WomansSuffrage

activism+constitutionalismspreadmalesuffragerightsacrossEu.by1884,Germ,Fr,andBritenfracnhiesedmostmen.Nowomen.19thcenpolitideologyrelegatedwomenstatusofsecondclasscitizens,evenegalmindedsocseldomchallengedhierarchy.Noparliamentaryormasspartypolitics,indeporganizationsandformsofdirectactionwomenacted.Cruciallegalreformsofperiod,afterturnofcenturymilitantcampaignforsuffrage,fedsenseofpolitcrisis,inbrit.

Worganizations,generalGermanWomensAssociasion,pressedfirstforeduandlegreforms.Womenscollegesinbritatsametimerighttocontrolprop.18841910Frwomensameright,abilitytodivorcehusbands.germwomendivocelawsby1870and1900,fulllegalrights.Suffragenextlogicalgoal,votessymbolofabilitytoattainfullpersonhood.Ecspiritual,moraladvancementtoo.Lastthirdofcentury,middclasswoemnfoundedclubsinwesturope,journals,petitions,assemblies,publicactivitesforvot.GermanLeagueofWomensVotingRights,estabin1902,toadvocatevotes.Feministsocialistsonleft,ClaraZetkinandLilybraun,onlysocrevfreewomenfromecandpolitexploitation.

Brit,womensuffragecampexplodedviolence,MillicentFawcett,midclasswithpolitconnections,16difforganizationsintoNationalUnionofWomensSuffrageSocieities(1897)committedtopeacefulconstitreform.Movemeentlackedpolitorexcloudtoswaymalelegis.ExapseratedbyinabilitytowinLiborConsparty,femalesuffragebenefitotherfear.EmmelinePankhurstfoundedWomensSocialandPoliticalUnionin1903,militancyandcivildisobedience.WSPUwomenchainedtovisitorsgalleryinHousofCommons,slashedpaintings,VotesforWomeninscribedinacidongolfcourses,disruptedpolitmeetings,burnedpolitshouses,smasheddepstorewindows.Govrepressviolence.Arrestedwomenwentonhungerstrikesinprisons,wadenforcefed,1910,suffragistsattempttoenterHouseofommonsset6hourriotwithpolicemenandbystanders,shocking,outragingnation.Intnesityofsuffmoralclaimsembodiedby1913martyrdomofEmilyWildingDavison,wearingVotesforWomensash,threwherselfinfrontofkinngshorseonderbyday,trambled.

womenhoodVictoriangenderrolesredefined.Lastthirdof19thcent,ec,polit,socchanges

underminingviewwomenandmenoccuptydiffspheres.Womenincreasinglyvisibleinworkforce,varietyofjobs.Newfactoriesandworkshops,staveofffpoverty,inspiteofwomenandhomeideaExpansofgovandcorporatebureaucracies,withscarctyofmalelaborinfaceofindusgrowth,midclassswomentoworkforceassocworkersandclerks.Hospitalserviceincreaseandnatcompulsoryedreqmorenursesandteachers.Swissuniversitiesandmedschoolsadmitwomenin1860s.70sand80sBritwomen

estabowncollegesatCambridgeandOxford.Partsofprofessionalworldbeganntolookdramaticallyidfferent.Prus,14,600womenteachersstaffingschoolsby1896Changesinwomensemploymentdeflatemythoffemdomesticity.

Politarena,women,offlimits.Groundworkearlierincentury.Refmovementsdeponwomenandraisedwomstandinginpublic,Charityworkinreligassocandlaterwithhundredsofsecularasoc,womenthroughoutEurdirectedenergiestowardpoorrelief,prisonreform,Sundayschool,temperacne,endingslaveryandprostit,expeduopportunieitesforwomen.Refgroupswomentogetheroutsidehome.Manyothersdrawnintoreformpolitics,Pubactivitiesexteoffemdomesticduties.Middleclasses,latergen

Changesparralleledbyemergencenewsoctype:Newwomen.Newwomendemandededandjob,noescortedbychaperones,norestrictivecorsets.Righttophysanditellactivelife,noconformtonorms.Newwomencrationofartistsandjournalists,newspapers,magaziensandadbillboardswithpicsofwomenonyciclesinbloomers,smokingcigarettes,cafes,dancehalls...Nowomenfittedimmage,mosttoopoor.Moresocfreedomandredefgedernormsdemanddbymidandworkclassowmen.Newindeptoshirkingdomesticresponsibilites,halfmenunfittomarry.Newwoemnsymbolizederaofsocemancip

