ethics in experimentation

8/11/2019 Ethics in Experimentation

1/29

GROUP MEMBERS

ABIDA KHALIL

MARIAM NASIR


2/29

Ethics codes are describe as a moral guidelineto self-regulation, attempt to ensure theappropriate use of skills and techniques.

OR Branch of philosophy dealing with values

relating to human conduct, with respect to the

rightness and wrongness of certain actions andto the goodness and badness of the motivesand ends of such actions.


3/29


4/29

Before starting the experiment, its theexperimenter's responsibility to giveinformation to the participants about their

right as a participant in the process.


5/29

The APA Ethical principles makes numerousreferences to research throughout the code &two of ten major principles are concernedexclusively with research activities.

Principle 9 covers research conduct with humanparticipants, and Principle 10 deals withnonhuman participants.


6/29

HUM N

P RTICIP NTS


7/29

Subject at minimal risk (physicaland mantle).

Informed consent (to give themdetail of experiment). Confidentiality. Use of deception.

Debriefing. Freedom to withdraw.


8/29

Protection of participants from physicalharm, mental discomfort, harm and danger

that may arise from research procedure. If risk involves experiment should tell the

participant at the beginning of experiment. The researcher has great potential benefit

if volunteer consent is obtained.


9/29

The participant must know about:1. All significant facts2. Purpose of the experiment.

3. Procedure involve.4. Limitations and confidentiality.5. The right to withdraw.


10/29

Informed consent is not require in cases suchas:

1. Anonymous questionnaire.

2. Naturalistic observation.


11/29

It is the responsibility of the experimenter tosafeguard the participants personalinformation which is stored in anyform of medium.

To reveal nothing about the participant. To keep information confidential and

not to use for other purposes than

that of experiment or research.


12/29

Deception is the with holding ofinformation from the participants.

Deception should be avoided unlessthe use of alternative procedure arenot feasible.

Never deceive participant about significant

aspect that could affect their willingness toparticipate.


13/29

Debriefing is to debrief the participant aboutthe nature and aim of research as soon aspossible after the results are obtained.

It is important to explain clearly about theexperiment that, if were not revealed due tothe nature of research or affectingresult.


14/29


15/29

To test non-pharmaceutical products e.g:toxixcity testfor product ranging from pesticides to deodorants.

To investigate animal behavior e.g. stress copyingmechanism.

For educational purposes. E.g. university students. For medical purposes. E.g. research on cancer, AIDS and

xeno-transplantation.

To test new drugs and vaccines.

Others. E.g. biological research with non-medical aims.

Previously we looked at the use of animals in space flightto further our understanding of the space environment.


16/29

Opponents to animal testing says

Animals have as much rights to live as

humans. Strict control have non prevented

some animals being abused, thoughsuch instances are rare.

Deaths for research are unnecessary.

Animals suffer when they are lockedup and how do we know when they dofeel and when they do not feel pain.


17/29

About 7-8% of thepsychological researchinvolves animals.

90% of the animals used

have been rodents and birdsprincipally rats , mice andpigeons.

Only about 5% of the

animals are monkeys andother primates. Use of dogs and cats are

rare.


18/29

An ethics principle devoted exclusively to animalexperimentation was not included in the Ethicalprinciples until 1981,this principle is heavily adaptedfrom a much earlier APA policy statement which was tobe posted in all psychology laboratories using animals,

including the name of the appropriate designee towhich abuses were to be promptly reported.

Another early APA policy outlined guidelines for the useof animals in schools.

Researchers determine the conditions under which non

human participants must live, including what and howmuch they eat and what they experience, for an indetermined period


19/29

Psychologists acquire carefor use and dispose ofanimals in compliance

with current federal, stateand local laws and withprofessional standards.


20/29

Psychologists trained inresearch methods andexperienced in the careof laboratory animals

supervise all procedureinvolving animals andare responsible forensuring appropriate

consideration of theircomfort,health, andhumane treatment


21/29

Psychologist ensurethat all individualsunder theirsupervision who areusing animals have

received instructionin research methodand in the caremaintenance andhandling of thespecies being used ,to the extentappropriate to theirrole.


22/29

Psychologists make reasonable efforts tominimize the discomfort, infection,illnessand pain of animal subjects.


23/29

Psychologist use aprocedure subjectinganimal to pain , stressor privation only when

an alternative procedureis unavailable and thegoal is justified by itsprospective scientific,

educational or appliedvalue


24/29


25/29

When it isappropriate that ananimals life beterminated,

psychologistsproceed rapidly ,withan effort to minimizepain and in

accordance withaccepted procedure.


26/29


27/29

Replacement:Use alternative, non-animal methods toachieve the same scientific aim. Researchers should,wherever possible, look for alternative methods ofinvestigation. In recent years computer models andsimulations have reduced some of the need for animalexperimentation.

Reduction: Use statistical methods so that a smallernumber of animals are required. More advancedstatistical methods can be used allowing significant

results based on lower numbers. Refinement: Animalsuffering can be reduced by paying

more attention to techniques being used.


28/29

Both fear and pain can cause suffering.Experiments must be designed to separate thevariable of fear from the variable of pain.Some investigators claim that a sharp cut offline exists between those animals who

experience pain and suffering, from those whodo not. This is based on the assumption that the

capacity to suffer is related to the size andcomplexity of the brain,i.e: small brainedanimals feel less pain then animals havinglarge complex brains.

Many mammals are in a gray area when itcomes to suffering from pain. We propose thatonly fish, amphibians and reptiles mayrepresent the gray area of understanding,pain, but they may suffer from fear becausethey will avoid a place where an aversive eventhas taken place.


29/29

ethics in experimentation

Documents