Ethnicity and Gender

Ethnicity and Gender • A set of norms that people create to define their

group through actual or perceived culture traits, language, religions and nationality- – Often linked regionally- Albanians and Albania

• Can also be forcefully divided- Jewish Ghetto – Ghetto- region where ethnic minorities are forced to live- we have

them in the USA • Ethnic enclave- neighborhood where a minority is

concentrated- China Town, Queens New York, Little Italy, Harlem

– Barrio- Spanish Enclave – multi nucleated

• What fosters the growth of these enclaves? – Prejudice, Chain Migration, Belonging

• Ethnic Islands- • Charter Group- • first settlement • Residential segregation

Gender Imbalances

• Not only male and female but the act of masculine and feminine – Long hair in the east – What about the USA

• Men, in general, have more opportunities – Gender Gap- man vs. women

• Maternal mortality rates• Female infanticide• Dowry death • Enfranchisement • Gender imbalances

– Longevity Gap- Women Yay!!

Where does level of development vary by gender?

• Gender-related development index- (GDI) compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes.

• Gender empowerment measure- (GEM) compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making.

• The GDI uses the same indicators of development used in the HDI adjusted to reflect differences in the accomplishments and conditions of men and women. – The GDI reflects improvements in the standard of living and

well being of women, whereas the GEM measures the ability of women to participate in the process of achieving those improvements.

Gender-Related Development Index

4 factors similar to the HDI

1. Economic: average income

2. Social Indicators:-literacy levels

-education (school attendance)

3. Demographic:Life expectancy

Gender-Related Development Index

• -The rank of the Netherlands remained the same. (0)

• -The rank of Belgium is #7 but the HDI rank is #6. (-1)• -The rank of Iceland is #6 but the HDI rank is #7. (1)• -The rank of Japan is #12 but the HDI rank is 9. (-3)• Why would a country drop in rank from the HDI?

Nepal: GDI

140 59.4 59.9 26.4 61.6 55 67 891 1,776 -4What do can you tell about Women in Nepal?

-Women and men have the same life expectancy. Why?-Only a small % of women canread compared to their enrollment in school. Why?-Women make less moneythan men. Why?-What does the last figure mean?

China: GDI

94 73.2 68.8 86.5 95.1 64 69 3,571 5,435 5What can you tell aboutthe women in China?

-Life expectancy is moreconsistent with the global trend-Almost equal numbers of each sex attend school, although low-Literacy rate is high but lower for females compared to males-Males have a higher incomecompared to women, consistentwith the global pattern

• The GEM is calculated by combining:– Two indicators of economic power

-income-professional jobs

– Two indicators of political power

-managerial jobs-elected positions

• The GDI and GEM are both substantially higher in MDC’s than in LDC’s.

Gender Empowerment Measure

Nepal: GEM

• No data .50

1951 1951 1952A 14.8 6 5.9

Due to lack of data on the GEM,Data was found on the Political Participation Index

China: GEM

20.2 .66

1949 1949 1954E 5.1 21 20.2

Data for China can be combined from the GEM and the Political Participation index to discuss the political power of women compared to men in China.

GDI and GEM of an MDC:Sweden

2 0.946 82.5 77.5 100 100 124 104 23,781 28,700 -

2 0.854 45.3 31 50 0.83

When comparing Nepal and China to Sweden, what differences can you detect?

• -Just like the HDI, the GDI and GEM divide countries into high, medium, and low areas of development.

• -Cultural norms can control the advancement or subjugation of women and their status in certain regions of the world.

• -Gender inequality in income, education, and political power is a global problem.

• Knowing that how we can predict the movement of LDC’s and MDC’s?

Ethnicity

1. Where are ethnicities distributed? 2. Why have ethnicities been transformed

into nationalities? 3. Why do ethnicities clash?4. What is ethnic cleansing?

Key Issue 1: Where are ethnicities distributed?

• Skin Color– Not scientific man made

• The Apartheid in South Africa • Gets a little Blurry – Hispanics

– Leads to Social Distance- how distant two ethnicities are from each other

• Ethnocentrism- groups perceived identity is better – Often leads to ethnic conflict

Race• Does not exist on a scientific level,

despite influence of the idea.• Biological variation is real; the order we impose on

this variation by using the concept of race is not. – Race is a product of the human mind, not of nature

• The truth is that there is very little fundamental genetic variety between humans and no way to tell where one category stops and another begins. – Most of us are muts – Race is literally skin deep. There has not been enough time

for much genetic variation– We do not have distinct “races” or “subspecies.”

