EUROPE IN THE 1800s

REVOLUTIONS OF 1848• There are fifty revolts in the first four months of 1848,

starts in France• France: due to economic problems and the middle class

wants the right to vote– Revolt is successful: the king is overthrown and the

Second Republic is established with Louis-Napoleon as president

• Austria: the Austrian Empire is a multinational state and each nationality wants its own government– Revolt fails – crushed by the Austrian army

• German and Italian States: people in both the Italian and German states want constitutions and unification–Revolt fails – crushed by the Austrian army

• There are no revolutions in Great Britain and Russia–Great Britain is slowly giving people reforms,

such as suffrage– In Russia they were too repressed and scared

of their czar

CRIMEAN WAR• War between France, Great Britain, and the

Ottoman Empire against Russia – Russia loses• The major effect is that it destroyed the Concert

of Europe

THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY• Italians turn to the Italian state of Sardinia-Piedmont for

leadership in achieving unification– It was the only independent state and had a constitution– The mastermind of Italian Unification is Prime Minister

Camillo di Cavour• For unification to happen, Austria had to be expelled from

all Italian lands– Since they were not strong enough on their own, the

Italians made an alliance with France– After a brief, but victorious, war against Austria, the

northern Italian states join with Sardinia-Piedmont

• Southern Italian states turn to Guiseppe Garibaldi to unify them– Forms a volunteer army known as the Red

Shirts• On March 17, 1861 the new kingdom of Italy is

proclaimed–Rome is named the capital of Italy–The Catholic Church is against the newly

unified Italy

THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY• Germans turned to Prussia for leadership and

unification since Austria is against the idea of a unified Germany–Has a strong military and is an industrialized

nation–Ruled by King Wilhelm I

• The true architect behind German unification is Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck – Conservative who supported the king, believed it was

Prussia’s destiny to lead the German people to unification

– Wanted to increase the power of the Prussian military• “The greatest questions of the day are decided not

by speeches and majority vote, but by blood and iron”

– He followed an active foreign policy that led to war uniting Germany

• Went to war against Austria to prove that Prussia was the dominant German nation–They defeated the Austrians in seven weeks

and the northern German states join with Prussia

• The southern German states, who were mostly Catholic, feared Protestant Prussia–However they also fear France and they sign a

military alliance with Prussia in case of French aggression

• Franco-Prussian War 1870– France is believed to have the best army in the world• They lose to Prussia in six weeks• The Prussian army crosses into France and at the

Battle of Seden captures an entire French army, along with Napoleon III (Louis-Napoleon)• Paris surrenders and the Second French Empire

falls– First Treaty of Versailles• France has to pay five billion francs and give up the

provinces of Alsace and Lorraine• France now wants revenge

• January 18, 1871 at the Palace of Versailles, Wilhelm I is proclaimed kaiser (emperor) of a unified German empire–Unity achieved by the army and war

• The unification of Italy and Germany greatly upset the balance of power in Europe

• Bismarck’s greatest fear following this victory is that France and Russia will form a military alliance

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND• Queen Victoria became queen in 1837 and ruled

until 1901–Known as the Victorian Age and was a time of

economic growth and political changes that made the country more democratic–Great Britain is the most stable nation in

Europe

• Women’s suffrage movement– Suffragists = people who worked to achieve

voting rights for women– Started out by lobbying Parliament, were

ignored– Emmeline Pankhurst created the Women’s

Social and Political Union• Used destructive tactics, such as breaking

windows and arson to gain attention–Women gained the right to vote in 1918

• Irish Potato Famine of 1846–One million starved to death, another 1.5

million left the country, most emigrated to the U.S.–1860s the Irish began to fight for independence

and home rule

AUSTRIAN EMPIRE/AUSTRIA-HUNGARY• The defeat in the Austro-Prussian War showed the

weakness of Austria and forced Austria to make concessions to the fiercely nationalistic Hungarians– Compromise of 1867 – creates the Dual Monarchy of

Austria-Hungary– Austria and Hungary were two separate and equal

states• each country had its own constitution, parliament,

and capital• Did not satisfy other nationalities, still troubled by

conflicts

RUSSIA• Largely rural, agricultural, and the czar is a divine right

monarch with absolute power– The gov’t is based on soldiers, secret police, repression,

and censorship• Nicholas II begins his rule in 1894 and begins rapid

industrialization– Factories with pitiful working and living conditions– Socialist parties develop, one group being the Marxists

who followed the communist theories of Karl Marx• Leader Vladimir Lenin of the Bolsheviks called for the

overthrow of the czar

• 1904 – Russia loses to Japan in the Russo-Japanese War– Discontent and opposition to the czarist regime grows

• “Bloody Sunday”– January 22, 1905– Massive procession of workers go to the Winter

Palace in St. Petersburg to present a list of grievances to the czar, want better working conditions• Troops open fire on the peaceful demonstration,

killing and injuring hundreds• Causes workers throughout Russia to go on strike

and students to riot in the streets

–Nicholas is forced to create the Duma = a legislative assembly that would approve all laws–However the reforms are short-lived•Within two years the czar takes away most

of the power of the Duma and uses the army to rule

THE UNITED STATES IN THE 1800S• Expansion of the United States– 1803 Louisiana Purchase – bought land from France

which doubled the size of the U.S.– Monroe Doctrine – declared that the Americas were

off-limits to further European colonization– Settlers in Texas rebel against Mexico and achieve

independence – Mexican-American War(1846-1848) over Texas being

admitted as a state and other disputes• U.S. wins and gains land in the Southwest

–Manifest destiny = Americans have the God-given right to expand and settle all land to the Pacific ocean– Indian Removal Act of 1830 called for the

removal of all Native Americans to Indian Territory• Trail of Tears – the Cherokee march to Indian

Territory was deadly and ¼ die along the way

• Civil War is fought from 1861 to 1865 over the issue of state rights– One of these is the issue of slavery• Emancipation Proclamation in 1863• Emancipation = the act of setting free

– Abolitionism = movement to end slavery – Southern states secede (withdraw) from the U.S. and

form their own government– The north fights back and the country is reunited

• Between 1870-1914 the U.S. becomes an industrial power with a foreign empire–Gains Samoa, depose Queen Liliuokalani and

annex Hawaii in 1898 – have lots of sugar plantations there–1898 Spanish-American War – win and gain

Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines • Filipinos are angry and want independence

and one Filipino even assassinates President McKinley

CONCLUSION• Progress had been made towards establishing

constitutions, parliaments, and individual liberties

• Political democracy was characterized by universal male suffrage and ministerial responsibility

Book work – Individual or partnerPg. 737-738 : #1-12

Below are the sections you’ll find #1-8Section 1 (713-717): #1,2, #8 (side of page)Section 2 (718-722): #3,4Section 3 (723-727): #5Section 4 (728-732): #6,7

For #9-12, use read the corresponding pages:#9 – a (715), b (717), c (714-715)#10 – a (719), b (720), c (719)#11 – a (724, “Forming a new govt”), b (724, “Turmoil in Europe”), c (726-727, “The Balkans”)#12 – a (732), b (729), c (730, picture on 731, 732)