ethnopharmacological inspections of organic extract of oroxylum...

Research ArticleEthnopharmacological Inspections of Organic Extract ofOroxylum indicum in Rat Models A Promising Natural Gift

Mst Marium Begum 12 Azharul Islam3 Rayhana Begum2

Md Sahab Uddin 4 Md Sohanur Rahman5 Sumiya Alam2 Wahida Akter2

Munny Das6 Md Sohanur Rahman1 and A H M Rahmatullah Imon7

1Department of Pharmacy East West University Dhaka Bangladesh2Department of Pharmacy Primeasia University Dhaka Bangladesh3Department of Pharmacy Dhaka International University Dhaka Bangladesh4Department of Pharmacy Southeast University Dhaka Bangladesh5Graduate School of Innovative Life Science University of Toyama Toyama Japan6Department of Pharmacy Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology Dhaka Bangladesh7Department of Mathematical Sciences Ball State University Muncie USA

Correspondence should be addressed to Mst Marium Begum mariumpharm23gmailcom

Received 27 October 2018 Revised 14 February 2019 Accepted 21 February 2019 Published 3 April 2019

Academic Editor Dolores Garcıa Gimenez

Copyright copy 2019 Mst Marium Begum et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

The stem bark of Oroxylum indicum (O indicum) was aimed at testing for anti-inflammatory antiulcerative antihyperglycemicand antidyslipidemic activities Liver enzyme concentration (SGPT SGOT) had also been assessed After being extracted in organicsolvent 3 distinct doses 100 200 and 400mgkg bw (po) were used For edema formation 01 ml carrageenan at a dose of 1 wvwas injected into paw of left hind It showed a fall of edemas 3750 4834 and 5583 while used doses were 100 200 and 400mgkg bw (po) individually The EtOH extract of O indicum (50) and its fractions PET CLF EtOAc and nBUT were studiedagainst ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage Only PET and n-BuOH exhibited the highest percentage of protection and were96 and 99 respectively persuaded by ethanol In OGTT glibenclamide revealed reduction of glucose level to 755 plusmn 022mmolLfrom 1057 plusmn 032 mmolL after 30 minutes Antihyperglycemic activities were assessed for 8- and 12-week duration in diabetic ratsGlibenclamide reduced glucose level from 3350plusmn031 to 790plusmn019 mmolL in 12 weeks In 12 and 8 weeks combination therapylowered blood glucose level to a normal extent by 79 and 61 individually In antidyslipidemic activities after 12-week treatmentit revealed simvastatin MEOI (400 mgkg bw) and combination of both reduced TC level by 44 28 and 48 consequentlyfollowed by TG and LDL In 8-week treatment HDL levels were increased by 34 13 and 36 and in 12 weeks increased by36 8 and 38 consequently Liver enzyme concentration after 12 weeks of treatment with glibenclamide 400 mgkg bw (po)of MEOI and combination of both exhibited the fact that concentration of SGPT showed downturn by 4323 801 and 5486and SGOT by 4240 531 and 4485 This study remarked that O indicum has anti-inflammatory antiulcer antidiabetic andantidyslipidemic potentials but has no ameliorative effect on liver enzyme

1 Introduction

The trumpet tree Oroxylum indicum (O indicum) is foundin the tropical region of South East Asian counties likeIndia Japan China Sri Lanka Malaysia and Bangladesh [1]This magnificent plant has many names like Broken BonesMidnight Horror Sonapatha Dashmula and Shyonaka Thistree is immensely valued in India for its various ayurvedic

preparations [2] It is used as key ingredients of mostly usedayurvedic preparation ldquoDasamulardquo it means ten roots Thewhole plant is used as a utilizable part for medicinal value[3] In folk medicine practicesO indicum has the significanceas being an astringent carminative blood purifier tonicdiuretic and laxative as well as other problems like stomachcomplaints such as diarrhea dysentery and allergic dermati-tis [4]The plant parts especially seed ripen fruits both stem

HindawiEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineVolume 2019 Article ID 1562038 13 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520191562038

2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

and root bark and leaves are cherished for various ayurvedicformulations such asAmritarishta Dantyadyarista NarayanaTaila Dhanvantara Ghrita Brahma Rasayana and Chyawan-prash Awaleha [5] Those ayurvedic preparations are usedfor inflammation ulcer cancer diarrhea fever jaundicearthritis and oxidative stress But all ethnomedical usesof this plant are not experimentally proved by moderntechnology and research experiments

In ayurveda and folk medicine this plant part is usedas medicinal agents for various disorders such as cancerdiarrhea diabetes fever bone pain ulcer and jaundice butthis entire claim is not scientifically proved [6ndash8] Fruits podswere extensively reported for inhibition of adipogenesis andlipase activity [9] Seed contained many flavonoids includingbaicalein-7-O-gentiobioside and other baicalein derivativeswhich include 7-O-glucoside 7-O-glucuronide 567-trime-thoxyflavone-8-O-120573-D-glucopyranoside oroxylin A-7-O-120573-D-glucuronide butyl ester 6-methoxy-baicalein oroxylin-A-7-O-glucoside 57-dihydroxyndashflavone uracil baicalein 6-methoxy-7-glucuronide stilbenoids (E)-dihydropinosylvin-2-carboxyl-5-O-120573-d-glucopyranoside (E)-dihydropinosyl-vin-3-O-120573-d-glucopyranoside (E)-pinosylvin-3-O-120573-d-glu-copyranoside dihydropinosylvin and pinosylvin [10ndash12]Leaves were claimed for antioxidant activities antiviral activ-ities especially chikungunya and reduction of oxidativestress [13ndash16] Young leaves fruits pods and unripe seedsare edible and contained crude protein ash crude fibercarbohydrates amines amides carboxylic acids andaromatic compounds [17] Leaves contained importantflavonoids namely chrysin baicalein baicalein-7-O-gluco-side baicalein-7-O-diglucoside chrysin-7-O-glucuronidebaicalein-7-O-glucuronide and a chrysin-diglucoside [18]Root and root bark were reported for important flavonoidslike baicalein chrysin oroxylin A baicalein-6-O-glucoside120573-sitosterol and its 3-O-glucoside and stigmasterol-3-O-glucoside [19]

For bark or stem bark many biochemical activities havebeen assessed like antimicrobial antidiarrheal analgesiccytotoxic hepatoprotective gastroprotective antiprolifera-tive antimetastatic antiobesity potential and antioxidantactivities [20ndash31] and seed has antidiabetic potentials andshowed synergistic potentials with acarbose [32] Variousflavonoids namely 57-dihydroxyflavone 57-dihydroxy-3-methoxyflavone 357-trihydroxyflavone 5741015840-trihydroxy-3-methoxyflavone 35741015840-tetrahydroxy flavone and 574-trihydroxyflavone were identified and separated from thestem bark portion of O indicum and structure of isolatedchemicals was characterized [33ndash40] A number of flavonoidscompounds had been separated and identified especiallyfrom bark (both stem and root) leaves and seeds Mostprominent flavonoids are baicalein chrysin ellagic acidoroxylin A (baicalein-7-o-glucoside) oroxin A 5-hydroxy-4 7-dimethoxy flavone 7-methoxy chrysin etc [41ndash47] Thewhole stem of this miracle plant was claimed scientificallyfor regulation and expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF120572) interleukin 6 (IL6) NFkB and mitogen-activatedprotein kinase p38 (p38MAPK) associated with oxida-tive status in antitubercular therapy-induced hepatotoxicity[48]

Various research works had been conducted for thescreening of toxicological studies of the whole part of Oindicum [49ndash53] and it was observed that dose of thisplant (both aqueous and organic one) extract was usedin a range from 10 mgkg bw (po) to 5000 mgkg bw(po) considered safe [16 24 54 55] But it was found thatnitrosated ethanolic extract of the bark of O indicum at adose of 2000 mgkg bw was genotoxic and mutagenic andtoxicity increases on a dose-dependent manner up to 11 folds[52] Experimental procedure confirmed that O indicumstem bark extracts showed nonmutagenic noncytotoxic andnongenotoxic effects and toxicity information is not reportedin any of scientific experiments after studying and comparingits safety profile with that of other plants [56]

After an extensive literature search this study was aimedat investigating anti-inflammatory antiulcer antidiabeticantihyperlipidemic and liver enzyme (SGPT and SGOT)activities of stem bark of O indicum

2 Materials and Methods

21 Plant Collection and Processing For the current inves-tigation the fresh and raw stem barks of O indicum werecollected during the months of January-February 2017 andauthentication was identified by the National Herbariumwith accession number DACB-43471 The stem barks werechopped followed by washing and drying at ambient temper-ature for 72 hours To obtain powder drying grinding andsieving of the dried portion were followed by weighing usingan analytical balance

22 Preparation of Crude Methanolic Extract To preparecrude extract 150 g powdered material was soaked inmethanol and the amount ofmethanolwas 900mlThe roundamber color bottle was tightly sealed kept for a total of 20days accompanied by occasional shaking and stirring Byusing Whatman filter paper filtration was carried By usingrotary evaporator at 7-8 rpm and with a temperature of 68∘Ccrudemethanolic extract ofO indicum (MEOI) was collectedafter evaporation of methanol This generated extract wasused for anti-inflammatory antidiabetic antihyperlipidemicand liver enzyme (SGPT and SGOT) activities