Race in the U.S.

Rosa Parks

Japan Town, San Francisco, 1910

Dogs Used to Control Protestors, 1957

• Genetic mixing is so common and complete that most geographers dismiss race as a category since it can not be clearly tied to place.

• Ethnicity- the identity of a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.

• What is the difference between Race and Ethnicity? – Examples

What Defines an “Ethnicity”?

• Factors inherent in human selfhood and the "psyche" – home– family – values – relationship styles– foundational beliefs holding a related group of people

together. • Worldview issues entails

– a common history – customs – sense of oneness – social structures holding the related people together

What is an Ethnic Group?

• An ethnic group is a group of human individuals who share a common, unique self-identity.

• An ethnic group is also called a “people” or a “people group.”

• A common technical term for an ethnic group is “ethnolinguistic.”

Ethnicity

• The “ethno” in “ethnolinguistic” refers to other aspects of culture that make up “ethnicity.”

• Usually there is a common self-name and a sense of common identity of individuals identified with the group.

• Some other common ethnic factors that define or distinguish a people are:1. a common history, 2. customs, 3. family and clan identities, as well as 4. marriage rules and practices, 5. age-grades and other obligation covenants, and 6. inheritance patterns and rules.

• What they call themselves may vary at different levels of identity, or among various sub-groups.

What is ethnicity? How is it different than race?

1. identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. Thus: customs, cultural characteristics, language, common history, homeland, etc...

2. a socially created system of rules about who belongs and who does not belong to a particular group based on actual or perceived commonality of origin, race, culture. This notion is clearly tied to place.

Kazakh Thai Chinese

ArmenianTurkishPuerto Rican

JapaneseMongolian

• The most common ethnicities within the U.S. are African Americans (Not Africans) and Hispanics/Latinos, about 13% each. – Others include Asian American (4%) and American Indian

(1%). • The fourteen races w/in the U.S., as decided by the

Census, are: • white, • black-African American-Negro, • American Indian-Alaska Native, • Asian Indian, • Chinese, • Filipino, • Japanese, • Korean, • Vietnamese, • Native Hawaiian, • Guamanian-Chamorro, • Samoan, • other Pacific islander,• other race.

• Within a country, clustering of ethnicities may occur on a regional scale, or within particular neighborhoods of cities.

• Regional-– In the U.S., African Americans are clustered in

the S.E.,– Hispanics in the S.W.– Asians in the West– Native Americans in the S.W. and Great Plains.

Why?

• Within cities:– African Americans are highly clustered within

cities, greater than 50% of blacks live within cities.

• Ex- In Detroit, A-A comprise 80% of the pop, but only one-fourteenth the pop of the rest of Michigan.

• The distribution of Hispanics in northern cities is similar to that of African Americans, for instance NYC is ¼ Hispanic, but only 1/16th the rest of New York.

– Why are they distributed in this manner? • Jobs, Comfort, three D work

• Neighborhoods – The clustering of ethnicities is especially visible on the

neighborhood level. Such as in Chicago where many of the immigrants from S. and E. Europe tended to chain migrate to specific city blocks in such density that certain areas of town became known for a specific ethnicity.

– Pg 215 in your book – descendants of European immigrants are more likely to

retain their ethnic identity through religion, food, and other cultural traditions rather than through location of residence.

• What are some examples in your life? Weddings food, special events, holidays

– Increasingly the ethnic concentrations in the U.S. are African Americans from the South, Hispanics, or Asians

• The current clustering of African Americans w/in the U.S. results from three major migration flows:

– Immigration from Africa in the 18th century (slave trade)

– Immigration from the South to northern cities during first ½ of 20th century.

– Immigration from inner-city ghettos to other urban neighborhoods in the second ½ of the 20th century.

• Triangular slave trade- an efficient triangular trading pattern used to transport trinkets from Europe to Africa, slaves from Africa to the Caribbean, and molasses from the Caribbean to Europe. An optional stop was from the Caribbean with molasses to the U.S. to exchange for rum and then back to Europe.

• in your book • Sharecropper- an individual who works

fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops.

