EUROPE BEFORE WWI

EUROPE AFTER WWI

REASONS FOR THE RISE OF “TOTALITARIAN”

DICTATORSTreaty of Versailles

Weimar Republic

Economic Problems

Great Depression

Lost Faith in Democracy

League of Nations use of Appeasement

CHARACTERISTICS OF “TOTALITARIAN” DICTATORSHIPS

•“March on Rome” (1922)

•King Victor Emmanuel III feared civil war

•made Mussolini Prime Minister (eg. of Appeasement?)

•“Blackshirts”

•Il Duce (1925)

•Expected loyalty to Italy

•“Believe, Obey, Fight”

•14 kids = medal

•educate youth

•“Sons of the Wolf”

•“Survival of the Fittest”

BENIITO MUSSOLINI’S FASCIST ITALY

BENIITO MUSSOLINI’S FASCIST ITALY

1924 – Lenin died•before dying, warned against promoting Stalin

•power struggle between Joseph

Stalin and Leon Trotsky•1928 – Stalin becomes leader•“5 Year Plan”

•Modernize USSR•Oil/Coal/Steel•“Collective Farms”

•Peasants forced to join•Peasants resisted•“Terror Famine”•“Gulags”

JOSEPH STALIN’S COMMUNIST RUSSIA

“Great Purge” (1934) purged enemies

Characteristics of Communism•“Classless society”•Society controlled by government•Terror•Censorship•Propaganda•“Comintern”

•organization to promote revolution

•Opposite of capitalism

•“Red Scare”

JOSEPH STALIN’S COMMUNIST RUSSIA

FRANCISCO FRANCO’S SPAIN1936 Spanish Civil War

•Franco led the “Nationalists” against Spain’s

democratic government•Germany and Italy sent soldiers and supplies to assist Franco•“El Caudillo”•Persecution , repression,

censorship•Guernica

•“weapons experiment”

-- Pablo Picasso’s

“Guernica” --

Hirohito – Emperor

viewed as a god

opposed war

Hideki Tojo - Minister of War

“War Hawks” gaining power

expand/strengthen Japan

make Japan self-sufficient

growing population strained resources

Hirohito

Tojo

Japan – Empire of the Rising Sun

Japan – Empire of the Rising Sun1924 U.S. “National Origins Act”

put limits on immigration from Asia, but Europeans still allowed

Japanese felt insulted…viewed as inferior

Issei – foreign born Japanese immigrants in U.S. before 1924

Nisei – children of Issei born in U.S.

1931 Japan invaded Manchuria

7.7.1937 Japan attacked China

Japan “claimed” they were fired on by Chinese troops at the Marco Polo Bridge…Japan used as an excuse to invade

beginning of WWII in Asia

raw materials // living space

“Rape of Nanking” – murder of up to 250K innocent Chinese

Rise of Nazi GermanyTREATY OF

VERSAILLESGermany’s Punishment•lost all colonial territory•military reduced•could not produce any war material•no troops in Rhineland•pay Reparations•War Guilt Clause•Sudetenland given to Czechoslovakia•Anschluss forbidden

Adolf Hitler•fought for Germany in WWI

•“Iron Cross”

•1919 joined Nazi Party•1921 leader of Nazi Party•promised to correct Germany’s problems

Rise of Nazi Germany

Beer Hall Putsch (1923)•failed•Hitler thrown into jail

“Mein Kampf”•Nazi bible•Aryan Race•Lebensraum•“Blame Game”

Weimar Republic “Stabbed in the

Back”Jews

Rise of Nazi Germany

1924 Dawes Plan helped Germany’s economy strengthen1928 Nazis had 12 seats in the Reichstag

“Black Tuesday” (10/29/1929) Great Depression strengthened Hitler/Nazis

1933 Nazi Party is largest political party in the Reichstag 288 seats in the Reichstag 1933 -- Hitler appointed Chancellor (appeasement?)

Rise of Nazi Germany1924 Nazis had 32 seats in the Reichstag

Reichstag Fire (Feb 1933) •Terrorism or Nazi propaganda?•Exploited people’s fears of Communist takeover•began using “Martial Law”

Enabling Acts (3/23/1933)•passed by Reichstag to giving Hitler power to make any law necessary to protect Germany•symbolic beginning of dictatorship•“SS” – motto – “My honor is called loyalty”

•Hitler’s “Praetorian Guard”

•Gestapo

A Battle for Germany: Nazi anti-communist book from

1933

Rise of Nazi Germany

Night of Long Knives (6/30/1934)

purged Nazi opponents•8/2/1934President Von Hindenburg dies Hitler takes control•“Der Fuhrer” – “Today Germany, Tomorrow the World”•Third Reich•8/19/1934 90% approval in plebescite vote•“Hitler Youth” (HJ) (Hitler HJ Video)•“Triumph of the Will”

•Nazi Propaganda•1934 Nuremberg Rally

1938Time Magazine’s “Man of the Year”

Rise of Nazi Germany