

#ctive euthanasia $on

reEuest or without reEuest% #uto9euthanasia- a firm with

a conscious patient

refuses to receive medical care and heknows this will shorten or end life. =he

patient made a statement of reKection.



assive "%thanasia

*hysician or other health

professionals are no

longer intentionally provide medical

assistance to patientswho can prolong his life.

*assive euthanasia at the

reEuest J auto9euthanasia



Active "%thanasia

*hysician or other health

workers deliberately taking action

to shorten patients lives or end the life of

the patient.



Legal Aspects

of "%thanasia +oth active and passive euthanasia is

prohibited under e'isting criminal

law in ndonesia.

#rticle /00 of the :riminal :ode-

<hoever removes another soul at the

reEuest of the man

himself who mentioned the real andtruly put to Kail for ever 1 years.



se%do "%thanasia

=ermination of patient care because

of symptoms of Lbrain stem deadM

=ermination of a personBs life due to an

emergency Dismiss a medical treatment that is

not useful anymore

Refusing medical treatment

ethical issues related by technology

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