• Racism- the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.

• Racist- a person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism– Stereotypes worksheet

• Racism or stereotyping can lead to a phenomenon – “White flight” is the rapid fleeing of whites from the

cities as black families emigrate out of the ghettos, or as the ghetto expands. It was encouraged by blockbusting.

• blockbusting- the real estate practice of scaring whites into selling their homes at low prices by telling them that blacks would soon be moving in and causing property values to fall.

• The real estate agents then turned around and sold the homes at extremely high prices to blacks that were emigrating from the inner city.– Do you think this still happening today?

• Apartheid- the physical separation of different races into different geographic areas, i.e. South Africa.– The apartheid laws were repealed in

1991 in South Africa, but many years will be needed to erase the legacy of such racist policies • in your book • E.C.- Invictus

Some Basic Terminology

• Racial group:Racial group: inherited biological traits– Myths: racial superiority, racial purity

• Ethnic group:Ethnic group: shared cultural traits• Minority group:Minority group: shared distinctive identity,

treated unequally by dominant group• Prejudice (attitude):Prejudice (attitude): rigid, often irrational,

generalization about an entire category of people (can be positive or negative)

Patterns of Inter-Group Relations

• GenocideGenocide:: systemic annihilation (facilitated by labeling target groups as less than fully human)

• Population transferPopulation transfer:: movement of entire groups of people (direct or indirect)

• Internal colonialismInternal colonialism:: dominant group exploits minorities for labor but denies rights through social institutions

• SegregationSegregation:: physical and social separation (accompanies internal colonialism)

• AssimilationAssimilation:: minorities adopt patterns of mainstream culture

• Pluralism (multiculturalism)Pluralism (multiculturalism):: encourages and accepts distinct racial and ethnic variation

The Vicious Cycle of Racism

Key Issue 2: Why have ethnicities been transformed

into nationalities? • Nationality- the identity of a group

of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country.

• Self-determination- the concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves.

Ethnicities into Nationalities

• Rise of nationalities– Nation-states– Nationalism

• Multinational states– Former Soviet Union– Russia– Turmoil in the Caucasus

• Revival of ethnic identity– Ethnicity and communism– Rebirth of nationalism in Eastern Europe

Nationalities and States• Nationality - legally it is a term encompassing all the

citizens of a state, but most definitions refer now to an identity with a group of people who generally occupy a specific territory and bound together by a sense of unity arising from shared ethnicity, customs, belief, or legal status. – Such unity rarely exists today within a state today.

• State - a politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government

• Nation-state- a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality. – Denmark is an excellent example.

Are there any states that still meet the definition of nation-state?

• Ethnic groups have been transformed into nationalities because desire for self-rule is a very important shared attitude for many of them

• Nationalism- loyalty and devotion to a nationality.

• Centripetal force- an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state.

Nationalism

• As simple patriotism it helps create national unity

• When extreme it can be very dangerous to minorities and

• Can breed intolerance of difference and Others

• Do we see examples in the U.S. today?

the policy or doctrine of asserting the interests of one's own nation, viewed as separate from the interests of other nations.

• Multi-ethnic state- a state that contains more than one ethnicity.

• Multinational states- multi-ethnic states that contain two ethnic groups with traditions of self-rule that agree to coexist peacefully. – The United Kingdom is an example. – The Soviet Union was the largest multinational

state until is fall in the early 1990s; it consisted of 15 different republics based on its largest ethnicities.

– Now Russia is the largest multinational state, with 39 nationalities.

• After the fall of the Soviet Union, many new countries in the Baltic (Balkanization) , E. Europe, and Middle East were created– An example of turmoil resulting from

poorly drawn boundaries is in the Caucasus region, betwixt the Black and Caspian seas.

– Many ethnicities exist here, with several pushing for nationality.

• Many Europeans believed at the beginning of the 20th century that ethnicities were a thing of the past, however, they were quite incorrect. – After the fall of communism in many states,

ethnicities that had long been suppressed were allowed to expand and flourish.

– This is especially evident in the former Yugoslavia, which was utterly decimated as minority ethnicities exerted themselves and demanded independence.

The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics that included the country’s largest ethnic groups. These all became independent countries in the early 1990s

Republics of the Soviet Union

Ethnic Groups in Russia

Russia officially recognizes 39 ethnic groups, or nationalities, which are concentrated in western and southern portions of the country.