23 Preparation of Crude Ethanolic Extract and Its Fractionsfor Antiulcer Activities For the preparation of crude extractdried stem bark was weighed for 150 g and grinded to 60mesh size Then the grinded materials were dissolved in 2 Lethanol (50 ethanol in water) for twenty days in a conicalflask accompanied by occasional shaking and stirring Thiswas followed by filtration and the filtrate was dried usingrotary evaporator (yield 1834) The extracted material wasthen extracted by petroleum ether (PET) followed by drying(yield 035 ww) The residual material was then air-driedand liquid ammonia solution was used to moisten the driedmaterialThe residual material again was extracted with chlo-roform (CLF) followed by drying (yield 190 ww) Againthe remaining unextracted material was then extracted withn-butanol (n-BuOH) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) sequentiallyto obtain n-BuOH (yield 22 ww) and EtOAc (yield 29

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3

ww) fractionsThedried fractionswere conserved in air tighthumidity protected borosilicate glass container

24 Collection of Test Animals A number of 400 test ani-mals were purchased from the Research Institute Interna-tional Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh(ICDDRB) Both Swiss Albino and Long Evans rats aged 4-6weeks having the weight of 200 to 220 g were subjected foranti-inflammatory antiulcerative antidiabetic and antidys-lipidemic test Liver enzyme concentration had also beentested Groupings were done according to need for each testand protocols among with time duration Rats were kept atambient temperature (25-28∘C) and maintained at darklightcycles followed by acclimation of necessary duration Thestandard pellet was purchased from ICDDRB for their dietand additional fat-enriched diet supplied Both sex rats wereused but kept separately for the purpose of avoiding breedingAnimal ethics had been strictly maintained and handledthem in the most human way Coprophagy carefully wasprevented The animals groupings were done randomly Allreagents were prepared instantly Within the whole studyperiod it was ensured that rats were healthy and playful Thecervical dislocation procedure was used to sacrifice all ratsAnimals after sacrifice dumped according to rule [57ndash60]Animal ethical committee approved the whole protocol

25 Drugs and Chemicals for Anti-Inflammatory Activity Allsolvents and reagents including 120574-carrageenan were procuredfrom Sigma-Aldrich USA Ibuprofen was a generous gift ofEskayef Pharmaceutical Company Ltd Bangladesh

26 Grouping of Animals Swiss Albino rats aged 4-6 weekshaving the weight of 180 to 200 g were subjected for anti-inflammatory study Each group contained 6 rats The ani-mals were kept whole day fasting and only allowed drinkingwater before the experiment started and coprophagy wascarefully prevented

27 Anti-Inflammatory Activity To measure anti-inflamma-tory activity the same procedure followedMEOI suggested byWinter et al [61] by using carrageenan as an edematogenicagent after some modification Six rats were in each groupand a total of six groups were made Group I was consideredas control treated with only 09 saline with 2-3 drops oftween 80 Group II was given 09 saline and 01 ml 1carrageenan Group III was treated with ibuprofen (10 mgkgbw) as a reference drug Group IV group V and group VIwere treated with crude extract and doses were 100 200 and400 mgkg bw individually After one hour each rat wasinjected 1 carrageenan dissolved in a saline solution into theright hind paw The paw edema volume was computed everyhour using slide calipers and the left hind pawwas consideredas a reference of the noninflamed paw for comparison Thefollowing formula was used for calculation of percentageinhibition of paw edema

Paw edema inhibition () = [(Vc minus Vt)Vc] times 100 (1)

Vc denotes the average paw volume of control animal and Vtrepresents the average paw volume of treated animal

28 Histological Evaluation To evaluate histopathologicalexamination rat paws were collected 6 hours after theinduction with an inflammatory agent (carrageenan) Thetissue slices (5 120583m thick) were processed for histologicalevaluation of inflamed paw 10 by keeping it within formalinbuffer at 4∘CAfter that histopathology examinationwas donefrom the Histopathology Unit of Popular Hospital DhakaBangladesh

29 Drugs and Chemicals for Antiulcer Activity Omeprazolewas collected from the Eskayef Pharmaceutical CompanyLtd Bangladesh Solvents and reagents were confirmed to beof analytical grade Oral administration of omeprazole wasdone by dissolving it in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)

210 Grouping of Animals Long Evans rats aged 4-6 weekshaving the weight of 200 to 220 g were subjected forantiulcerative study Each group contained 6 ratsThe animalswere kept fasting 24 hours before the experiment started andcoprophagy was carefully prevented

211 Antiulcer Activity Pretreatment procedure was followedfor examining mucosal damage in gastric cell lining To doso standard drug omeprazole and all distinguished dosesof aforesaid test samples of O indicum were administeredUlcer model was induced by ethanol acid in a fixed dosemeasured in each rat except for normal control The dosewas 25 mlkg of 03M hydrochloric acid in 60 ethanol [62]Waiting till 90 minutes after persuasion of ulcer all rats weresacrificed and stomachs were collected and instantly excisedalong the larger curvature and washed The magnifyinglens was used to examine ulcers in gastric mucosa andscoring of ulcer calculated [63] Crude EtOH of stem barkof O indicum and its different fractions namely PET CLFEtOAc and nBUT was observed against damage of gastricmucosa Themethanol extract and its different fractions wereused for finding out the ulcerative profile Ulcer index wascalculated by using themean ulcer scoreTheulcer protectionpercentage was estimated by using the following equation

Ulcer protection () = (Uc minusUt times 100)Uc

(2)

Uc denotes the average ulcer index of control animal and Utrepresents the average ulcer index of treated animal

Lesions were assessed by unbiased neutral observersusing a 7 binocular magnifier Grouping of rats for antiulcer-ative activities was done as normal control ethanol control100 200 and 400 mgkg bw per oral along with a dose ofulcer induction by ethanol acid

212 Drugs and Chemicals for Antidiabetic Antihyperlipi-demic and Liver Enzyme Activities The drug glibenclamideand simvastatin both were obtained from Eskayef Pharma-ceutical Company Ltd Bangladesh Total cholesterol TC TGLDL HDL SGPT and SGOT kits and Alloxan were broughtfrom Sigma-Aldrich USA


213 Grouping of Animals A total of 84 Long Evans male ratswere grouped for both glucose tolerance test and antidiabetictests In glucose tolerance test a total of 24 rats were used infour different groups after time intervals 0 05 1 and 2 hoursrespectively Other 60 rats were divided into five individualgroups Group I was considered as normal control GroupII was diabetic control Group III was treated with standardglibenclamide Group IV was treated with 400 mgkg bwpo MEOI Group V was treated with a combination ofglibenclamide and 400 mgkg bw po of MEOI The samegrouping was repeated and implemented in case of findinghypolipidemic activities by simvastatin and experimentalcrude samples

214 Preparation of Dosage of Active Drugs and Test SampleGlibenclamide dissolved in DMSO and administered at adose of 12 mg70kg bw Crude of 100 200 and 400 mgkgbw po doses was used and extracted by methanol fromexperimental plant O indicum For combination therapy the06mg70kg bw dose of glibenclamide and 400 mgkg bwpo dose of O indicum were used Simvastatin dissolved inethanol and ingested at a dose of 10 mg70kg bw and forcombination therapy the 5mg70kg bw dose of simvastatinand 400 mgkg bw po dose of O indicum were used

215 Collection of Blood Serum and Liver After finishing 8-week and 12-week treatment the rats were anesthetized withphenobarbital sodium With heparinized syringe an averageof 4 ml blood was collected by cutting the thoracic arteryand the collected sample was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 20minutes and serum was collected for the test

216 Oral Glucose Tolerance Test The oral glucose tolerancetest (OGTT) was performed by the Vigneaud et alrsquos [53]method After overnight fasting 15 gmkg per oral glucosewas administered and glucose level estimated in blood at 005 1 and 2 hoursrsquo interval Glibenclamide a blood glucoselowering drug was administered (at a dose of 12mg70kg bwper oral) two hours prior to glucose intake

217 Antihyperglycemic and Antihyperlipidemic ActivitiesFive different groups were prepared for testing the antihy-perglycemic effect A total of 12 hours of starvation weremaintained for experimental rats All the rats were tested fora baseline glucose level using a glucometer The first groupfor the normal group received no drug the second group wasselected for the diabetic control group and the third groupstands for glibenclamide received a dose of 12 mg70kg bwThe fourth group stands for methanolic extract ofO indicumat a dose of 400 mgkg bw po The fifth group received thecombination of drugs (glibenclamide and MEOI) mentionedearlier

For hypolipidemic activities the same grouping andprocedure were followed with a dose of 10 mg70kg bw andcombination therapy received the 5mg70kg bw the dose ofsimvastatin and 400 mgkg bw po dose of O indicum

2171 Eight- and Twelve-Week Repeated Dose Treatment ofGlibenclamide MEOI and Combination of Both For the

determination of blood glucose level in the diabetic rat modelinduced by alloxan 8- and 12-week treatment protocolswere conducted According to this procedure glibenclamideMEOI and combination of both (glibenclamide and MEOI)were administered daily and after completion of treatmentglucose level was detected by glucometer

2172 Eight- and Twelve-Week Repeated Dose Treatment ofSimvastatin for Hyperlipidemia SGPT and SGOT LevelsCollected serum from thoracic artery was subjected to vari-ous lipid levels Level of TC TG LDL and HDL in serum andlevel of SGPT and SGOT were also determined by diagnostickit manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich USA For performingthese tests the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry(IFCC) standard was followed [64]

218 Statistical Analysis To represent glucose level and lipidand liver enzyme level all comparable results were expressedby meanplusmnSEM For this purpose GraphPad Prism softwarewas used Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Dun-nettrsquos multiple comparison test to find out the significancelevel of 119901 values3 Results