Oppositionviolentandintense,notexlusivelymale.Menscornedwomenwhothreatenedelitepreservesinuniv,clubs,andpubofficies,denouncedmovement.ConservativessuchasMrs.HumphreyWardmaintainedthatbringingwomenintopolitarenasapvirilityofEngemp.OctaviaHill,notedsocworker,womenrefrainfrompolitandinsodoing,temperwildstruggleforplaceandpower.Christiancommentatorscriticizesuffragistsforbringingmoraldecaythroughselfishindividualism.Othersfemdissolvefamily,largerdiscussionondeclineofwestamidculturalcrisis.StruggleforwomensrightsflashpointEuroanxieiesoverlabor,polit,genderandbiology,orderlypolitconsensus,desiredbymidlcasssoc,slippingintoimpossibility

LiberalismandItsDiscontents,libondefeseafter1870.landedaristosharedpowerwithindusmagnates,

monarchrulecoexistwithconstitreforms.Masspoliticsupsetalance.Expandingfranchiseandexpectationsnewcomerstopolitstage.tradeunions,socialists,feministschanllgengedEurgovclasses,politparticipationopentoall.byWWIfoundationoflibparliamentarypolitcrumbling,everyone,newmodernformsofmasspolit.

FranceFrancoPRuswar1870Conflictclasswar,Commune,Parisiansexecuted.DreyfusArffair,convicted

strippedofrank,monarchistaccusedAlfredDreyfus,sellingsecrets.

1. LiberalismandItsDiscontents:NationalPoliticsattheTurnoftheCentury1. Latenineteenthcenturyliberalism

1. Middleclassliberalsfoundthemselvesonthedefensiveafter1870

2. Masspoliticsupsetthebalancebetweenmiddleclassinterestsandtraditionalelites

3. Tradeunions,socialists,andfeministsallchallengedEurope'sgoverningclass

4. Thegovernment'sresponsewasamixtureofconciliationandrepression

5. Whatwasrequiredwasadistinctlymodernformofmasspolitics

2. France:theembattledrepublic1. FrancoPrussianWar(1870)ahumiliatingdefeatfor

France2. GovernmentoftheSecondEmpirecollapsed3. TheThirdRepublic

1. Anewconstitution(1875)1. Triumphof

democraticandparliamentaryprinciples

2. Classconflict4. TheParisCommune(1871)

1. PittedthenationagainsttheradicalcityofParis

2. ParisrefusedtosurrendertotheGermans

3. ParisproclaimeditselftobethetruegovernmentofFrance

4. GovernmentsendstroopstoParisinMarch1871

5. Barricadesandstreetfighting6. Twentyfivethousandwereexecuted,

killedinfighting,orconsumedinfires3. TheDreyfusAffairandantiSemitismaspolitics

1. FrenchantiSemitism:anewformofradicalrightwingpolitics(nationalist,antiparliamentary,andantiliberal)

2. TheDreyfusAffair(1894)1. Dreyfusconvictedofsellingmilitary

secretstoGermany2. SenttoDevil'sIsland3. Theverdictwasquestionedand

documentswereproventobeforgeries(1896)

4. mileZola(18401902)backedDreyfus1. BlastedtheFrench

establishmentin"J'accuse"(IAccuse)

5. Dreyfuseventuallyfreedin1899andclearedofallguiltin1906

6. Consequences1. Separationofchurch

andstateinFrance2. Republicanssaw

churcharmyashostiletowardtherepublic

3. MergedthreestrandsofantiSemitism

1. ChristianantiSemitism(JewsasChristkillers)

2. EconomicantiSemitism(RothschildasrepresentativeofallJews)

3. Racialthinking(Jewsasaninferiorrace)

4. Anideologyofhatred1. Jewsinthearmysubvertednational

purpose2. MassculturecorruptedFrenchculture3. Jewsandwealth

5. LaLibreParole(FreeSpeech,1892),theAntiSemiticLeague,andJewishFrance(1886)

6. TheThirdRepublic1. Showedthattheradicalrightand

antiSemitismwereplainlypoliticalforces

4. Zionism:TheodorHerzl(18601904)1. ConsideredtheDreyfusAffairtobeanexpressionofa

fundamentalproblem1. Jewsmightneverbeassimilatedinto

Europeanculture2. EndorsedZionismbuildingaseparateJewish

homelandoutsideEurope3. Zionismasamodernnationalistmovement4. TheStateoftheJews(1896)5. ConvenedthefirstZionistCongressinSwitzerlandin

