ethnographic & grounded theory
TRANSCRIPT
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH
&
GROUNDED THEORY
Instructor: Lê Hoàng Dũng, PhD
Group 5: Khánh Minh
Thanh Thư
Bạch Vân
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH
WHAT IS ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH?
Ethnographic research is:
the study of cultural patterns and
perspectives of participants in their
natural settings
Culture: ideas, languages, way of life,
customs, beliefs, behavior of a particular
society
a qualitative research
subjective
EXAMPLES
E.g. gender influences on social
behavior of members at a private golf
club
WHEN TO USE ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
Explore the nature of a particular social
phenomenon, rather than intend to test
hypotheses about it
Tend to work primarily with unstructured
data (e.g. official government reports,
personal diaries, letters, minutes of
interviewing)
Investigate of a small number of cases
HOW TO CONDUCT
ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
Observation
• Material items
• Behaviors
• Performances
Interview
• informal conversational interview
• interview guide approach
• open-ended interview
Collection of Cultural Artifacts
• Readable texts
• Diaries
• Photographs
• Objects
GROUNDED THEORY
WHAT IS GROUNDED THEORY?
The systematic generation of a theory from
data
Data collection -> Hypotheses formulation
Developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967)
WHEN IS GROUNDED THEORY USED?
Investigate phenomena and analyse the
data with no preconceived ideas or
hypothesis
Need a broad theory or explanation of a
process
Have inadequate or nonexistent current
theories about a phenomenon
WHY IS GROUNDED THEORY USED?
It is an effective approach to build new
theories and understand new phenomena
Findings and methods are always refined
and negotiated
The resulting theory and hypotheses help
generate future investigation into the
phenomenon
Data collection occurs over time, and at
many levels, helping to ensure meaningful
results
HOW IS GROUNDED THEORY USED?
Theoretical sampling
Coding
Constant comparison
The core variables and saturation
Developing grounded theory
Theoretical sampling
Data are collected until sufficient data
to create a theory
The sample size or representativeness
cannot be predetermined.
Coding
A form of content analysis to find and
conceptualize the underlying issues of
data
Coding
Example: “Pain relief is a major problemwhen you have arthritis. Sometimes, thepain is worse than other times, but whenit gets really bad, whew! It hurts so bad,you don't want to get out of bed. Youdon't feel like doing anything. Any reliefyou get from drugs that you take is onlytemporary or partial.” said aninterviewee .
=> PAIN -> INTENSITY -> PAIN RELIEF -> AGENT
OF PAIN RELIEF -> DURATION/EFFECTIVENESS
Coding
Types of coding
Open
• form initial categories by breaking down, comparing, conceptualizing, categorizing data…
Axial
• Identify a central phenomenon
• Explore causal conditions
• Identify the context and intervening conditions
• Specify strategies
• Delineate the consequences
Selective
• Select the core category
• Relate it to other categories
• Validate those relationships
• Fill in categories that need further development
CONSTANT COMPARISON
Compare the new data with existing
data and categories -> the categories
achieve a perfect fit with the data
Reach saturation
Compare data across a range of
situations, times, groups of people and
methods
THE CORE VARIABLES
AND SATURATION
Core variables: accounts for most data
and to which as much as possible is
related
Saturation: achieved when the coding
adequately supports and completes the
emerging theory
DEVELOPING GROUNDED THEORY
The grounded theory emerges from the
data in an unforced manner, accounting
for all of the data.