31 Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity After treat-ment it was observed that reference standard drug ibuprofen(20 mgkg bw po) and all different doses of methanolicextract (100 200 and 400 mgkg bw po) revealed consid-erable depletion in paw thickness in a total duration period ofsix hours (Table 1) Compared to carrageenan control it wasseen that all different doses of extract showed considerableanti-inflammatory activity which was significant (plt 001)After completion of study in 6 hours it was noticed thatibuprofen (20 mgkg bw) at the end of the study (20 mgkgbw) spotted 5333 of inhibition and all methanolic extracts(100 200 and 400 mgkg bw) decreased edema in mice pawby 3750 4834 and 5583 individually

In naked eyes it was observed that after induction ofcarrageenan edema formation was noticeably observablecharacterized by redness and swelling in all six groupsnamely normal control (NC) carrageenan control (CC)ibuprofen 20 mgkg bw (IP) 100 mgkg bwday methanolicextract of O indicum (MEOI-100) 200 mgkg bwdaymethanolic extract of O indicum (MEOI-200) and 400mgkg bwday methanolic extract of O indicum (MEOI-400) groups In each case inflammatory responses werecharacterized by swelling redness and edema formationsymptoms

32 Histopathology of Tissue Obtained from Paw After his-topathological examination (Figure 1) it was observed thatas reference standard drug ibuprofen the highest doseextract of O indicum (400 mgkg bw) put down the cellinfiltration and suppressed inflammation But more tissuelevel analysis needs to explain with extract mechanism howthe extract of MIOE works The photomicrograph from pawtissue of normal control group rat showed only minimal


Table 1 Anti-inflammatory effect of MEOI on carrageenan-induced changes in paw thickness in experimental rats

Groups NC CC IP-20 MEOI-100 MEOI-200 MEOI-400Dose(mgkg bw) ndash ndash Ibuprofen 20 Extract 100 Extract 200 Extract 400

Initial paw thickness 054plusmn004 043plusmn007 051plusmn006lowast 052plusmn004lowast 047plusmn007lowast 050plusmn004lowastPaw thickness after 1 hr 054plusmn003 069plusmn005lowast 060plusmn004lowast 068plusmn007 064plusmn005 059plusmn006lowastPaw thickness after 2 hrs 054plusmn004 085plusmn005lowastlowast 064plusmn005lowastlowast 075plusmn004 068plusmn005lowast 062plusmn006lowastlowastPaw thickness after 3 hrs 054plusmn005 098plusmn006lowastlowast 068plusmn007lowastlowast 080plusmn005 072plusmn006lowast 065plusmn005lowastlowastPaw thickness after 4 hrs 054plusmn006 115plusmn008lowastlowast 070plusmn006lowastlowast 083plusmn007lowast 075plusmn007lowastlowast 067plusmn009lowastlowastPaw thickness after 5 hrs 054plusmn005 118plusmn009lowastlowast 063plusmn007lowastlowast 079plusmn009lowast 071plusmn006lowastlowast 061plusmn006lowastlowastPaw thickness after 6 hrs 054plusmn006 120plusmn007lowastlowast 056plusmn006lowastlowast 075plusmn008lowastlowast 062plusmn007lowastlowast 053plusmn007lowastlowastObserved values were represented by mean plusmn SEM (n=6) lowast119901 lt 005 and lowastlowast119901 lt 001 when compared with control groupNN = normal control CC = carrageenan control IP = ibuprofen 20 mgkg bw MEOI-100 = 100 mgkg bwday methanolic extract of O indicum MEOI-200=200 mgkg bwday methanolic extract ofO indicum and MEOI-400 = 400 mgkg bwday methanolic extract of O indicum

inflammatory cells infiltration (Figure 1(a)) whereas the pho-tomicrograph from paw tissue of carrageenan control groupshowed numerous infiltrations of inflammatory cells (arrow)(Figure 1(b)) The photomicrograph from paw tissue of theibuprofen treated group showed minimal inflammatory cells(Figure 1(c)) On the other hand the photomicrograph frommethanolic extract treated groups (100 and 200 mgkg bw)showed a moderate number of inflammatory cells (Figures1(d) and 1(e) resp) However the photomicrograph fromthe highest dose extract of O indicum (400 mgkg bw)put down the cell infiltration and suppressed inflammation(Figure 1(f))

33 Evaluation of Antiulcer Activity For the study of gastricmucosal damage crude extract in ethanol and different frac-tions namely PET CLF EtOAc and nBUT was monitoredOne hour after inducing an ulcer animals were sacrificedThe stomachs were excised and were opened over the greatercurvature and rinsed with saline solution (09) to removethe blood clots Thereafter each gastric sample was placed ona slideThegastric damage areawas firstly observed byTripodmagnifier (10 times magnification) for primary observationbefore being subjected for histopathological studies Closemonitoring revealed that ulcer formation in the gastric layerwas potentiated by acute to subchronic gastritis This wascharacterized by hemorrhagic lesions followed by damage ofmucosal capillaries increased permeability and aggregationof platelets and clot formation Stomachs obtained from thenormal control group were healthy and viable and no clotformation occurred under cell line But in ethanol controlgroup stomachs were perforated red marked and werefrequently identified due to hemorrhagic lesions and capillaryrupture For treatment with doses of 100 and 200 mgkgbwday both group stomachs were examined with gastriclesion and mildly notable blood clot formation due to theinjury of cell line layer But in the stomachs treated with 400mgkg bwday dose of O idcicum there were no noticeableperforation blood clot formation and cell damage Stomachswere healthy and in fine fettle compared to the control group

It was showed (Table 2) that control group indicatedulcer index 704plusmn0112 with zero percentage of inhibitionBut nBUT and PET showed 007plusmn0007 and 027plusmn0011 ulcer

Table 2 Antiulcer effect of EtOHand its fractionsin experimentalrats

Groups Ulcer indexed Ulcer inhibition ()Control 704plusmn0112 ndashEtOH (50) 065plusmn0035 8929EtOAc 087plusmn0044 8612CLF 058plusmn 005 9150PET 027plusmn0011 9580nBUT 007plusmn0007 9860Omeprazole 075plusmn0042 8870Observed values were represented by mean plusmn SEM (n=6)

Table 3 Effect of glibenclamide on blood glucose level

Time (hour) Glucose control(mmolL)

Glucose+Glibenclamide(mmolL)

0 623plusmn017 678plusmn02705 1057plusmn032 755plusmn0221 766plusmn017 61plusmn0192 612plusmn008 534plusmn003Observed values were represented by mean plusmn SEM (n=6)

index with inhibitory percentage of 99 and 96 respectivelyAmong all EtOAc showed a lower percentage of inhibition 86with ulcer index 087plusmn0044 Standard drug omeprazole gave8870 inhibition effect against ulcer

34 Evaluation of Blood Glucose Level Table 3 manifestedthe fasting plasma glucose level in glucose-induced hyper-glycemia It was observed that blood glucose level decreasedfrom 1057 plusmn 032 to 755 plusmn 022 mmolL after 30 minutes incomparison with the control group

35 Evaluation of Antihyperglycemic Antihyperlipidemicand Liver Enzyme Activities

351 Effects on Glucose Level in Rats in 8 and 12 Weeks ofTreatment by GlibenclamideMEOI and CombinationerapyGlibenclamide alone revealed (plt005) reduction in glucose


(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

Figure 1 Histological analysis of paw tissue in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model Each picture is representative of each group asfollows (a) normal control (b) carrageenan control (c) ibuprofen 20 mgkg bw (d) 100 mgkg bwday methanolic extract of O indicum(e) 200 mgkg bwday methanolic extract of O indicum and (f) 400 mgkg bwday methanolic extract of O indicum IC inflammatorycells arrow indicates infiltration of inflammatory cells Each group was assessed at 400X magnification and the scale bar is 40120583m

level to 731 plusmn 021 from 1628 plusmn 012 mmolL after 8 weeksof treatment (Table 4) But 400 mgkg bw po dose ofMEOI suppressed glucose level in blood only by 26 butnot remarkably Combination therapy on the other handreduced blood glucose level to a normal extent by 61Glibenclamide alone indicated notable (plt005) downturnin glucose level from 335 plusmn 031 to 79 plusmn 019 mmolL aftercompleting 12 weeks of treatment in diabetic rats (Table 5) Atthe dose of 400 mgkg bw po of MEOI there was decreasein blood glucose level by 37 whereas glibenclamide waslessened to 77 in blood glucose level which was noteworthyCombination therapy on the other hand lowered bloodglucose level to a normal extent by 79 Combination dose(glibenclamide+ 400 mgkg bw of MEOI) showed nearlythe same result as glibenclamide did and did not exhibit any

additive or synergistic effect in both 12- and 8-week treatmentprotocols

352 Effects on Lipid Profile in Rats in 8- and 12-WeekTreatment by Simvastatin MEOI and Combination erapyTables 6 7 8 and 9 demonstrated lipid-lowering ability ofsimvastatin MEOI and combination of both drugs afterrepeated dose treatment for 8 and 12 weeks on the lipid profilein diabetic rats model induced by alloxan After 8 weeksof treatment it was revealed that simvastatin MEOI andcombination of both drugs reduced total cholesterol level by40 22 and 44 (Table 6) respectively but in 12-weektreatment total cholesterol level was reduced by 44 28and 48 after applying the same dose of simvastatin MEOIand combination of both drugs In 8- and 12-week treatment


Table 4 Effect of glibenclamide MEOI and combination therapy on blood glucose level in 8-week treatment protocol

Time duration Blood glucose level (mmolL)Control Diabetic control Alloxan+Glibenclamide Alloxan+400 mgkgbw Alloxan+Combination

Before 8 weeks 658 plusmn 009 1628 plusmn 012 1636 plusmn 014 1641 plusmn 015 162 plusmn 013After 8 weeks 653 plusmn 023 1675 plusmn 023 731 plusmn 021 122 plusmn 017 64 plusmn 009lowastObserved values were represented by mean plusmn SEM (n=6) lowast119901 lt 005 when compared with control group


