ADS452ETHICS IN ADMINISTRATION

THE PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION OF ETHICS

THE PRESENTER

NOR RAIHAN BINTI KARTUBI2010942727

PRESENT FOR

EN. MOHD MOHIYUDDIN BIN MOHD SULAIMAN

The philosophical foundation of ethics

Describe the idea of kantian morality

Examine weaknesses of all these five theories of morality

Identify whether supernatural theory is consequentialism or non- consequentialism

Describe the idea of Kantian Morality

Kant morality theory is non-consequentialist theory often called “Duty Ethics” contains several ethical principles.

a)The good Will “Will” defined as the unique human ability to

act accordance to moral rules, laws or principles without thinking the interest or the consequences.

Moral action worth only if it is done with the right intention or motive.

People can’t be blamed or praised for what is not in their control – the consequence of the act are not in the control but the motive are.

b) Establishing morality by reasoning alone “reason” for someone does the action was

basis for absolute moral rules. Applicable to everything without exception;

all human being, situations, times and places.

The truth must be universalizable; that must be able to apply to everything without exception. – moral rule that can be applied to all human beings without self-contradiction.

c) categorical imperative Moral rules must be universalisable An act is immoral if the rule that would

authorize it cannot be made into rule for all human being.

Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law

d) The practical imperative Moral rules must respect human beings No human being should be treated merely

as a means to someone else’s end but, rather, that all human beings should be treated as unique ends in themselves.

e) Duty rather than inclination Action that human beings are inclined to

do usually by emotions or habit. Ex: stay in bed rather than go to work. Therefore, in order for it to be truly moral,

an act had to be done out of a sense of duty, not inclination.

Examine weaknesses of all these five theories of morality

Ethical Egoism

(consequentialist)

Utilitarianism

(consequentialist)

Natural Law Theory

(consequentialist)

Kant’s Moral Theory

(Non-consequentialist)

Virtue Ethics

(Non-consequentialist)

THEORIES OF

MORALITY

WEAKNESS

No consistent method of resolving conflict

People must be live in compromised rather than think about self-interest in order to life in harmonize.It is also not helping with any profession.

Ethical Egoism(consequentialist)

How individual think about whether the action are for his or herself, or how others action will benefit to his or herself, or everyone should act for his or herself

WEAKNESS

Complex and difficult theory•Hard to apply because have to consider all variables concerning pleasure and happiness – difficult to determine what good or bad for all people.•Not all people will follow the moral act-not easy to educate them.

Utilitarianism propose that good consequences or happiness to all concerned. Based on ‘the principle

of utility’.

Utilitarianism(consequentialist)

WEAKNESS

Problem with the ability to read nature.

•Peoples read nature differently.•Some action was not suitable on the time.

Natural Law Theory(consequentialist)

Derived from human nature, by natural reason, people know what is moral good and bad, right and wrong.

WEAKNESS

Problem of one’s intention/ motive

•What happen when the inclination and duties are the same.•moral rule would become inconsistent .

Kant’s Moral Theory(Non-consequentialist)

Action done with the right motive and do the right thing.

WEAKNESS

Morality is not naturally implanted

•People have to learn how to behave. But its not easy to educate people to do moral action.•Must through the continuous learning and repetition process.•If the moral virtues are our habits, it like second nature to human.

Virtue Ethics(Non-consequentialist)

Tell us what kind of persons we should be, the character we should exemplify because they are

particular excellences or virtue.

Identify whether supernatural theory is consequentialism or non-

consequentialism

People believe that values comes from some higher power or supernatural being or principle – Allah (muslim), the gods (the greeks and romans)

This theory makes ethics depend on God. It teaches that the only source of moral rules is God and that something is good because God says it is.

People must follow the rule if they want to become moral (got eternal reward), if disobedient they will end up with punishment.

The main point in this theory is:the only source of moral rules is Godsomething is good because God says it isthe way to lead a good life is to do what God wants

So the supernatural is consequentialism theory.

THANK YOU