18975. Germany'ssearchforimperialunity

1. BismarckunitedGermanyunderthebannerofPrussianconservatism(18641871)

1. Soughttocreatethecentralizinginstitutionsofamodernstate

2. SafeguardingtheprivilegesofGermany'snationalinterests

3. Theconservativeupperhouse(Bundesrat)andthedemocraticlowerhouse(Reichstag)

4. ExecutivepowerrestedsolelywithWilliamI(17971888,r.18611888),kingandkaiser(emperor)

5. Cabinetministersansweredonlytothekaiser

2. Threeproblems1. DividebetweenCatholicsand

Protestants2. GrowingSocialDemocraticParty3. Divisiveeconomicinterestsof

agricultureandindustry3. Kulturkampf(culturalstruggle)

1. BismarckunleashedanantiCatholiccampaign

2. Apealedtosectariantensionsoverpubliceducationandcivilmarriages

3. Passedlawsthatimprisonedpriestsforpoliticalsermons

4. BannedJesuitsfromPrussia

5. Thecampaignbackfired1. CatholicCenterParty

wonseatsintheReichstagin1874

2. BismarcknegotiatedanalliancewiththeCatholicCenter

4. Thenewcoalition1. Agriculturalandindustrialinterestsas

wellassociallyconservativeCatholics5. SocialDemocratsasthenewenemiesoftheempire

1. Bismarckpassedantisocialistlawsin1878

2. Expelledsocialistsfrommajorcities6. Socialwelfare

1. Workersguaranteedsicknessandaccidentinsurance

2. Rigorousfactoryinspection3. Limitedworkinghoursforwomenand

children4. Oldagepensions

7. Socialwelfarelegislationdidnotwintheloyaltyofworkers

8. WilliamII(18591941,r.18881918)1. Suspendedantisocialistlegislationin

1890andlegalizedtheSPD6. Britain:frommoderationtomilitance

1. TheSecondReformBill(1867)2. LiberalandConservativepoliticalparties3. Newlaws

1. Legalityoftradeunions2. Rebuildinglargeurbanareas3. Elementaryeducationforallchildren4. MaleDissenterscanattendOxfordor

Cambridge5. 75percentofadultmalesenfranchised

by18944. BenjaminDisraeli(18041881)Conservativeand

WilliamGladstone(18091898)Liberal1. Bothofferedmoderateprogramsthat

appealedtoawideningelectorate5. Themoderateworkingclass

1. TheIndependentLabourParty(1901)6. 1906welfarelegislation7. DavidLloydGeorge(18631945)andthePeople'sBudget

of19091. Progressiveincomeandinheritance

taxes8. Problems

1. Liberalparliamentaryframeworkbegantoshowsignsofcollapse

2. Nationwidestrikesofcoalandrailwayworkers

3. Irishradicalnationalistsbegantofavorarmedrevolution

4. SinnFinandtheIrishRepublicanBrotherhood

5. HomeRuletabled(1913)7. Russia:theroadtorevolution

1. Internalconflictsandanautocraticpoliticalsystem2. ThreatenedbyWesternindustrializationandWestern

politicaldoctrines3. Russianindustrialization(1880s1890s)

1. Statedirectedindustrialdevelopment2. Serfsemancipatedin18613. Noindependentmiddleclasscapable

ofraisingcapital4. Heightenedsocialtensions5. Workerslefttheirvillagestemporarily

