Style Guide and Information for ETRI Journal AuthorsETRI Journal Editorial Office (This template should be used to prepare a regular paper or special issue paper that an author wishes to submit to ETRI Journal. This is the ETRI Journal style guide. This document states the author rights and responsibilities and must be read carefully by any author intending to submit material to ETRI Journal. The submitting author must follow all instructions stated herein. Any submission that fails to comply with the rules stated herein will not be considered for publication. To submit an article, the author must complete the online submission process through the ETRI Journal website at http://etrij.etri.re.kr.Keywords: ETRI Journal, manuscript, author, responsibility.

I. Author Rights and Responsibilities1. Original Work

Only original work should be submitted to ETRI Journal. Any manuscript submitted to ETRI Journal that has been published before, contains copyrighted material, or has been submitted for publication elsewhere will be rejected, with the exception of said article appearing in abstract form or in an elementary form in conference proceedings. If the work submitted to ETRI Journal has appeared or will appear in conference proceedings, this fact must be divulged at the time of submission, the reference information must be included in the list of works cited, and the manuscript must be distinctly different from and a substantial expansion of the article published in the conference proceedings. Both the text and the figures must deliver novel ideas and data, and any reiteration of or reference to previously published information must be specifically pointed out by the author at the time of submission. An experienced peer reviewer will confirm whether the overlap supports or compromises the significance of the work. A manuscript previously published in another language is not regarded as an original contribution.

2. Copyright

The author must submit an ETRI Journal copyright form, which transfers the copyright to ETRI Journal and warrants that the article is an original work of the author and does not infringe the copyright of any other parties. Before publication, the author should submit a scanned file of the form with his or her signature on it or mail a hard copy to the editorial office.3. Ethical and Legal IssuesPlagiarism, fabrication, falsification, and double submission are unacceptable. The author is responsible for acknowledging sources appropriately. ETRI assumes that material submitted to ETRI Journal is properly available for general dissemination to the readership of ETRI Journal. It is the responsibility of the author, not ETRI or ETRI Journal, to determine whether disclosure of the submitted material requires the prior consent of other parties and, if so, to obtain it.CrossCheck is a multi-publisher initiative to screen published and submitted content for originality. ETRI Journal uses the iThenticate software to detect instances of overlapping and reproduced text in submitted manuscripts. To find out more about CrossCheck, visit http://www.crossref.org/crosscheck.html. 4. Content

Statements and opinions given in the articles published in ETRI Journal are the expressions of the contributors. Responsibility for the content of a published paper rests upon the author, not ETRI or ETRI Journal.

5. AuthorshipEvery contributor should be listed as an author and no one but the contributors should be listed as authors. All correspondence will be sent to the corresponding author by e-mail. II. Manuscript Preparation

1. Research Areas Covered in ETRI Journal

Papers to be considered for publication in ETRI Journal should be original papers of broad significance and long-range interest in the following fields. Basic and Micro-electronics Research

Network and Internet Technology Radio and Broadcasting Technology Mobile Telecommunication

Computer and Software Technology

Information Technology Strategy

Information Security

Papers should be written to be accessible to nonspecialists as well as experts in the fields discussed. 2. Choice of Word Processor

The manuscript must be prepared using Microsoft (MS) Word. The manuscript, including figures and tables, must be written in the journals two-column format, using this template. Do not use other templates. Follow all formatting rules for sections, subsections, symbols, equations, references, and so on. Most formatting codes are removed and replaced during the pagination process; therefore, input the material as simply as possible and do not embed special formatting in the text, such as field codes. 3. Length of ManuscriptThe length of an article is limited to 10 pages in the two-column format of ETRI Journal, excluding author biographies. The article should concisely present the background of the topic, the purpose of the investigation, the details of the investigation, the results, and the conclusions. Any redundant information should be removed prior to submitting the final version of the manuscript. The font size, character scale, and character spacing should not be manipulated to fit the page limit.

4. AbstractThe abstract should succinctly state the focus of the article, how the research is conducted, the principal results, and the significance of the results, in the present tense, not the past tense. The abstract should only contain the most critical information of the paper. The abstract of a regular paper or special issue paper is limited to 1,200 characters, including spaces. The font size of the abstract should be 10 points. 5. Consecutive Numbering of Parts

All manuscript pages, footnotes, equations, and references should be labeled in consecutive numerical order. Figures and tables should be cited in the text in numerical order.