Time duration Blood glucose level (mmolL)Control Diabetic control Alloxan+Glibenclamide Alloxan+400 mgkg bw Alloxan+Combination


Table 6 Effect of simvastatin MEOI and combination therapy on total cholesterol level in 8- and 12-week treatment protocol

Time duration TC (mgdl)Control Diabetic control Alloxan+Simvastatin Alloxan+400 mgkg bw Alloxan+Combination

TC in 8 weeks 16525 plusmn 22 263 plusmn 345 158 plusmn 239 206 plusmn 21 148 plusmn 20TC in 12 weeks 165 plusmn 190 278 plusmn 310 156 plusmn 197 201 plusmn 11 144 plusmn 090lowastObserved values were represented by mean plusmn SEM (n=6) lowast119901 lt 005 when compared with control group

Table 7 Effect of simvastatin MEOI and combination therapy on triglycerides level in 8- and 12-week treatment protocol

Time duration TG (mgdl)Control Diabetic control Alloxan+Simvastatin Alloxan+400 mgkg bw Alloxan+Combination

TG in 8 weeks 1205 plusmn 808 1935 plusmn 239 1314plusmn201 1645 plusmn 131 125 plusmn 11TG in 12 weeks 125 plusmn 023 1922 plusmn 023 130plusmn 021 160 plusmn 013 123 plusmn 012lowastObserved values were represented by mean plusmn SEM (n=6) lowast119901 lt 005 when compared with control group

Table 8 Effect of simvastatin MEOI and combination therapy on low-density lipoprotein level in 8- and 12-week treatment protocol

Time duration LDL (mgdl)Control Diabetic control Alloxan+Simvastatin Alloxan+400 mgkg bw Alloxan+Combination

LDL in 8 weeks 124 plusmn 24 18575 plusmn 27 135 plusmn 14 178 plusmn 14 128 plusmn 12LDL in 12 weeks 12575plusmn21 18225 plusmn 23 1305plusmn12lowast 173 plusmn 11 123 plusmn 11lowastObserved values were represented by mean plusmn SEM (n=6) lowast119901 lt 005 when compared with control group

protocol triglyceride levels were reduced by 32 15 and35 and 32 17 and 36 respectively (Table 7) LDL-cholesterol levels were reduced by 28 4 and 31 in 8-week treatment protocol while in 12-week treatment protocollevels were reduced by 28 5 and 33 (Table 8) In 8-weektreatment protocol both HDL levels were increased by 3413 and 36 and in 12 weeks increased by 36 8 and 38consequently (Table 9)

353 Effect on Elevated Liver Enzyme Levels Tables 10 and11 illustrated the effects of glibenclamide 400 mgkg bwpo of MEOI and combination dose on elevated liver enzymelevel in diabetic rats After 8-week treatment with the gliben-clamide 400 mgkg bw po of MEOI and combination(glibenclamide 400 mgkg bw po of MEOI) of both drugsit was seen that concentration of SGPT (ALAT) showeddownturn by 4198 727 and 5461 and SGOT (ASAT)

by 4135 474 and 4230 in comparison with controlgroup individually (Table 10)

After 12-week treatment with the glibenclamide 400mgkg bw po of MEOI and combination (glibenclamide400 mgkg bw po of MEOI) of both drugs it was exhibitedthat concentration of SGPT (ALAT) showed downturn by4323 801 and 5486 and SGOT (ASAT) by 4240531 and 4485 respectively (Table 11)

4 Discussion

Phytoconstituents are the backbone for exerting copioustherapeutic actions and aid as a blueprint for the discoveryand development of new pharmaceuticals [65ndash67] In thisstudy anti-inflammatory antiulcer antidiabetic antihyper-lipidemic and liver enzyme activities of stem bark of Oindicum were investigated


Table 9 Effect of simvastatin MEOI and combination therapy on high-density lipoprotein level in 8- and 12-week treatment protocol

Time duration HDL (mgdl)Control Diabetic control Alloxan+Simvastatin Alloxan+400 mgkg bw Alloxan+Combination

HDL in 8 weeks 5525plusmn125 3475 plusmn 085 525 plusmn 083 4025 plusmn064 55 plusmn 05HDL in 12 weeks 5441plusmn110 3650 plusmn 119 42 plusmn 047 5559 plusmn 085 58 plusmn 045lowastObserved values were represented by mean plusmn SEM (n=6) lowast119901 lt 005 when compared with control group

Table 10 Effect on liver enzyme concentration fluctuated after 8 weeks of treatment

Liver enzymeconcentration (UL)

Treatment group for 8 weeksNormal Alloxan Alloxan+Glibenclamide Alloxan+MEOI 400mgkg bw Alloxan+Combination

SGPT 2565 plusmn 063 7711 plusmn 136 4474 plusmn 095 715 plusmn 087 3500 plusmn 098SGOT 3465 plusmn 051 7375 plusmn 035 4325 plusmn 058 7025 plusmn 055 4255 plusmn 076Observed values were represented by mean plusmn SEM (n=6)


Treatment groups for 12 weeksLiver enzyemsconcentration (UL) Normal Alloxan Alloxan+Glibenclamide Alloxan+MEOI

400mgkg bw Alloxan+Combination

SGPT 2475plusmn063 7311plusmn126 4150plusmn085 6725plusmn064 3300plusmn147SGOT 3234plusmn041 7525plusmn085 4334plusmn048 7125plusmn085 4150plusmn085Observed values were represented by mean plusmn SEM (n=6)

In case of anti-inflammatory activities the edema in theright paws could be segmented into the first phase followedby the second phase [68 69] In phase one edema formationoccurred instantaneously after carrageenan injection Thefirst phase counted for two hours approximately Phasetwo counted for two to up to six hours and larger edemaformation occur characterized by redness and swellingThis inflammatory action was due to various inflammatorychemicals like prostaglandin prostacyclin and leukotrienefollowed by the pathway COX 2 mechanism [22 70ndash73]Noticeably Figure 1(a) group was distilled water treatedpaw with no carrageenan injection which demonstrateddamaged tissue and was conserved for the identificationof dermal collagen and leukocytes Figure 1(b) indicatedswelling and redness after carrageenan injection inductiondue to diapedesis and chemotaxis by inflammatory cellsincluding white blood cells and red blood cells Figure 1(c)denoted treatment with ibuprofen (20mgkg bw) with slightinflammatory cells appearance Figures 1(d) and 1(e) bothindicated that methanolic extract with doses of 100 and200 mgkg bw showed mild to moderate cell infiltrationFollowed by treatment with the dose of 400 mgkg bw inFigure 1(f) it was observed that cellsrsquo infiltration was nearlyabolished The extract of MEOI showed a considerable anti-inflammatory effect Also the histopathological examinationof paws revealed that methanolic extract of O indicumreduced aggregation of inflammatory cells All studies sup-port previous experiment with different parts (seed) of thesame plant All these observations in different groups showedsimilarities with previous studies [74ndash83]

In case of screening of antiulcer property ethanol wasused to produce mucosal damage in the stomach layer

Extract of O indicum (with the dose 400 mgkg bw po)exhibited a substantial downturn for reduction of gastriculceration Omeprazole was used as a standard drug and aftertreatment procedure it was observed that standard omepra-zole PET and nBUT showed a considerable reduction inulceration The extract was used at a dose of 400 mgkg bwand among all fractions the PET (96) and nBUT (99)fractions manifested sharp reticence of gastric lesions againstmucosal damage induced by ethanol acid The comparisonwas done with reference standard drug omeprazole andthe ulcer model after treatment with both active fractionsand omeprazole showed dramatic gastric mucosal damageconservationThis study also supports previously done exper-imental studies [46 84ndash93]

In case of antidiabetic activity glibenclamide is consid-ered as good glucose level lowering drug and exhibited sig-nificance In both treatment procedures namely 8 weeks and12 weeks individual dose of extract of O indicum revealedreduction of blood glucose level but it was not noteworthy onthe contrary that combination dose (for both 8 and 12 weeks)was able to decrease glucose level in a significant extent Anumber of flavonoids compounds had been separated andidentified especially from bark (both stem and root) leavesand seeds Two chemicals namely oroxylin A (baicalein-7-o-glucoside) and oroxin A have antidiabetic potentials [46 47]These phenomena support the previous experiment as amongall constituents oroxylin A and oroxin A both have insulinresistance potentials and have capability of inhibiting 120572glucosidase [32 46 47] It was seen that extracted constituentrevealed more activity than the crude extract In both time-and dose-dependent treatment protocols it was monitoredthat long-term (12 weeks) treatment showed a drop of glucose


level compared to short-term (8 weeks) treatment In bothcases only combination therapy showed significance and wassupported by preceding studies [46 47 94ndash101]

For the assessment of hypolipidemic activity the extractalone (400mgkg bw po) failed to decline TC TG andLDL level by remarkable level But a mild drop of lipid leveloccurred in each case Only in case of 12-week treatmentcombination therapy showed significance in lowering lipidlevel In case of HDL level elevation combination therapyindicated a considerable upward trend This study alsosupports the previous experiment as simvastatin was treatedas a very potential lipid-lowering drug and coincided withprior studies [102ndash106] To identify the level enzymes (bothSGPT and SGOT) both treatment protocols failed to decreasethe level of specific enzyme level to a noteworthy extentand exhibited similarities with past studies [107ndash113] butrevealed satisfactory decline Liver enzymes SGPT and SGOTare considered as surrogate markers of diabetes mellituscomplicationThis study also showed that stembark alone hasno significant effect on liver enzyme concentration For liverenzyme concentration assessment neither individual dose ofMEOI nor combination did show any significant reductionCases of TC TG LDL and HDL level except simvastatinwhich was used as a standard drug and combination ofsimvastatin and 400 mgkg bw MEOI showed significancebut the dose of extract at 400mgkg bw alone did not showany significance

