ethics & ict professionalism - nust 1... · 2019. 11. 13. · ethics what is it? greek...
TRANSCRIPT
Ethics & ICT
Professionalism
What do you think Ethics is?
Ethics
What is it? Greek ‘Ethos’ = Character
moral standards that help guide behaviour,
actions, and choices. Help resolve dilemmas.
grounded in the notion of responsibility (as free moral agents, individuals, organizations, and societies) and accountability (individuals, organizations, and society should be held accountable to others for the consequences of their actions).
Ethics and ICT
Dilemma in ICTs : useful, but have larger social
and ethical impact than the creators realized or
intended.
Ethical principles and
guidelines
ICT Professionalism
Cyber Threats
• Cyber-bullying
• Privacy and confidentiality
• Consistency – What we see today is as tomorrow
[no fake news or ephemerality]• Integrity [assuring data and
programmes cannot be
modified without proper
authority .
• Malicious ‘viral’ software
as “programmed threats”
Viruses (inserted into other computer programmes
as a piece of code which can copy itself, typically
intended to corrupt multiple systems or
manipulate/destroy data). e.g phishing
Worms can move from machine to machine, across
networks, and may have parts of themselves running
on different machines. The difference is that
a worm operates more or less independently of other files,
whereas a virus depends on a host program to spread itself.
Virus vs Worm comparisonComputer virus
Computer VirusHow does it
infect a
computer
system?
It inserts itself into a
file or executable
program.How can it
spread? It has to rely on users
transferring infected
files/programs to
other computer
systems.
Does it infect
files? Yes, it deletes or
modifies files. ?
Computer Worm
It exploits a weakness in an
application or operating
system by replicating itself.
It can use a network to
replicate itself to other
computer systems without
user intervention.
Usually not. Worms
usually only monopolize
the CPU and memory.
.
Threats (contd.)
• “Trojan horses”, which appear to be a legitimate
programme or App (e.g. a pseudo anti-virus, or
video downloader), but actually are doing
damage behind the scenes.
• Bacteria, which multiply
rapidly and fill up a
computer’s memory so that it
cannot function.
• Downloaded in error, emails
Computer Crimes
Embezzlement (fraud; stealing
data for undeserved profit)–
committed by trusted personnel
who have permission to use the
computer system, e.g. banks,
hospitals, social security, etc.
Computer security must also be concerned with
the actions of “trusted” computer users, who may
steal legitimate passwords, or use “logic bombs”
to crack the security protection.
Computer Crimes (contd.)
Hacking– to break into
someone’s computer system
without permission.
• Some hackers intentionally
steal data, or vandalise storage
• Some only “explore” the system and see what
files it contains. They argue they are freedom
fighters, “probing” for rip-offs by big
corporations or governments.
Computer Crimes (contd.)
“Cyber-sabotage is not a
‘prank,’” said John Stuart Bruce,
US Attorney for the Eastern
District of North Carolina. “It is
a very serious crime with real
victims and real costs. Thanks to
great work by the investigators
and prosecutor, Mr Das is being
held accountable for his criminal
acts.”
Computer Crimes (contd.)Hacking– Whether they steal and
damage files, or only “explore”,
the hackers remain unethical.
Only authorized government
agencies are legally allowed to
penetrate others’ computers.Article 70, sub-sections 1-9 of the Namibia Communications Act,
and the draft Electronic Transactions and Cybercrime Bill (revised in
2017, but not yet passed) empower government agencies – notably
the NCIS (Namibia Central Intelligence Service), and CRAN
(Communication Regulatory Authority of Namibia), to “access
without notification” private computer systems.
Cases of ICT “hacking”
Sony “Rootkit Scandal” of 2005
2013 South Korea cyberattack
2017 corruption of US military salary systems
“Legal hacking” under the Namibian
Communications Act, 2009
Questions for Discussion
In your opinion, was/is the “hacking”in your
particular case study ethical or “right”?
Is/Was it legal, in your opinion?
Is it possible for the hacking to be ethical, but
not legal? Or legal, but not ethical?
What does your answer to the third question
tell you about the difference or similarity
between ethics and the law?
Each student write notes from the discussions
Feedback
But freedoms are not absolute…
Article 13(1) of the Namibian Constitution:
“No persons shall be subject to interference with
the privacy of their homes, correspondence, or
communications, save as in accordance with law
and as is necessary in a democratic society in the
interests of national security, public safety or the
economic well-being of the country, for the
protection of health or morals, for the prevention
of disorder or crime, or for the protection of the
rights or freedoms of others”.
Is there a distinction
between Ethics and the
law?
Yes. The law is a statute passed by
Parliament, assented to by the President, and
enforceable by a recognized authority which
has legal powers to penalize those who do not
adhere.
Ethics is
On the other hand, ethics is a code of conduct
derived from reasoned reflection on action
and standards of action.
For Aristotle, resolvable debate
Both intellectual and moral virtues are
needed for us to achieve happiness
(eudaemonia)
Early Habituation + Critical
Reasoning
Intellectual virtues: these inform practice, and relate
particularly to our professions. They will differ for a
journalist, cook, driver, etc.
Moral virtue (ethike): The outcome of habit (ethos).
It is habit codified
Therefore, the law alone cannot inform our
moral or ethical choices.
Which are Crimes, which are
unethical, and which are both? Web site defacement or
vandalism
Denial of service attacks on websites and online services
Theft of customer data
Theft of electronic intellectual property
Theft of Internet & Telephone services
Sabotage of data or networks
Financial and On-line Securities Fraud
Forgery, illegal interception & ID Theft
Payment card fraud & e-funds transfer fraud
Pornography/Child Pornography; cyber-stalking
On-line Gaming/Betting
Commercial/Corporate Espionage
Extortion & criminal conspiracy communications
Disruption of essential or critical network services
Freedom of Expression
“Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.”
UN Universal Declaration
of Human Rights, Article 19
A Fundamental Right
But freedoms are not absolute…
Article 13(1) of the Namibian Constitution:
“No persons shall be subject to interference with
the privacy of their homes, correspondence, or
communications, save as in accordance with law
and as is necessary in a democratic society in the
interests of national security, public safety or the
economic well-being of the country, for the
protection of health or morals, for the prevention
of disorder or crime, or for the protection of the
rights or freedoms of others”.
Ethics-related Concepts
Morals
Principles ingrained from childhood
Conscience/Guilt
Feeling about right/wrong
Laws
Principles and regulations established and enforced in a community
Rights
Entitlements
Duties
Obligations
Natural laws: right to self-defense
Conventional laws: culture-dependent
Cultural vs professional principles