6. Sections

A regular or special issue paper generally consists of the title, author affiliation footnote (including any financial support acknowledgement), abstract, introduction, body, conclusion, and reference list. A regular or special issue paper may also include appendices, a glossary of symbols, and an acknowledgment of non-financial support. The author name(s) and author affiliation footnote must not appear when submitting or during review to maintain anonymity between reviewers and authors.

Heading titles should be written in headline style. In headline style, the first letter of each word is capitalized, except in the case of a preposition or conjunction; the first and last words are capitalized regardless of part of speech, unless the word or symbol only exists in lowercase form. Articles (a, an, the) are not used in the headings.

Roman numerals (I., II., III., and so on) should be used to number the main sections, and Arabic numerals (1., 2., 3., and so on) should be used to number the subsections. Italicized capital letters (A., B., C., and so on) should be used for tertiary headings, and italicized lowercase letters (a., b., c., and so on) should be used for fourth-level headings. A period (.) must follow each identifier. The font sizes of the headings are as follows: 11.5 points for main section heading (font color: blue [RGB = 0, 40, 255]); 10.5 points for subsection heading; 10 points for tertiary heading; 10 points for fourth-level heading.

7. Mathematical Notations

A. NumberingEquations should be numbered consecutively using Arabic numbers enclosed in parentheses, as follows:

R = (a b)/c (1)

BALTOTAL = 2M + 9y 3x (2)

The equation number in parentheses should be flush with the right margin. Equations can be made more compact by using the solidus (/), the exp function, or appropriate exponents. Parentheses should be used to avoid ambiguities in denominators. If an equation is part of a sentence, it should be punctuated accordingly. The symbols used in an equation must be defined before or immediately after the equation appears. In the text, only the number should be used, for example, (1), not Eq. (1) or equation (1), except when opening a sentence with the number, in which case it should appear as Equation (1).B. SymbolsTo avoid errors in editing and typesetting, authors should clearly identify subscripts, Greek letters, and other symbols. It is especially important to distinguish clearly between the following terms.

Capital and lowercase letters when used as symbols.

Zero and the letter O.

The lowercase letter 1, the numeral one, and the prime sign.

The letter k and (kappa), u and (mu), v and (nu), n and (eta).

The multiplication sign is , not x, and the subtraction sign is , not -.

All variables must be italicized in the paper. It is the authors responsibility to ensure that symbols are properly presented in the text, in equations, in figures, and in tables. The formatting must be consistent throughout.8. Figures, Figure Captions, Tables, and Table Headings

Figures and their captions and tables and their headings must be included with the text of the paper. Figures and tables must appear in the sections in which they are first mentioned and should be placed near the text that refers to them. Figures and tables should be numbered in order using Arabic numerals. Separate aspects of a figure must be labeled using (a), (b), (c), and so on (see the example shown in Fig. 1). In the text, figures should always be referred to using the abbreviation Fig. followed by the number, except at the beginning of a sentence, in which case Figure should be used.

When submitting the final version of an article that has been accepted for publication, an additional file containing the figures and tables in editable form must also be submitted so that the printer has photo-quality images and high-resolution figures. The printer will reproduce artwork from the originals. Line drawings, graphs, programs, tables, and mathematical notations will be reworked before publication. Originals of figures should be sharp, be noise-free, and have distinct contrast. High-quality computer-generated illustrations of at least 300 DPI are required. The width of a figure should be approximately 8 cm (3.2 in) or 17 cm (6.5 in). The font size within a figure should be between 6 points and 8 points and must be consistent throughout the figure. The font size within a table should be 8.5 points. The font size of figure captions and table headings should be 9 points. Captions and headings must be succinct, and articles (a, an, the) should not be used. Abbreviations that should otherwise not be used in the article, such as vs., i.e., and e.g., can be used in figures and tables.

9. Units and Abbreviations

A. Units of MeasurementETRI Journal advocates using the International System of Units (SI units). Unit symbols should be used with measured quantities, for example, 1 mm, but not without a measured quantity, for example, a few millimeters. In other words, if a unit of measurement is strictly part of the text, the full term should be used, whereas the symbol for that unit of measurement should be used when referring to a measured quantity. The following sentence illustrates the difference: The researchers noticed that a significant change occurred within a few degrees Celsius, that is, between 88C and 91C. Table 1. Examples of correct and incorrect presentations of terms.