5 Conclusion

Extract of O indicum exhibited potent and remarkableanti-inflammatory and antiulcer activities On the otherhand it showed moderate antidiabetic and antidyslipidemicproperties and liver enzymesrsquo concentration lowering effectsHowever the mechanisms behind all those effects are stillnot in daylight Therefore further experiments should becarried out for the purpose of the phytoconstituents andexpected mechanisms that are subjected and interrelated tothe constituents to exhibit various effects in both in vivo andin vitro experimental models

Abbreviation

SGPT Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminaseSGOT Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminaseALAT Alanine aminotransferaseASAT Aspartate transaminaseOI Oroxylum indicumOGTT Oral glucose tolerance testMEOI Methanolic extract of Oroxylum indicumbw Body weightpo Per oralEtOH EthanolPET Petroleum etherCLF ChloroformEtOAc Ethyl acetatenBUT n-ButanolmmolL MillimolelitreTC Total cholesterol

TG TriglyceridesLDL Low-density lipoproteinHDL High-density lipoproteinICDDRB International Centre for Diarrhoeal

Disease Research BangladeshIFCC International Federation of Clinical

ChemistryDMSO Dimethyl sulfoxideNC Normal controlCC Carrageenan controlIP IbuprofenSEM Standard error meanTNF120572 Tumor necrosis factor alphaIL6 Interleukin 6p38MAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinase p38

Data Availability

Theexperimental data obtained from various ratmodels usedto support the findings of this study are available from thecorresponding author upon request

Ethical Approval

All experimental protocols in this study involved animalsand all tests have been performed according to ethical stan-dards and guidelines provided and instructed by BiomedicalResearch Centre University of Dhaka Bangladesh withreference No BMRCEC2017-18386

Conflicts of Interest

All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

Authorsrsquo Contributions

Thiswork was carried out in collaboration among all authorsAll authors read and approved the final manuscript MstMarium Begum and Azharul Islam are equal contributors

Acknowledgments

All authors acknowledge their gratitude to the Department ofPharmacy Primeasia University Dhaka Bangladesh

References

[1] J A Parrotta ldquoHealing plants of peninsular Indiardquo in Bignon-iaceae Oroxylum indicum pp 169ndash171 CABI publishingWallingford UK 2001

[2] D C Deka V Kumar C Prasad et al ldquoOroxylum indicummedicinal plant of North East India an overview of itsnutritional remedial and prophylactic propertiesrdquo Journal ofApplied Pharmaceutical Science vol 3 no 4 pp S104ndashS1122013

[3] L R Dev M Anurag and G Rajiv ldquoOroxylum indicumrdquo Phar-macognosy Journal vol 2 no 9 pp 304ndash310 2010


[4] A Ghani ldquoMedicinal plants of Bangladesh with chemicalconstituents and usesrdquo in Asiatic society of Bangladesh pp 329-330 Dhaka Bangladesh 2nd edition 2003

[5] Anonymous e Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India vol 3Ministry of Health and Family Welfare New Delhi India 1998

[6] T Samatha P Srinivas R Shyamsundarachary M Rajinikanthand N Rama Swamy ldquoPhytochemical analysis of seeds stembark and root of an endangered medicinal forest treeOroxylumindicum (L) Kurzrdquo International Journal of Pharma and BioSciences vol 3 no 3 pp 1063ndash1075 2012

[7] M K Islam I Z Eti and J A Chowdhury ldquoPhytochemicaland antimicrobial analysis on the extracte ofOroxylum indicumLinn Stem-Barkrdquo Iranian Journal of Pharmacologyamperapeu-tics vol 9 no 1 25 pages 2010

[8] M Zaveri A Khandhar and S Jain ldquoQuantification of bai-calein chrysin biochanin-A and ellagic acid in root bark ofOroxylum indicum by RP-HPLC with UV detectionrdquo EurasianJournal of Analytical Chemistry vol 3 no 2 pp 245ndash257 2008

[9] T Hengpratom G M Lowe K Thumanu S SuknasangK Tiamyom and G Eumkeb ldquoOroxylum indicum (L) Kurzextract inhibits adipogenesis and lipase activity in vitrordquo BMCComplementary and Alternative Medicine vol 18 no 1 p 1772018

[10] A Kruger andM Ganzera ldquoOroxylum indicum seedsmdashanalysisof flavonoids by micellarelectrokinetic chromatographyrdquo Chro-matography vol 1 no 1 pp 1ndash8 2013

[11] Q Fan Z Hu Z Na H Tang G Zuo and Q Song ldquoOne newflavonoid from Oroxylum indicumrdquo Natural Product Researchvol 29 no 19 pp 1828ndash1832 2015

[12] L Ma and J Liu ldquoThe protective activity of Conyza bliniisaponin against acute gastric ulcer induced by ethanolrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 158 pp 358ndash363 2014

[13] R C Gupta V Sharma N Sharma N Kumar and B SinghldquoIn vitro antioxidant activity from leaves of Oroxylum indicum(L) Vent-A North Indian highly threatened and vulnerablemedicinal plantrdquo Journal of Pharmacy Research vol 1 no 12008

[14] M J Barmak ldquoEvaluation of the effect of the internal layer ofoak fruit (jaft) extract on the prevention of gastric ulcers causedby stress in male ratsrdquo Journal of Medicine and Life vol 11 no3 p 225 2018

[15] R B Nawale G S Mate and B S Wakure ldquoEthanolic extract ofAmaranthus paniculatus Linn ameliorates diabetes-associatedcomplications in alloxan-induced diabetic ratsrdquo IntegrativeMedicine Research vol 6 no 1 pp 41ndash46 2017

[16] M T ShailaJabbar K Hassan M Shahabuddin K Choudhuriand K Bijon ldquoBioactivity studies of the individual ingredientsof the Dashamularishtardquo Pakistan Journal of PharmaceuticalSciences vol 17 no 1 pp 9ndash21 2004

[17] R Bhat N A Shaharuddin and Y T Kuang ldquoA promisingapproach toward exploring nutritional and functional qualitiesof beko (Oroxylum indicum L Benth Ex Kurz) pods forpotential food applicationsrdquo Journal of Food Processing andPreservation vol 39 no 1 pp 47ndash55 2015

[18] Y Yuan W Hou M Tang et al ldquoSeparation of flavonoids fromthe leaves of Oroxylum indicum by HSCCCrdquoChromatographiavol 68 no 11-12 pp 885ndash892 2008

[19] B Dinda I Silsarma M Dinda and P Rudrapaul ldquoOroxylumindicum (L) Kurz an important Asian traditional medicinefrom traditional uses to scientific data for its commercialexploitationrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 161 pp 255ndash278 2015

[20] L G Radhika C V Meena S Peter K S Rajesh andM P Rosamma ldquoPhytochemical and antimicrobial study ofOroxylum indicumrdquo Ancient Science of Life p 30 2011

[21] M Asaduzzaman N Nasrin A Muhit S Z Raihan A S Apuand A Akbar ldquoAntidiarrheal analgesic and cytotoxic activitiesof crude extract ofOroxylum indicum (L) stem barkrdquo Journal ofPharmacy Research vol 4 pp 4296ndash4298 2011

[22] K Lalrinzuali M Vabeiryureilai and G C Jagetia ldquoTopicalapplication of stem bark ethanol extract of Sonapatha Orox-ylum indicum (L) Kurz accelerates healing of deep dermalexcision wound in Swiss albino micerdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 227 pp 290ndash299 2018

[23] P Mangal P Khare S Jagtap M Bishnoi K K Kondepudiand K K Bhutani ldquoScreening of six Ayurvedic medicinalplants for anti-obesity potential an investigation on bioactiveconstituents fromOroxylum indicum (L) Kurz barkrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 197 pp 138ndash146 2017

[24] M K Bharali H Konya and L B Chetry ldquoProtective effect ofOroxylum indicum on acetaminophen induced liver injury inratrdquo International Current Pharmaceutical Journal vol 3 no 2pp 223ndash227 2014

[25] S K Panda ldquoPhytochemical analysis and hepatoprotectiveeffect of stem bark of Oroxylum indicum (L) Vent on carbontetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in ratrdquo International Jour-nal of Pharmaceutical amp Biological Archive vol 2 no 6 2011

[26] J Rao S Katragadda H Tatipaka et al ldquoUS PatentApplicationNo 11651106rdquo 2007

[27] L B Chetry and M K Bharali ldquoAntiproliferative effect ofaqueous bark extract of Oroxylum indicum L on VignaradiataLrdquo Green gram) seedlings 2018

[28] D R N Kumar V C George P K Suresh and R A KumarldquoCytotoxicity apoptosis induction and anti-metastatic potentialof Oroxylum indicum in human breast cancer cellsrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Cancer Prevention vol 13 no 6 pp 2729ndash2734 2012

[29] R G Fuentes M A Arai S K Sadhu F Ahmed andM Ishibashi ldquoPhenolic compounds from the bark of Oroxy-lum indicum activate the Ngn2 promoterrdquo Journal of NaturalMedicines vol 69 no 4 pp 589ndash594 2015

[30] C Harsha K Banik D Bordoloi and A B KunnumakkaraldquoAntiulcer properties of fruits and vegetables a mechanismbased perspectiverdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 108 pp104ndash119 2017

