eucaryotes - fungi: yeast and mold - algae. eucaryotes fungi fungi are which need to take nutrients...
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Eucaryotes
- Fungi: yeast and mold
- Algae
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Eucaryotes
Fungi
• Fungi are which need to take nutrients from the environment for living.
• They are larger than bacteria.
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Fungi
Two major groups are yeast and mold.
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Yeast
Yeasts are very important economically:
- Yeasts are responsible for fermentation of beer and bread. (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
- Ethanol production
- Wastewater treatment:a mixed culture of yeasts Candida lipolytic Candida tropicalis, and Yarrowia lipolytica grown on hydrocarbons, or gas oil.
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YeastYeasts are very important economically:
- Yeasts and Bacterium xylinum cultures produce Kombucha, fermented sweetened tea.
Yeasts: e.g.Brettanomyces bruxellensis, Candida stellata, Schizosaccharomyces pombe
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Yeast
http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/mycology/sza_images_SEM.htm
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Eucaryotes-Fungi
Yeast is single-celled.
• Size: yeasts are 5 to 10 µm in diameter.
• Shape: .
• Reproduction: .
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Eucaryotes-FungiYeasts
Reproduction: asexual and sexual.• Asexual reproduction is by either or
.
Budding: a small bud cell forms on the cell, which gradually enlarge and separate from the mother cells.
Most of the yeasts reproduce by budding.
Baker’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Budding
Budding
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Yeast Budding
http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/mycology/sza_images_SEM.htm
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Yeast Reproduction
Asexual:
Fission: similar to budding but the cells grow to certain size and divide into two equal cells.Only a few yeast species are reproduced by fission. e.g.Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Sexual:
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Eucaryotes-FungiMoldsMolds are filamentous and have a mycelial
structure.
Mycelium is highly branched system of tubes that contains mobile cytoplasm with many nuclei.
Hypha is long, thin filaments on the mycelium.
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Mold
• Molds are very important economically:
- mushroom farming is a large industry in many countries. Agaricus bisporus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaricus_bisporus
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Mold
- Food industry
The mixed culture including Penicillium sp. for cheese production.
Aspergillus niger for citric acid production.
- Antibiotics production.
Penicillium notatum
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Eucaryotes-Fungi
Molds
Size:
When grow on solid surface, the filamentous form is 5-20 µm.
When grow in submerge culture, it can form aggregates and pellets, 50 µm-1mm.- Cause nutrient transfer problem in the pellet
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Eucaryotes-Fungi
Mold Reproduction:
• Either by asexual or sexual means.
• Some molds form sexual spores which provide resistance against heat, freezing, drying and some chemical agents.
• Both asexual or sexual spores can germinate and form new hyphae.
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Eucaryote-Algae
Algae are usually unicellular or plantlike multicellular organism.
• Like plants, most algae use the energy of sunlight to make their own food, a process called photosynthesis.
Algae lack the roots, leaves, and other structures typical of true plants.
• Algae contain chloroplast which is responsible for photosynthesis.
• Unicellular algae are considered in MicrobiologyE.g. Chlorophyta, Chrysophyta (brown, yellow-green algae)
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Eucaryote-Algae
• They are in the size of 10-30 µm.
• Algae can reproduce asexually or sexually. Many of algae incorporate both sexual and asexual modes of reproduction.
• Algae contain alginic acid and agar.
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VirusNot free-living organisms, of other living
cells.
• Size: 30-200nm.
• Can not capture or store free energy.
• Not functionally active except when inside their host cells.
• Can do harm but also be useful biotechnology tools (e.g. vaccines).
SARS Coronavirus virion
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Virus• Bacteriophage or phage: virus infecting
bacteria.
• (Virus: virus infecting eukaryotes)
• Virus reproduction:- Virus contains genetic materials such as DNA and RNA which is covered by a protein coat called capsid.
- They can reproduce only by invading and controlling other cells as they lack the cellular machinery for self-reproduction.
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Section Summary
• Organism cells are highly diverse in terms of their adaptation to the living environment:
Temperature, pH, oxygen, moisture, nutrients
• Shapes (bacteria): Coccus, Bacillus and Spirillum
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Primary Classification
Cellular Organism
Eucaryotes Procaryotes Virus
not free-living organisms Have nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles?
Yes No
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Primary Classification
Cellular Organism
Eucaryotes Procaryotes Virus
Organelles:Mitochondria: powerhouse Endoplasmic reticulum: protein and lipid synthesisLysosome: nutrient digestion enzymesGolgi: protein secretion and modificationVacuoles: food digestion, osmotic regulation and waste product storageChloroplasts: photosynthesis
not free-living organisms Have nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles?
Yes No
Fungi: yeast and mold
Algae:
(asexual or sexual reproduction)
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Primary Classification
Cellular Organism
Eucaryotes Procaryotes Virus
not free-living organisms Have nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles?
Yes No
Cytoplasmic granules:- Ribosome: protein synthesis- Storage granules: source of key metabolites, including polysaccharides, lipids and sulfur granules.- Capsule- Pili- Flagella
Eubacteria: gram-positive, gram-negative, non-gram, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria
Archaebactria: methanogenHalogenthermoacidophiles
Mostly asexual reproduction
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Primary Classification
Cellular Organism
Eucaryotes Procaryotes Virus: reproduce in the host cell
Eubacteria:
Gram-positive bacteriaGram-negative bacteriaNon-gram bacteriaActinomycetes Cynaobacteria
Fungi: yeast, mold
Algae:
Reproduction: asexual or sexual
Archaebateria:
methanogenHalogenThermoacidophiles
not free-living organisms Have nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles?
Yes No
Asexual reproduction