Abbr.TermPresentation

AWGNadditive white Gaussian noiseCorrect

Additive White Gaussian NoiseIncorrect

BISTbuilt-in self-testCorrect

built in self testIncorrect

DFTdiscrete Fourier transformCorrect

Discrete Fourier TransformIncorrect

ONUoptical network unitCorrect

optical networks unitIncorrect

RDPRemote Desktop ProtocolCorrect

remote desktop protocolIncorrect

SDS-TWRsymmetric double-sided

two-way rangingCorrect

symmetric double sides

two way rangeIncorrect

B. AbbreviationsA term or name must be presented in full upon first mention, followed by the abbreviation or acronym in parentheses. Thereafter, the abbreviation or acronym should be used in the text. Even if an abbreviation or acronym is introduced in the abstract, it must be introduced in the main body of the article, as these two aspects of the paper are treated separately in this regard. If an abbreviation is so common that it is used as a word, such as TV, the abbreviation of television, then it is not necessary to use the full term first. Abbreviations that incorporate periods should not include spaces: C.N.R.S. should be used as opposed to C. N. R. S. The author should be careful to spell terms correctly and differentiate between singular and plural and between proper names (proper nouns) and common nouns. Examples of correct and incorrect presentations of terms are shown in Table 1.The abbreviations i.e., e.g., etc., et al., and vs. should not be used in the body of the article. Instead, the author should use that is, for example, and so on, and others, and versus, respectively. However, for brevity, it is acceptable to use these abbreviations in figures and tables, and et al. should be used in the References section for all cases in which there are more than three authors.

10. Citations

A. Ordering of CitationsThe order in which works are cited in the text and the order in which these works are listed in the References section must match. In other words, the first work cited in the text must be the first work listed in the references section. Therefore, the first mention of each reference must follow consecutive order. For example, [6] cannot be cited in the text if [1] through [5] have not been cited.B. Form of CitationsEach citation should be enclosed in brackets (for example, [1]). For multiple consecutive citations, the first and last should each be enclosed in brackets separated by a dash, without spaces (for example, [3]-[7]). For multiple citations that are not consecutive, each citation should be enclosed in brackets and should be separated from one another by a comma and a space (for example, [15], [18], [23]). If listing both consecutive and non-consecutive citations, the two styles should be used together (for example, [13]-[26], [29], [32]).In the text, the bracketed citation number can be used in lieu of the name(s) of the author(s) of a source, as follows: As [7] showed, the algorithm performs well. A sentence should never begin with a bracketed citation number, but should instead be modified with the word reference, as follows: Reference [7] showed that the algorithm performs well.11. References

Only material directly related to the authors investigation should be cited and included in the list of references. All secondary sources used to complete the study must be cited in the References section. Listing a URL does not constitute a complete entry. The secondary source must be clearly identified, and the author, editor, company, or organization, the title or product name, and the date of publication must be stated. If the secondary source is an electronic source, the entry must include the date the author accessed the source and the URL.

A. Numbering and Ordering of ReferencesA numbered list of references must be provided at the end of the paper. The list should be arranged in the order of citation in the text, not in alphabetical order. Only one secondary source should be listed per reference number. Each reference number must be enclosed in brackets. The font size used for the list of references in the References section should be 9 points.B. Format of ReferencesThe formatting of the References section must adhere to the ETRI Journal style guide and must be consistent throughout. Each authors name is listed using first (and middle, if relevant) initial, followed by the full last name (surname) (for example, S.E. Hogan, R. Park, and B.N. Jung). If there is both a first and middle initial, each initial is followed by a period (.) and there is no space between the initials. If there are more than three authors for a cited work, then only the first author is listed, followed by et al. In the case of three or less authors, all authors must be listed. ETRI Journal follows the IEEE rules for abbreviations for the names of transactions, journals, letters, and magazines; the list of abbreviations can be found at http://www.ieee.org/documents/tjmnames.pdf.