[31] J Sharma S Gairola R D Gaur and R M Painuli ldquoThetreatment of jaundice with medicinal plants in indigenouscommunities of the Sub-Himalayan region of UttarakhandIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 143 no 1 pp 262ndash291 2012

[32] W Sun Y Sang B Zhang et al ldquoSynergistic effects of acarboseand an Oroxylum indicum seed extract in streptozotocinand high-fat-diet induced prediabetic micerdquo Biomedicine ampPharmacotherapy vol 87 pp 160ndash170 2017

[33] M Khandhar M Shah D Santani and S Jain ldquoAntiulcer activ-ity of the root bark of Oroxylum indicum against experimentalgastric ulcersrdquo Pharmaceutical Biology vol 44 no 5 pp 363ndash370 2006

[34] S Das and M D Choudhury ldquoAntimicrobial activity of stembark extracts from the plant Oroxylum indicum Ventrdquo AssamUniversity Journal of Science and Technology vol 5 no 1 pp95ndash99 2010

[35] D S Moirangthem N C Talukdar U Bora N Kasoju andR K Das ldquoDifferential effects of Oroxylum indicum bark


extracts antioxidant antimicrobial cytotoxic and apoptoticstudyrdquo Cytotechnology vol 65 no 1 pp 83ndash95 2013

[36] C R TenpeUAman B Sushil andPG Yeole ldquoIn vitro antiox-idant and preliminary hepatoprotective activity of Oroxylumindicum vent leaf extractsrdquo Pharmacologyonline vol 1 pp 35ndash43 2009

[37] S Maungjunburee and W Mahabusarakam ldquoFlavonoids fromthe stem bark of Oroxylum indicum (L) Benthrdquo in Proceedingsof the In Proceedings of the 7th IMT-GT UNINET and the 3rdInternational PSU-UNS Conferences on Bioscience pp 136ndash1402010

[38] T V A Tran C Malainer S Schwaiger et al ldquoScreening ofVietnamese medicinal plants for NF-120581B signaling inhibitorsassessing the activity of flavonoids from the stem bark ofOroxylum indicumrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 159 pp36ndash42 2015

[39] S Das M D Choudhury S C Mandal and A D TalukdarldquoAntibacterial activity of a compound from stem bark ofOroxylum indicumVent and itsMIC against antibiotic resistantbacteriardquoDrug Invention Today vol 4 no 10 pp 530ndash532 2012

[40] S S Mohapatra R K Roy P Mohan T N Upadhyayaand J Sarma ldquoPhytochemical analysis and hepatoprotectiveeffect of hydroethanolic extract of stem bark of Oroxylumindicumrdquo International Journal of Current Microbiology andApplied Sciences vol 7 no 1 pp 1000ndash1006 2018

[41] M Zaveria and S Jain ldquoPhytopharmacogostical studies on rootbark ofOroxylum indicumrdquo International Journal of Pharmaceu-tical Sciences Review andResearch vol 4 no 1 pp 132ndash135 2010

[42] L Zhou T Jing P Zhang et al ldquoKinetics and modeling forextraction of chrysin from Oroxylum indicum seedsrdquo FoodScience and Biotechnology vol 24 no 6 pp 2045ndash2050 2015

[43] L-J Chen D E Games and J Jones ldquoIsolation and identifica-tion of four flavonoid constituents from the seeds of Oroxylumindicum by high-speed counter-current chromatographyrdquo Jour-nal of Chromatography A vol 988 no 1 pp 95ndash105 2003

[44] B Dinda B C Mohanta S Arima N Sato and Y HarigayaldquoFlavonoids from the stem-bark ofOroxylum indicumrdquoNaturalProduct Sciences vol 13 no 3 pp 190ndash194 2007

[45] S Kamal N Akhter S G Khan et al ldquoAnti-diabetic activityof aqueous extract of Ipomoea batatas L in alloxan induceddiabetic Wistar rats and its effects on biochemical parametersin diabetic ratsrdquo Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 31pages 2018

[46] W Sun J Sun B Zhang et al ldquoBaicalein improves insulinresistance via regulating SOCS3 and enhances the effect ofacarbose on diabetes preventionrdquo Journal of Functional Foodsvol 37 pp 339ndash353 2017

[47] W Sun B Zhang X Yu et al ldquoOroxin A from Oroxy-lum indicum prevents the progression from prediabetes todiabetes in streptozotocin and high-fat diet induced micerdquoPhytomedicine vol 38 pp 24ndash34 2018

[48] A N More T K Shah P B Parab and K G Apte ldquoOroxylumindicum (Linn) whole stem extract regulates expression ofTNFa IL6 NFkB P38MAPK and oxidative status in antituber-cular therapy induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar ratsrdquo Mattersvol 3 no 9 Article ID e201704000014 2017

[49] S V Joshi B A Vyas P D Shah D R Shah S A Shah andT R Gandhi ldquoProtective effect of aqueous extract of Oroxylumindicum Linn (root bark) against DNBS-induced colitis in ratsrdquoIndian Journal of Pharmacology vol 43 no 6 pp 656ndash661 2011

[50] A M Tamboli S T Karpe S A Shaikh A M Manikrao andD V Kature ldquoHypoglycemic activity of extracts of Oroxylum

indicum (L) vent roots in animal modelsrdquo Pharmacologyonlinevol 2 pp 890ndash899 2011

[51] B N Tripathy SK Panda S Sahoo SK Mishra and L NayakldquoPhytochemical analysis and hepatoprotective effect of stembark of Oroxylum indicum (L) Vent on carbon tetrachlorideinduced hepatotoxicity in ratrdquo International Journal of Pharma-ceutical amp Biological Archives vol 2 no 6 pp 1714ndash1717 2011

[52] A Tepsuwan C Furihata W Rojanapo and T MatsushimaldquoGenotoxicity and cell proliferative activity of a nitrosatedOroxylum indicum Vent fraction in the pyloric mucosa of ratstomachrdquo Mutation Research Letters vol 281 no 1 pp 55ndash611992

[53] V Du Vigneaud and W G Karr ldquoCarbohydrate utilization IRate of disappearance of d-glucose from the bloodrdquo Journal ofBiological Chemistry vol 66 no 1 pp 281ndash300 1925

[54] W A Siddiqui ldquoTherapeutic potential of Oroxylum indicum areviewrdquo Journal of Research and Opinion vol 2 no 10 2012

[55] N S ChowdhuryM R Karim andM S Rana ldquoIn vitro studieson toxicological property of the root and stem bark extracts ofOroxylum indicumrdquoDhakaUniversity Journal of PharmaceuticalSciences vol 4 no 1 2005

[56] S Singh P Chattopadhyay S K Borthakur and R Police-goudra ldquoSafety profile investigations ofMeyna spinosa (Roxb)and Oroxylum indicum (Linn) extracts collected from North-east Indiardquo Pharmacognosy Magazine vol 13 4 pp S762ndashS7682017

[57] W Underwood R Anthony S Gwaltney-Brant A S P C APoison and R Meyer AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia ofanimals American Veterinary Medical Association IL USA2013

[58] R S Sikes and W L Gannon ldquoGuidelines of the AmericanSociety of Mammalogists for the use of wild mammals inresearchrdquo Journal of Mammalogy vol 92 no 1 pp 235ndash2532011

[59] World Medical Association ldquoWMA statement on animal usein biomedical researchrdquo Ferney-Voltaire The World MedicalAssociation 2006

[60] Y Touitou F Portaluppi M H Smolensky and L RensingldquoEthical principles and standards for the conduct of humanand animal biological rhythm researchrdquoChronobiology Interna-tional vol 21 no 1 pp 161ndash170 2004

[61] C A Winter E A Risley and G W Nuss ldquoAnti-inflam-matory and antipyretic activities of indo-methacin 1-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-indole-3-acetic acidrdquoeJournal of Pharmacology and Experimental erapeutics vol141 no 3 pp 369ndash376 1963

[62] K E Baglikova A V Trufanova Z V Bakaeva et al ldquoTheinfluence of hydroxyproline- and proline-containing glyprolineon ethanol-induced gastric lesions in ratsrdquo Moscow UniversityBiological Sciences Bulletin vol 64 no 1 pp 7ndash11 2009

[63] A KGanguly andO P Bhatnagar ldquoEffect of bilateral adrenalec-tomy on production of restraint ulcers in the stomach of albinoratsrdquoCanadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology vol 51no 10 pp 748ndash750 1973

[64] A B T J Boink B M Buckley T F Christiansen et al ldquoInter-national Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) scientificdivision IFCC recommendation on sampling transport andstorage for the determination of the concentration of ionizedcalcium in whole blood plasma and serum In Europeanjournal of clinical chemistry and clinical biochemistryrdquo Journalof e Forum of European Clinical Chemistry Societies vol 29no 11 pp 767ndash772 1991


[65] M S UddinM S Hossain A AlMamunet al ldquoPhytochemicalanalysis and antioxidant profile of methanolic extract of seedpulp andpeel ofBaccaurea ramiflora LourrdquoAsian Pacific Journalof Tropical Medicine vol 1 pp 443ndash450 2018

[66] M Uddin G Uddin M Begum et al ldquoInspection of phyto-chemical content and in vitro antioxidant profile ofGnaphaliumluteoalbum L an unexplored phytomedicinerdquo Journal of Phar-macy and Nutrition Sciences vol 7 pp 136ndash146 2017

[67] M A SufianM R Islam T K Chowdhury et al ldquoInvestigationof in vivo analgesic anti-inflammatory in vitro membranestabilizing and thrombolytic activities of Atylosia scarabaeoidesand Crotalaria spectabilis leavesrdquo Journal of Pharmacology andToxicology vol 12 no 3 pp 120ndash128 2017