Ethnicities in the

Caucasus

The Caucasus region is extremely diverse ethnically. Ethnic groups are spread across several national boundaries.

Major Tribes in Iraq

How can a single nation bebuilt out of a land with so manygroups that think of themselvesas separate entities?

Ethnicities of Afghanistan, Iran and Iraq

Key Issue 3: Why do ethnicities clash?

• Often the cause of violence is when different ethnicities compete to rule the same region or nationality. – Especially common in sub-Saharan Africa,

where the superimposed boundaries of the Europeans colonies poorly coincide with the thousands of ethnicities.

– The Horn of Africa has been the site of many ethnic disturbances: Ethiopia and Eritrea, Sudan, Somalia, etc.

– Book

Ethnicities in Africa

The boundaries of African states do not (and cannot) coincide with the thousands of ethnic groups on the continent.

Black “Homelands” in South Africa

During the apartheid era, South Africa created a series of black “homelands” with the expectation that every black would be a citizen of one of them. These were abolished with the end of apartheid.

Ethnic Conflicts in Africa

Enemies who Speak the Same Language

• The whole world knows about the Tutsi and Hutu in Burundi and Rwanda.

• These two groups from different historical origins have shared the same language and culture for centuries.

• Yet they have maintained distinct social and ethnic identities for almost 2000 years.

Related Peoples with Different Languages

• For over a century the Arabs in East Africa have spoken Swahili as their sole mother tongue, as have the Shirazi in Mombasa for centuries.

• But the Arabs have maintained their self-identity as Arabs, both by name and culture, and maintained contacts with Arabs from Oman, Yemen and other Arab countries, some even learning Arabic as a second language.

• Thus the Shirazi Swahili and the East African Arabs speak the same language and they are quite close in culture and religion.

• But they definitely don’t consider themselves related.

• The other main source of ethnic violence occurs when ethnicities are divided among more than one state. – Such as in S. Asia where the British divided

their former colony into Pakistan and India. (East Pakistan became Bangladesh after 1971)

• As a result of the partition, millions of Hindus had to migrate from the Pakistans, and Muslims had to migrate from India.

• During the course of the migrations, many adherents were killed by members of the opposite religion.

• controversy continues in the northern area of Kashmir over the proper border.

• Similar unrest is present on the island of Sri Lanka, betwixt the Tamil Hindus and the Sinhalese Buddhists.

• These issues can lead to Ethnic cleansing

Clashes of Ethnicities

• Ethnic competition to dominate nationality– Ethnic competition in the Horn of Africa– Ethnic competition in Lebanon

• Dividing ethnicities among more than one state– Dividing ethnicities in South Asia– Dividing Sri Lanka among ethnicities

Ethnicity in the Horn of Africa

There have been numerous inter-ethnic civil conflicts in the countries of the Horn of Africa (including the Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia).

Ethnicities in Lebanon

Christians, Sunni Muslims, Shiite Muslims, and Druze are dominant in different areas of the country.

Ethnic formal culture regions

The 56 Ethnicities of China

Han Chinese Zhuang Manchu Hui (Chinese

Muslims) Miao Uyghur Yi Tujia

Mongolian Tibetan Buyei Dong Yao Korean Bai Akha

Li Kazak Dai She Lisu Gelao Lahu Dongxiang

Va Shui Nakhi Qiang Tu Xibe Mulao Kyrgyz

Daur Jingpo Salar Blang Maonan Tajik Pumi Achang

Nu Ewenki Vietnamese Jino De'ang Uzbeks Russian Yugur

Bonan Monba Oroqen Derung Tatars Hezhen Lhoba Taiwanese

Aboriginal People

Ethnic Division of South AsiaReligions of South Asia, 1909

Partition of South Asia Between India and Pakistan, 1947

At independence in 1947, British India was divided into India and Pakistan, resulting in the migration of 17 million people and many killings. In 1971, after a brutal civil war, East Pakistan became the country of Bangladesh.

Jammu and

KashmirAlthough its population is mainly Muslim, much of Jammu and Kashmir became part of India in 1947. India and Pakistan have fought two wars over the territory, and there has been a separatist insurgency in the area.