The general order in which elements should be listed in an entry in the References section for a journal, magazine, or conference work is author (S.E. Hogan), title (A New Method to Fabricate Thin-Film Transistors), publication (ETRI J.), volume number (vol. __ ), issue number (no. __ ), date (Month [Jan. / Feb. / Mar. / Apr. / May / June / July / Aug. / Sept. / Oct. / Nov. / Dec.] 0000 [four-digit year]), page range (pp. __-__ ). There are variations on these elements according to the type of publication and the elements that must be represented. Examples of properly formatted references are as follows.a. Book[1]S.C. Cripps, Advanced Techniques in RF Power Amplifier Design, Norwood, MA: Artech House, 2002.

[2]S. Lin and D.J. Costello, Jr., Error Control Coding, 2nd ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2004.

b. Chapter or Article in Book[3]Y.-H. Song, J.-W. Jeong, and D.-J Kim, CNT-Based FEL for BLU in LCD, Carbon Nanotube and Related Field Emitters: Fundamentals and Applications, Y. Saito, Ed., Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2010, pp. 343-371.c. Periodical[4]I. Kotsia, I. Buciu, and I. Pitas, An Analysis of Facial Expression Recognition under Partial Facial Image Occlusion, Image Vision Comput., vol. 26, no. 7, July 2008, pp. 1052-1067.

[5]S.H. Heo et al., A Vacuum-Sealed Miniature X-ray Tube Based on Carbon Nanotube Field Emitters, Nanoscale Res. Lett., vol. 7, no. 258, May 2012, pp. 258-262.d. Article in Conference Proceedings[6]V. Pullano et al., Application Layer FEC with Long Time Interleaver and Fast Tune-in for Mobile Satellite TV Services, IEEE Int. Conf. Comput., Netw., Commun., San Diego, CA, USA, Jan. 28-31, 2013, pp. 108-112.e. Dissertation or Thesis

[7]H.-S. Kim, Active Adaptive Control for Systems with Cancellation Path, doctoral dissertation, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1998.f. Patent

[8]S. Spannhake, R. Henkel, and J. Gewinner, Electronic Safety System for Escalators, US Patent 6,267,219, filed Aug. 11, 2000, issued July 31, 2001.g. Standard

[9]IEEE Std. 1394, IEEE Standard for a High Performance Serial Bus, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 1995.[10] ITU-T Rec. H.264 | ISO/IEC 14496-10, AVC: Advanced Video Coding for Generic Audiovisual Services, Mar. 2003.h. Electronic Source[11] C.T. Chantler et al., X-ray Form Factor, Attenuation, and Scattering Tables, NIST, US Department of Commerce, 2001. Accessed Aug. 16, 2013. http://www. nist.gov/pml/data/ffast/index.cfm12. Miscellaneous Advice

Only one space should be used after punctuation, whether that punctuation is within the sentence or ending the sentence. An adjectival phrase that modifies a noun must be hyphenated; for example, optics-based technology is correct, whereas optics based technology is incorrect. The use of dangling participles should be avoided; for example, Using (1), the potential was calculated should instead be written as The potential was calculated by using (1) or Using (1), we calculated the potential.A zero should be used before a decimal point: 0.25, not .25. Instead of using cc, the author should use cm3. All stated values should be properly labeled: 0.1 cm0.2 cm, not 0.10.2 cm2. Full terms should not be mixed with abbreviations; for example, either b/s or bits per second should be used, not bits/s. In the text, a range of values should be stated using the preposition to or through, not using the symbol - or ~; for example, Step 1 through Step 4 should be used as opposed to Step 1 - Step 4. In a figure or table, however, the dash can be used to represent a range. Note that ETRI Journal refrains from using the tilde (~) because this symbol bears a variety of meanings.

Regarding the MS Word formatting options, the paper should follow all sizing, spacing, and indentation reflected in this template. Details of the required formatting are specified in Table 2.Table 2. MS Word formatting details.

Home

FontParagraph

FontAdvancedIndentsand

SpacingLineand

Page BreaksAsianTypo.

AbstractTimesNew

Roman10 pt

BoldScale: 105%

Spacing: Norm.

Position: Norm.

Kerning: 1 pt

Snap to gridSpecial:

First line

0.12 in.

Line

spacing:

Exactly

13 ptWidow/

Orphan

controlNONE

BodyTimesNewRoman10 ptRegularScale: 105%

Spacing: Norm.

Position: Norm.

