etruscan cooking club

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Etruscan Etruscan Art & Art & Architecture Architecture

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Page 1: Etruscan cooking club

EtruscanEtruscanArt &Art &

ArchitectureArchitecture

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Etruscan Civilization• Etruria was a region in central Italy, northwest of Rome. Etruria was comprised of several independent city-states that shared a common language and culture (it was not a united country). • It is unknown whether the Etruscans were native to the region, immigrants from the north, or a mix of both.• Although their language was written in a Greek-derived alphabet, it has never been deciphered.• The Etruscans were highly sea-faring, and traded with other civilizations throughout the Mediterranean.• Although they were a culture unique from Greek culture, art historians divide the history of Etruscan art into periods mirroring those of Greek art (Orientalizing, Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic).

Etruscan Region of Italy

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Orientalizing Period• 700 – 600 BCE• In the early first millennium BCE, the Etruscans emerged as a people distinct in language and culture from the other Italic peoples and Greeks.• By the 600s BCE, the Etruscans traded metals (iron, tin, copper, silver) from their mines for foreign goods and began to produce jewelry and other luxury objects with motifs modeled on those found on imports from Mesopotamia.• The golden fibula (or clasp) to the left is of Etruscan style, except for the motif of the marching lions.• Over time, the increase in mining and metal-crafts changed Etruscan civilization from agrarian (farm-based) to metropolitan (city-based).

Fibula with Orientalizing lionsfrom the Regolini-Galassi Tomb, Sorbo

necropolis, Cerveteri, Italyc. 650 BCE. Gold, 1’ ½”

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Archaic Period• 600 – 480 BCE• The sixth century (500s) BCE was the apex of Etruscan power (Etruscan kings ruled Rome until 509).• The Etruscans admired Greek art and architecture but did not copy Greek works. Instead, they adapted outside influences into their own unique style.• Although Etruscans were master metal smiths, their figure sculptures were typically of terra cotta.

Etruscan Region of Italy

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Etruscan Temples• Because Etruscan temples were made of wood and mud-brick, only the foundations of a few remain today. However, some ceramic models, as well as descriptions by the Roman architect Vitruvius, give us some idea.• Temple was built on a podium (platform) with a single staircase in front.• The pronaos or portico took up half of the floorplan, with the cellas (usually 3) taking up the back half.• The cellas were usually for the 3 primary Etruscan gods: Tinia (Zeus), Uni (Hera), and Menrva (Athena).• The columns and pediment were relatively plain (most closely resembling the Doric order, but without fluting and with columnar bases), but the roofs were decorated with many painted life-size terra cotta figures.

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Apollo (from Veii)• This statue is the best preserved temple rooftop statue, from the roof of the Portonaccio temple in Veii, Italy.• Called “Apulu” by the Etruscans• May have been sculpted by Vulca of Veii, the only identified Etruscan sculptor of the era.• Reminiscent of a kouros statue, but with animated posing and (somewhat) more naturalistic musculature.• Originally adorned the roof of a Roman shrine/temple, built by the last Roman king (who was of Etruscan heritage), Tarquinius Superbus (the Arrogant), who ordered a temple made dedicated to Jupiter (Zeus), Juno (Hera), and Minerva (Athena).• The roof sculpture originally depicted Apollo chasing after Herakles, who had one of Artemis’ (Apollo’s twin sister’s) sacred hinds.

Apollo (from Veii)From the roof of the Portonaccio temple,

Veii, Italy.c. 500 BCE. 5’ 11”

Painted terra cotta

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Sarcophagus from Cerveteri• A sarcophagus is a large, carved container for a corpse (usually made of stone, and designed to stay above ground). • This one is made of four separately cast and fired terra cotta sections.• This one contains only the ashes of the people, even though it is large enough to hold a full corpse. Cremation was the most common funerary treatment at the time.• It depicts a husband and wife reclining together on a couch during a symposium (banquet).• Although the features are stylized, the couple looks animated and personable, a far cry from the stiff Egyptian kouroi and Egyptian ka statues.