Sinhalese & Tamils in Sri

Lanka

The Sinhalese are mainly Buddhist and speak an Indo-European language, while the Tamils are mainly Hindu and speak a Dravidian language.

Key Issue 4: What is ethnic cleansing?

• Ethnic cleansing- the process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcible removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region. – Probably the best example is WWII in which

millions of Jews, gypsies, and other ethnicities were forcibly moved to concentration camps, where most were exterminated.

– E.C. Schindler’s List

• When Yugoslavia was one country, encompassing multiple ethnicities, dissent was kept under control. – once Yugoslavia broke up into six republics, the boundaries did

not align with the boundaries of the five largest nationalities, and ethnicities fought to redefine the boundaries.

– In some cases, as in Bosnia and Kosovo, ethnic cleansing was used to strengthen certain nationalities’ cases for autonomy. As a result, millions of ethnicities were forcibly removed from their homes, and marched elsewhere, or simply killed.

– Similar ethnic cleansing occurs in Central Africa betwixt the Hutus and Tutsis.

Ethnic Cleansing

• Ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia– Creation of multi-ethnic Yugoslavia– Destruction of multi-ethnic Yugoslavia

• Ethnic cleansing in central Africa

Irredentism

• Irredentism is any position advocating annexation of territories administered by another state on the grounds of common ethnicity or prior historical possession, actual or alleged.

• Some of these movements are also called pan movements.

• It is a feature of identity politics and cultural and political geography.

• Since most borders have been moved and redrawn at one point, a great many countries could theoretically present irredentist claims to their neighbors.

Forced Migrations after World War Two

Territorial changes after World War II resulted in many migrations, especially by Poles, Germans, and Russians.

• Balkanized- used to describe a small geographic area that could not successfully be organized onto one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other.

• Balkanization- the process by which a state breaks down due to conflicts among its ethnicities. – Led directly to WW I – Belief that only peace can come from ethnic

cleansing

The Balkans in 1914

The northern part of the Balkans was part of Austria-Hungary in 1914, while much of the south was part of the Ottoman Empire. The country of Yugoslavia was created after World War I.

Enemies who Speak the Same Language

• Some people groups find their worst enemies in other ethnic groups speaking the same mother tongue.

• Sometimes they are actual cousin peoples. • One example is found in Bosnia. • Three traditional enemies there, the Serbs, the

Croats and the Muslims, all speak Serbo-Croatian.

• Yet they are separated by clear boundaries of culture, history, religion and self-identity.

Languages in Southeastern

EuropeSeveral new states were created, and boundaries were shifted after World Wars I and II. New state boundaries often coincided with language areas.

Enduring Ethnic Prejudice in Europe

• AutochthonesAutochthones - an aboriginal inhabitant, one of the indigenous peoples of a region.

• AllochthonesAllochthones – non-indigenous peoples, among them the Roma, who are excluded from the political, cultural, economic, social and geographical center and are deemed to stay out of official cultural history.

• Roma (Gypsies)Roma (Gypsies) – among the last Goddess-worshipers in Europe, probably originating in the Indus Valley. Romani groups around the world hold different traditions, customs and beliefs and generally have absorbed the gajikane (non-Roma) local culture.

Ethnic Regions in Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia’s six republics until 1992 included much ethnic diversity. Brutal ethnic cleansing occurred in Bosnia, Croatia, and Kosovo during the civil wars of the 1990s.

Bridge in Mostar, Yugoslavia

The Stari Most (old bridge) was built in 1566. This was the bridge before the civil war in Bosnia & Herzegovina.

Bridge Destroyed in Bosnian War 1993

Rebuilt Bridge, 2004

Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo

Aerial photography helped document the stages of ethnic cleansing in western Kosovo in 1999.

Ethnic Changes in Yugoslavia

Key Concepts

• Balkanization• Ethnic cleansing• Ethnicity• Multi-ethnic state• Multinational state• Nation-state• Race• Racism

• Ethnic islands• Ethnic homelands• Assimilation• Acculturation• Genocide• Pluralism• Irredentism

• Rubenstein, James- Cultural Landscape; An Introduction to Human Geography

• http://www.glendale.edu/geo/reed/cultural/cultural_lectures.htm

• http://www.quia.com/pages/mrsbellaphg.html• Ike

Heard-http://geoearth.uncc.edu/people/iheard/1105syllabus.html

• Google