[68] P Gohil M Zaveri and S Jain ldquoImmunomodulatory activityof n-butanol extract of Oroxylum indicumrdquo PharmaceuticalBiology vol 46 no 12 pp 914ndash919 2008

[69] R Mostofa S Ahmed M M Begum et al ldquoEvaluation ofanti-inflammatory and gastric anti-ulcer activity of Phyllanthusniruri L (Euphorbiaceae) leaves in experimental ratsrdquo BMCComplementary and Alternative Medicine vol 17 no 1 2017

[70] R H TuhinM Begum S Rahman et al ldquoWoundhealing effectof Euphorbia hirta linn (Euphorbiaceae) in alloxan induceddiabetic ratsrdquo BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicinevol 17 no 1 p 423 2017

[71] K Lalrinzuali M Vabeiryureilai and G C Jagetia ldquoInves-tigation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities ofethanol extract of stem bark of Sonapatha Oroxylum indicu invivordquo International Journal of Inflammation vol 2016 ArticleID 8247014 8 pages 2016

[72] A B Deshmukh S S Datir Y Bhonde N Kelkar P Samdaniand V A Tamhane ldquoDe novo root transcriptome of a medici-nally important rare treeOroxylum indicum for characterizationof the flavonoid biosynthesis pathwayrdquo Phytochemistry vol 156pp 201ndash213 2018

[73] I Scheers J J Palermo S Freedman et al ldquoNCBINCBI logoskip to main content skip to navigation resources how to aboutncbi accesskeys sign in to ncbi pubmed us national library ofmedicine national institutes of health search database searchterm clear input advanced help result filters formatrdquo Journal ofPediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2018

[74] M Zaveri P Gohil and S Jain ldquoImmunostimulant activity ofn-butanol fraction of root bark of Oroxylum indicum ventrdquoJournal of Immunotoxicology vol 3 no 2 pp 83ndash99 2006

[75] A Kumar K Agarwal A K Maurya et al ldquoPharmacologicaland phytochemical evaluation ofOcimum sanctum root extractsfor its antiinflammatory analgesic and antipyretic activitiesrdquoPharmacognosy Magazine vol 11 1 p S217 2015

[76] T Manaharan R Thirugnanasampandan R Jayakumar GRamya G Ramnath and M S Kanthimathi ldquoAntimetastaticand anti-inflammatory potentials of essential oil from edibleOcimum sanctum leavesrdquoe ScientificWorld Journal vol 2014Article ID 239508 5 pages 2014

[77] F L Hakkim C G Shankar and S Girija ldquoChemical composi-tion and antioxidant property of holy basil (Ocimum sanctumL) leaves stems and inflorescence and their in vitro callusculturesrdquo Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry vol 55no 22 pp 9109ndash9117 2007

[78] Z Wu Z Xia B Wu et al ldquoLipid profiling in serum fromapolipoprotein E-knock out mice fed with different diets andits application to the study of the regulatory effect on lipidmetabolismrdquo Foodamp Function vol 9 no 10 pp 5103ndash5114 2018

[79] L Lv Y Xie K Li et al ldquoUnveiling the mechanism of surfacehydrophilicity-modulated macrophage polarizationrdquo AdvancedHealthcare Materials vol 7 no 19 Article ID 1800675 2018

[80] M P Jiang C Xu Y W Guo et al ldquo120573-arrestin 2 atten-uates lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury via inhibitionof TLR4NF-120581B signaling pathway-mediated inflammation inmicerdquo World Journal of Gastroenterology vol 24 no 2 p 2162018

[81] V Stankovic V Mihailovic S Mitrovic and V Jurisic ldquoPro-tective and therapeutic possibility of medical herbs for livercirrhosisrdquo Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryologyvol 58 no 3 pp 723ndash729 2017

[82] C Xia X Rao and J Zhong ldquoRole of T Lymphocytes in type2 diabetes and diabetes-associated inflammationrdquo Journal ofDiabetes Research vol 2017 2017

[83] SManka and EMajewska ldquoImmunoregulatory action of mela-toninThemechanism of action and the effect on inflammatorycellsrdquo Postepyhigieny I Medycynydoswiadczalnej vol 70 pp1059ndash1067 2016

[84] B K Das M M Al-Amin S M Russel S Kabir R Bhat-tacherjee and J M A Hannan ldquoPhytochemical screening andevaluation of analgesic activity of Oroxylum indicumrdquo IndianJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences vol 76 no 6 2014

[85] M Nagasaka R Hashimoto Y Inoue et al ldquoAnti-tumorigenicactivity of chrysin from Oroxylum indicum via non-genotoxicp53 activation through the ATM-CHK2 pathwayrdquo Moleculesvol 23 no 6 p 1394 2018

[86] M Zaveri and S Jain ldquoGastroprotective effects of root bark ofOroxylum indicum ventrdquo Journal of Natural Remedies vol 7 no2 pp 269ndash277 2007

[87] K Magierowska T Brzozowski and M Magierowski ldquoEmerg-ing role of carbon monoxide in regulation of cellular pathwaysand in the maintenance of gastric mucosal integrityrdquo Pharma-cological Research vol 129 pp 56ndash64 2018

[88] S Kwiecien K Magierowska M Magierowski et al ldquoRole ofsensory afferent nerves lipid peroxidation and antioxidativeenzymes in the carbon monoxide-induced gastroprotectionagainst stress ulcerogensisrdquo Journal of Physiology and Pharma-cology vol 67 no 5 pp 717ndash729 2016

[89] Y K Shim and N Kim ldquoNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugand aspirin-induced peptic ulcer diseaserdquoeKorean journal ofgastroenterology = Taehan Sohwagi Hakhoe chi vol 67 no 6 pp300ndash312 2016

[90] M K Salah ldquoThe postulatedmechanism of the protective effectof ginger on the aspirin induced gastric ulcer histological andimmunohistochemical studiesrdquo Histology and Histopathologyvol 30 no 7 pp 855ndash864 2015

[91] S K Jaiswal C V Rao B Sharma P Mishra S Das and MK Dubey ldquoGastroprotective effect of standardized leaf extractfrom Argyreia speciosa on experimental gastric ulcers in ratsrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 137 no 1 pp 341ndash344 2011

[92] J H Lim J H Kim N Kim et al ldquoGastroprotective effectof Cochinchina momordica seed extract in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced acute gastric damage in a ratmodelrdquoGut and liver vol 8 no 1 p 49 2014

[93] E Fukushima N Monoi S Mikoshiba et al ldquoProtectiveeffects of acetaminophen on ibuprofen-induced gastricmucosaldamage in rats with associated suppression of matrix metal-loproteinaserdquo e Journal of Pharmacology and Experimentalerapeutics vol 349 no 4 pp 165ndash173 2014

[94] M M Begum Z Sultana M Ershad Ali et al ldquoAdditiveeffect of lipid lowering drug (Simvastatin) in combination with


antidiabetic drug (Glibenclamide) on alloxan induced diabeticrats with long term dyslipidemiardquo Indian Journal of ClinicalBiochemistry vol 29 no 4 pp 452ndash461 2014

[95] M S Hossain M S Rahman A R Imon et al ldquoEthnophar-macological investigations of methanolic extract of Pouzolziazeylanica (L) BennrdquoClinical Phytoscience vol 2 no 1 10 pages2017

[96] T B Huq M S Rahman M A Nure et al ldquoEvaluationof pharmacological activities of methanol extract of Lxoracuneifolia leavesrdquo Clinical Phytoscience vol 2 no 1 p 22 2017

[97] C L Priya and K B Rao ldquoPostprandial antihyperglycemic andantioxidant activities of Acalypha indica Linn stem extract anin-vivo studyrdquo Pharmacognosy Magazine vol 12 4 p S4752016

[98] A Samadder D Chakraborty A De S S Bhattacharyya KBhadra and A R Khuda-Bukhsh ldquoPossible signaling cascadesinvolved in attenuation of alloxan-induced oxidative stressand hyperglycemia in mice by ethanolic extract of Syzygiumjambolanum drug-DNA interaction with calf thymus DNA astargetrdquo European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences vol 44 no3 pp 207ndash217 2011

[99] X B Yang Z M Huang and W B Cao ldquoAntidiabetic effect ofOenanthe javanica flavonerdquoActa Pharmacologica Sinica vol 21no 3 pp 239ndash242 2000

[100] U N Tripathi and D Chandra ldquoAnti-hyperglycemic and anti-oxidative effect of aqueous extract of Momordicacharantia pulpand Momordica charantia seed in alloxan-induced diabeticratsrdquo 2010

[101] J F Zhang J Y Yang J Wen D Y Wang M Yang and QQ Liu ldquoExperimental studies on hypoglycemic effects of totalflavonoid from Toona sinensisrdquo Journal of Chinese medicinalmaterials vol 31 no 11 pp 1712ndash1714 2008

[102] T S W Hengpratom Y Sang B Zhang et al ldquoSynergisticeffects of acarbose and an Oroxylum indicum seed extractin streptozotocin and high-fat-diet induced prediabetic micerdquoBiomedicine amp Pharmacotherapy vol 87 pp 160ndash170 2017

[103] N Ali M Amir M I Hassan F Ahmad and A IslamldquoPurification modeling and structural insights of calmodulin-binding receptor like cytoplasmic kinase 2 from Oroxylumindicumrdquo International Journal of Biological Macromoleculesvol 123 pp 704ndash712 2019

[104] M Minaiyan A Ghannadi A Movahedian P Ramezanlouand F S Osooli ldquoEffect of the hydroalcoholic extract and juiceof Prunus divaricata fruit on blood glucose and serum lipids ofnormal and streptozotocin induced diabetic ratsrdquo Research inPharmaceutical Sciences vol 9 no 6 pp 421ndash429 2014