Sarcophagus with a Reclining CoupleBanditaccia necropolis, Cerveteri, Italy

c. 520 BCE. Painted terra cotta. 6’ 7” long.

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Etruscan Women• Etruscan women had a number of freedoms and liberties that their Greek and Roman counterparts did not, including:-They could attend banquets (symposiums) and recline with their husband on a common couch (Greek women were confined to the house for most of the day). Only men, boys, slave girls, and prostitutes could attend Greek symposiums.-They could attend sporting events-The names of both the father and mother were recorded when a deceased person was commemorated (as on a tombstone)-Women could legally own property independently-Etruscan women retained their own names-They may have had a high level of literacy (based on the inscriptions on Etruscan mirrors and other toiletry items)

Sarcophagus from Cerveteri

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Tomb of the Leopards• The women are depicted with lighter skin; the men are depicted with darker skin. Leopards guard the scene from above. • Scene depicts a banquet of Etruscan couples, complete with servers bearing food and musicians.• The man on the far right holds an egg, the symbol for regeneration. The scene depicts a celebration of a life well-lived, rather than a sad scene of mourning.• Etruscans carved their tombs out of living stone, but their temples were constructed of temporary materials such as mud-brick and wood. This is counter to the Greek traditions of building permanent temples, but only burying their dead in simple graves.

Tomb of the LeopardsMonterozzi necropolis,

Tarquinia, Italy.c. 480 BCE

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Classical and Hellenistic Periods• 480 – 89 BCE• In 509, the Etruscan king of Rome, Tarquinius Superbus (“Tarquinius the Arrogant”) was overthrown in a popular uprising, and was replaced by a new Republican form of government.• Greek victory against the Etruscan fleet off the coast of Cumae in 474 BCE ended Etruscan domination of the sea, and marked the beginning of the decline of Etruria.• Rome destroyed Veii in 396 and conquered Cerveteri in 2743. All of Italy became Romanized by 89 BCE.• A very different, more somber mood pervades Etruscan art.

Etruscan Region of Italy

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Tomb of the Reliefs• The Banditaccia necropolis of Cerveteri, Italy, is composed of numerous enormous mound-shaped tombs called tumuli (singular: tumulus).• The tumuli were carved out of the bedrock (a type of limestone called tufa) in a series of chambers in a way that was intended to resemble a typical Etruscan home.• The Tomb of the Reliefs accommodated several generations of a single family.• The sculpted walls and pillars with reliefs of everyday objects, underscoring the similarity between an Etruscan home for the living and home for the dead.• The shield and sword over the couch represent the high status of the family.• The three-headed dog depicted under the couch is Cerberus, guardian to the gate to the underworld, and reference to the passage from this life to the next.

Tomb of the ReliefsBanditaccia necropolis,

Cerveteri, Italyc. 200 BCE

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Capitoline Wolf• This statue depicts Romulus and Remus, twin brothers who are central characters to Rome’s foundation myth.• The twins were the sons of a princess, whose uncle deposed her father, and forced her to abandon her sons in the wild.• Romulus and Remus were raised by a wolf, and upon reaching adulthood, they overthrew their great-uncle and reinstated their grandfather, the rightful king.• Instead of waiting to inherit their grandfather’s kingdom, they chose to found their own, new city, but they disagreed upon a location. Romulus killed Remus over the quarrel, and went on to found Rome, named after himself.• This statue was made for the new Roman Republic after the expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus, and it became the symbol for Rome.• The suckling infants were added later, during the Renaissance.

Capitoline Wolfc. 500-480 BCE

From Rome, ItalyBronze. 2’ 7”

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Aule Metele• This bronze statue represents the magistrate Aule Metele raising his arm to address an assembly. • This statue exemplifies the ways that Rome had, at this point, totally overtaken Etruria. Although the statue is inscribed with the magistrate’s Etruscan name (as well as the name of both his father and mother), the style of the magistrate’s hair as well as clothing are Roman.• By 89 BCE, all Etruscans were made Roman citizens.

Aule Metele(Arringatore or “The Orator”)

Cortona, Italy, c. 100 BCEBronze. 5’ 7”