Kerning: 1 pt

Snap to gridSpecial:

First line

0.12 in.

Line

spacing:

At least

12 ptWidow/

Orphan

controlNONE

ReferencesTimesNewRoman9 ptRegular(Italicwhenneeded)Scale: 105%

Spacing: Norm.

Position: Norm.

Kerning: 1 pt

Snap to gridSpecial:

Hanging

0.2 in.

Line

spacing:

At least

12 ptWidow/

Orphan

controlNONE

ETRI Journal follows the rules of American English, not British English. Therefore, a comma or period must be placed inside of quotation marks. The author must pay close attention to the difference between American and British spellings as well; for example, the author should use color, not colour, and modeled, not modelled.If the native language of the author is not English, the author should have the article properly edited and proofread before submission to ensure that the English reflects fluency. If the author cannot write the paper in English, then the author is responsible for hiring a professional translator and subsequently a professional editor to produce the English version of the paper. It is not acceptable to feed a paper written in a language other than English through a translation program.

13. Errors, Revisions, and Timeliness

The author is responsible for correcting errors in the manuscript and completing revisions in a timely manner as requested by the editorial office.

III. Online Manuscript Submission ProcedureThe author must register on the website to submit a paper to ETRI Journal. ETRI Journal only accepts the submission of a paper online. It is important to be aware that the manuscript will not be received at the editorial office until the author clicks submit at the end of the submission procedure.

The manuscript must be prepared according to the instructions herein. Failure to comply with the instructions will result in the rejection of the submission. Any questions should be directed to the editorial office. Contact information is listed in section VI.

1. Manuscript Information (Step 1)

A. Enter the Manuscript Title, Abstract, and Keywords

Even though the title and abstract are included in the text of the manuscript, they must be entered in this step because the editorial office uses these fields in a searchable database to expedite the review process.

B. Upload the Manuscript

Using the browse button provided, the author should locate the manuscript on his or her computer and upload the file. The file should be checked carefully before and after uploading. If the author finds any errors in the manuscript after uploading, the errors must be corrected and the file must then be re-uploaded.2. Author Information (Step 2)The system asks for information on the author(s) according to the number provided in Step 1. All correspondence will be sent to the corresponding author by e-mail. Author name, organization and department, phone number, and e-mail address are required fields; without filling in these fields, it cannot proceed to the next step.

3. Recommendation of Experts (Step 3)

The submitting author is asked to recommend experts in the papers subject field. Recommendation of experts is important, as it ensures that the pool of reviewers consistently contains top and relevant experts in the research fields. Note that reviewers are assigned to articles by the Editorial Committee.

4. Copyright Agreement (Step 4)

The author must agree to transfer the copyright of the manuscript to ETRI Journal. The submission procedure cannot be completed without this agreement. Before clicking submit, the author may choose to scan the signed copyright form and upload it immediately. This form should be signed by an author who is fully authorized to enter into the agreement and make the grants contained therein, representing all the authors, and, in the case of a work made for hire, the employer of the author(s).When the four steps have been completed, the system will present the submission information for review. If the author finds any errors or is not satisfied with the information, the author can go back to previous steps to make corrections.

5. Return of Manuscript

When a manuscript is received by the editorial office, if it has not been prepared according to the author guidelines and style guide, it will be returned to the author, and the status of the manuscript will be set to incomplete submission. The author must revise the manuscript according to the comments provided, replace the manuscript on the ETRI Journal website, and click submit again at the end of the submission procedure.

IV. Review Process1. Prescreening before Peer Review

When a manuscript is submitted to ETRI Journal, it undergoes an initial prescreening by the Editorial Committee to determine whether or not the paper fits the interests of ETRI Journal readers. If the Editorial Committee feels the manuscript meets the journals minimum standards for publication, the paper then enters a blind review process.

2. Main Review (Peer Review)

As peer review is the key factor in ensuring high quality articles based on an objective and balanced evaluation, all papers that have passed the prescreening undergo peer review. The Editorial Committee generally selects three reviewers for each paper. However, one or two reviews may be sufficient for the Editorial Committee to make a decision. The peer review process is a double blind process, meaning that anonymity is maintained between the reviewers and the authors. For additional information on the review process, see the Reviewers section on the website.