[105] M Gokhale and Y K Bansal ldquoAn avowal of importance ofendangered tree Oroxylum indicum (Linn) Ventrdquo 2006

[106] B-W Zhang Y-B Sang W-L Sun et al ldquoCombination offlavonoids from Oroxylum indicum seed extracts and acarboseimproves the inhibition of postprandial blood glucose in vivoand in vitro studyrdquo Biomedicine amp Pharmacotherapy vol 91 pp890ndash898 2017

[107] P Sithisarn P Nantateerapong P Rojsanga and P SithisarnldquoScreening for antibacterial and antioxidant activities andphytochemical analysis of Oroxylum indicum fruit extractsrdquoMolecules vol 21 no 4 p 446 2016

[108] A Lee S Kang S Park J Huang andD Im ldquoAnti-allergic effectof oroxylin a fromOroxylum indicum using in vivo and in vitroexperimentsrdquo Biomolecules amp erapeutics vol 24 no 3 pp283ndash290 2016

[109] P Rojsanga S Bunsupa A H Brantner and P SithisarnldquoComparative phytochemical profiling and in vitro antioxidantactivity of extracts from raw materials tissue-cultured plantsand callus of Oroxylum indicum (L) Ventrdquo Evidence-BasedComplementary and Alternative Medicine vol 2017 Article ID6853212 11 pages 2017

[110] N H Wahab and N F C Mat ldquoIsolation and purificationof Oroxylum indicum chemical constituents a reviewrdquo AsianJournal of Botany 2018

[111] H Chen G He C Li et al ldquoDevelopment of a concise syntheticapproach to access oroxin Ardquo RSC Advances vol 4 no 85 pp45151ndash45154 2014

[112] J P Correia P S Alves and E A Camilo ldquoSGOT-SGPT ratiosrdquoDigestive Diseases and Sciences vol 26 no 3 p 284 1981

[113] J E Downing ldquoAnthelmintic activity of Oroxylum indicumagainst equine strongyles in vitro compared to the anthelminticactivity of Ivermectinrdquo Journal of Biological Research vol 12000

Stem Cells International

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Disease Markers


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OncologyJournal of



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Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

Immunology ResearchHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal of

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Volume 2018Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom


and root bark and leaves are cherished for various ayurvedicformulations such asAmritarishta Dantyadyarista NarayanaTaila Dhanvantara Ghrita Brahma Rasayana and Chyawan-prash Awaleha [5] Those ayurvedic preparations are usedfor inflammation ulcer cancer diarrhea fever jaundicearthritis and oxidative stress But all ethnomedical usesof this plant are not experimentally proved by moderntechnology and research experiments

In ayurveda and folk medicine this plant part is usedas medicinal agents for various disorders such as cancerdiarrhea diabetes fever bone pain ulcer and jaundice butthis entire claim is not scientifically proved [6ndash8] Fruits podswere extensively reported for inhibition of adipogenesis andlipase activity [9] Seed contained many flavonoids includingbaicalein-7-O-gentiobioside and other baicalein derivativeswhich include 7-O-glucoside 7-O-glucuronide 567-trime-thoxyflavone-8-O-120573-D-glucopyranoside oroxylin A-7-O-120573-D-glucuronide butyl ester 6-methoxy-baicalein oroxylin-A-7-O-glucoside 57-dihydroxyndashflavone uracil baicalein 6-methoxy-7-glucuronide stilbenoids (E)-dihydropinosylvin-2-carboxyl-5-O-120573-d-glucopyranoside (E)-dihydropinosyl-vin-3-O-120573-d-glucopyranoside (E)-pinosylvin-3-O-120573-d-glu-copyranoside dihydropinosylvin and pinosylvin [10ndash12]Leaves were claimed for antioxidant activities antiviral activ-ities especially chikungunya and reduction of oxidativestress [13ndash16] Young leaves fruits pods and unripe seedsare edible and contained crude protein ash crude fibercarbohydrates amines amides carboxylic acids andaromatic compounds [17] Leaves contained importantflavonoids namely chrysin baicalein baicalein-7-O-gluco-side baicalein-7-O-diglucoside chrysin-7-O-glucuronidebaicalein-7-O-glucuronide and a chrysin-diglucoside [18]Root and root bark were reported for important flavonoidslike baicalein chrysin oroxylin A baicalein-6-O-glucoside120573-sitosterol and its 3-O-glucoside and stigmasterol-3-O-glucoside [19]

For bark or stem bark many biochemical activities havebeen assessed like antimicrobial antidiarrheal analgesiccytotoxic hepatoprotective gastroprotective antiprolifera-tive antimetastatic antiobesity potential and antioxidantactivities [20ndash31] and seed has antidiabetic potentials andshowed synergistic potentials with acarbose [32] Variousflavonoids namely 57-dihydroxyflavone 57-dihydroxy-3-methoxyflavone 357-trihydroxyflavone 5741015840-trihydroxy-3-methoxyflavone 35741015840-tetrahydroxy flavone and 574-trihydroxyflavone were identified and separated from thestem bark portion of O indicum and structure of isolatedchemicals was characterized [33ndash40] A number of flavonoidscompounds had been separated and identified especiallyfrom bark (both stem and root) leaves and seeds Mostprominent flavonoids are baicalein chrysin ellagic acidoroxylin A (baicalein-7-o-glucoside) oroxin A 5-hydroxy-4 7-dimethoxy flavone 7-methoxy chrysin etc [41ndash47] Thewhole stem of this miracle plant was claimed scientificallyfor regulation and expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF120572) interleukin 6 (IL6) NFkB and mitogen-activatedprotein kinase p38 (p38MAPK) associated with oxida-tive status in antitubercular therapy-induced hepatotoxicity[48]

Various research works had been conducted for thescreening of toxicological studies of the whole part of Oindicum [49ndash53] and it was observed that dose of thisplant (both aqueous and organic one) extract was usedin a range from 10 mgkg bw (po) to 5000 mgkg bw(po) considered safe [16 24 54 55] But it was found thatnitrosated ethanolic extract of the bark of O indicum at adose of 2000 mgkg bw was genotoxic and mutagenic andtoxicity increases on a dose-dependent manner up to 11 folds[52] Experimental procedure confirmed that O indicumstem bark extracts showed nonmutagenic noncytotoxic andnongenotoxic effects and toxicity information is not reportedin any of scientific experiments after studying and comparingits safety profile with that of other plants [56]

After an extensive literature search this study was aimedat investigating anti-inflammatory antiulcer antidiabeticantihyperlipidemic and liver enzyme (SGPT and SGOT)activities of stem bark of O indicum

2 Materials and Methods

21 Plant Collection and Processing For the current inves-tigation the fresh and raw stem barks of O indicum werecollected during the months of January-February 2017 andauthentication was identified by the National Herbariumwith accession number DACB-43471 The stem barks werechopped followed by washing and drying at ambient temper-ature for 72 hours To obtain powder drying grinding andsieving of the dried portion were followed by weighing usingan analytical balance

22 Preparation of Crude Methanolic Extract To preparecrude extract 150 g powdered material was soaked inmethanol and the amount ofmethanolwas 900mlThe roundamber color bottle was tightly sealed kept for a total of 20days accompanied by occasional shaking and stirring Byusing Whatman filter paper filtration was carried By usingrotary evaporator at 7-8 rpm and with a temperature of 68∘Ccrudemethanolic extract ofO indicum (MEOI) was collectedafter evaporation of methanol This generated extract wasused for anti-inflammatory antidiabetic antihyperlipidemicand liver enzyme (SGPT and SGOT) activities

23 Preparation of Crude Ethanolic Extract and Its Fractionsfor Antiulcer Activities For the preparation of crude extractdried stem bark was weighed for 150 g and grinded to 60mesh size Then the grinded materials were dissolved in 2 Lethanol (50 ethanol in water) for twenty days in a conicalflask accompanied by occasional shaking and stirring Thiswas followed by filtration and the filtrate was dried usingrotary evaporator (yield 1834) The extracted material wasthen extracted by petroleum ether (PET) followed by drying(yield 035 ww) The residual material was then air-driedand liquid ammonia solution was used to moisten the driedmaterialThe residual material again was extracted with chlo-roform (CLF) followed by drying (yield 190 ww) Againthe remaining unextracted material was then extracted withn-butanol (n-BuOH) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) sequentiallyto obtain n-BuOH (yield 22 ww) and EtOAc (yield 29














(2)




































(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

























4 Discussion





















5 Conclusion


Abbreviation





Data Availability


Ethical Approval






Acknowledgments


References





























































































































of




Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Volume 2018


Journal of

ObesityJournal of
































(2)




































(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

























4 Discussion





















5 Conclusion


Abbreviation





Data Availability


Ethical Approval






Acknowledgments


References





























































































































of




Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Volume 2018


Journal of

ObesityJournal of



















































(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

























4 Discussion





















5 Conclusion


Abbreviation





Data Availability


Ethical Approval






Acknowledgments


References





























































































































of




Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Volume 2018


Journal of

ObesityJournal of







































4 Discussion





















5 Conclusion


Abbreviation





Data Availability


Ethical Approval






Acknowledgments


References





























































































































of




Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Volume 2018


Journal of

ObesityJournal of






































5 Conclusion


Abbreviation





Data Availability


Ethical Approval






Acknowledgments


References





























































































































of




Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Volume 2018


Journal of

ObesityJournal of












































































































































of




Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Volume 2018


Journal of

ObesityJournal of



















ethnopharmacological inspections of organic extract of oroxylum...

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