toworkandthenreturnedforplantingandharvest

4. Thelegalsystem1. Norecognitionoftradeunionsor

employers'associations2. Outdatedbankingandfinancelaws

5. AlexanderII(18181888,r.18551881)1. The"TsarLiberator"2. Tightenedrestrictions3. Setupzemstvos,provinciallandand

countyassemblies(1804)4. Curtailedtherightsofzemstvos,

censorshipofthepress5. Assassinatedbyaradical

6. AlexanderIII(18451894,r.18811894)1. Steeredthecountrytowardtheright2. Sternrepression

1. Curtailedpowerofthezemstvos

2. Increasedauthorityofthesecretpolice

7. NicholasII(18681918,r.18941917)1. Continuedthese"counterreforms"2. AdvocatedRussificationtoextendthe

language,religion,andcultureofGreaterRussia

3. PogromsandopenantiSemitism8. ThePopulists

1. Russiatomodernizeonitsownterms,notthoseoftheWest

2. Basedontheancientvillagecommune(mir)

3. Mostlymiddleclass,students,andwomen

4. Overthrowingthetsarthroughanarchyandinsurrection

5. Dedicatedtheirlivestothepeople6. ReadMarx'sCapitalandemphasized

peasantsocialism9. RussianMarxism

1. OrganizedastheSocialDemocraticParty

1. Concentratedonurbanworkers

2. Russianautocracywouldgivewaytocapitalism

3. Capitalismwouldgivewaytoaclasslesssociety

10. SocialDemocraticPartysplit(1903)1. Bolsheviks(majoritygroup)

1. Calledforacentralpartyorganizationofactiverevolutionaries

2. RapidindustrializationmeanttheydidnothavetofollowMarx

2. Mensheviks(minoritygroup)1. Gradualistapproach2. Reluctanttodepart

fromMarxistorthodoxy

3. Lenin1. Leaderofthe

Bolshevikswhileinexile

2. Coordinatedsocialistmovement

3. Russiawasripeforrevolution

4. WhatIstoBeDone?(1902)

8. ThefirstRussianRevolution(1905)1. Causes

1. TheRussoJapaneseWar2. Rapidindustrializationhad

transformedRussiaunevenly3. Lowgrainpricesresultedinpeasant

uprisings4. Studentradicalism5. Russianinefficiency6. Radicalworkersorganizedstrikesand

demonstrations2. BloodySunday(January22,1905)

1. TwohundredthousandworkersledbyFatherGapondemonstratedattheWinterPalace

2. Guardtroopskilled130andwoundedseveralhundred

3. Theprotestgrew1. Merchantsclosedstores2. Factoryownersshutdownfactories3. Lawyersrefusedtohearcases4. Theautocracyhadlostcontrol

4. NicholasIIissuedtheOctoberManifesto1. Guaranteedindividualliberties2. Moderatelyliberalfranchiseforthe

electionofaDuma

3. GenuinelegislativevetopowersfortheDuma

5. Nicholasfailedtoseethatfundamentalchangewasneeded

1. 19051907:NicholasrevokedmostofthepromisesmadeinOctober

2. DeprivedtheDumaofitsprincipalpowers

6. PeterStolypin(18621911)andtheStolypinreforms(19061911)

1. Agrarianreformsforthesaleof5millionacresofroyallandtopeasants

2. Grantedpeasantspermissiontowithdrawforthemir

3. Canceledpeasantpropertydebts4. Legalizedtradeunions5. Establishedsicknessandaccident

insurance7. Russianagricultureremainedsuspendedbetween

emergingcapitalismandthepeasantcommune9. Nationalismandimperialpolitics:theBalkans

1. RisingnationalismdividesthedisintegratingOttomanEmpire

2. UprisingsinBosnia,Herzegovina,andBulgaria(18751876)

1. ReportsofatrocitiesagainstChristians2. LedtotheRussoTurkishWar

(18771878)3. TheTreatyofSanStefano

1. Terminatedtheconflict

2. ForcedtheTurkishsultantosurrenderallofhisEuropeanterritory

4. Thegreatpowersintervened3. TheTreatyofBerlin(1878)

1. BessarabiatoRussia,ThessalytoGreece

2. BosniaandHerzegovinaunderAustriancontrol

3. Montenegro,Serbia,andRomaniabecomeindependentstates

4. TheindependentkingdomofBulgaria(1908)5. AustriaannexedBosniaandHerzegovina6. Turkishnationalism

1. Turkshadgrownimpatientwithweaknessofthesultan

2. TheYoungTurks1. Forcedthesultanto

establishaconstitutionalgovernmentin1908

2. MohammedV(19091918)cametothethrone

3. Launchedeffortto"Ottomanize"allimperialsubjects

4. TriedtobringChristianandMuslimcommunitiesundermorecentralizedcontrol

5. SpreadTurkishculture