3. Acceptance of ManuscriptThe Editorial Committee of ETRI Journal is responsible for making the final decision whether to publish a manuscript. After carefully reviewing all reviewers comments and authors responses and revisions, the Editorial Committee makes a decision based on the best judgment of its members. The Editorial Committee may decide not to publish a manuscript without asking the author for responses to the reviewers comments.

For additional information on the Editorial Committee and the decision process, see Editorial Policies in the Editors section on the website.

V. After Acceptance1. Photo, Biography, and Contact InformationMaria Bae received her BEng in electronics engineering from Abcde University, East Sussex, England, UK, in 1992. She received her MS and PhD in electronics engineering from the Institute of World Science (IWS), Busan, Rep. of Korea, in 1996 and 2002, respectively. From 2002 to 2004, she worked as a postdoctoral research fellow for IWS. She is currently a professor in the Electronics and Communications Engineering Department of the Fghij College of Engineering at Klmno University, Manila, Philippines. Her interests include broadcast technology, communications, and human-robot interaction. She is a member of IEEE.

Fig. 2. Example of author bio.If a paper is accepted for publication, each author should submit a photo and biography. The photo should be a high-resolution head shot approximately 2.5 cm (1 in) in width and 3 cm (1.2 in) in height. The biography should contain the authors spelled out name, educational background, work history, current professional position, and current research areas of interest. For each institution or company listed, the location should follow the name, including city, state or province, and country. If the author wishes to include authorship history and membership information, the details should be stated last. The font size used for the biography should be 9 points. See the example shown in Fig. 2.The AuthorBioAffiliation template on the ETRI Journal website should be used to submit the photo, biography, and contact information. The name and contact information for each contributor, including organization, address, telephone number, and e-mail address must be provided for the front-page information on the authors. To avoid publication delays, the editorial office should be immediately notified of any anticipated changes in author addresses or absences that may occur during the publication process.2. Language Editing

For every manuscript accepted for publication, ETRI Journal provides a free English language editing service conducted by a native English speaker who majored in English and has extensive professional editing experience. The English editor uses the Track Changes and Comment functions of MS Word for communication with the author. The author is responsible for reviewing the edit of the manuscript (using the Comment function to answer questions, provide any needed information, or submit a comment or question to the editor) and e-mailing the same Word DOC back to the editor as quickly as possible. The author must respond to all correspondence during the publication process in an efficient manner, as all processing is bound by deadlines.3. Page ProofEach article scheduled to be published in ETRI Journal is subject to editing. Once all necessary language, graphics, and formatting adjustments have been implemented, the author will receive the page proof for review, prior to the paper going to print. The page proof must be checked and returned to the editorial office immediately. Any changes requested by the author at the time of returning the page proof should be minor corrections only.

4. Charges and ReprintsETRI Journal does not charge authors for submission or publication. Each author of a paper published in ETRI Journal receives 30 reprints of the article.VI. Contact Information

ETRI Journal Editorial OfficeElectronics and Telecommunications Research Institute

218 Gajeongno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-700

Rep. of KoreaE-mail: etrij@etri.re.krWebsite: http://etrij.etri.re.kr(Tel.) +82 42 860 6127

(Fax) +82 42 860 6737

:

: (12-21)

Manuscript received submission_date; revised last_revision_date; accepted accepted_date.

This work was supported by the Funding_Program_name of Funding_Org, Country (grant_ number, project_name).

First_author (phone: phone_number, email: author1_email_address), Second_author (email: author2_email_address), and Third_author (email: author3_email_address) are with Department_name, Org_name, State_province, Country_name.

8 First Author et al.ETRI Journal, Volume x, Number y, DateETRI Journal, Volume x, Number y, DateFirst Author et al. 7

_1445781801.doc

Fig. 1. Example of figure: (a) photo of buskers in Busan, Rep. of Korea; (b) close-up of guitarist.

Fig. 4. PI and EPI behavior with respect to layers (Type 3).

(b)

Optical coupler

Optical tap

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Optical isolator

Output signal

EDFA

Input signal

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(a)

Optical coupler

Optical tap

Pumping direction

Optical isolator

Output signal

EDFA

Layer

Input signal

Pumping power

Fig. 1. Example of figure: (a) EDFA codirectional pumping configuration and (b) EDFA counterdirectional pumping configuration.

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