europe in the middle ages 500-1000 early middle ages (stagnation and the status quo) 1000-1350 high...

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Europe in the Middle Ages 500-1000 Early Middle Ages (Stagnation and the status quo) 1000-1350 High Middle Ages (Growth returns) http ://c hris tdes ert. org/ imag es/A udio /1-a lma. au Click link for Chant

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Europe in the Middle Ages

500-1000 Early Middle Ages

(Stagnation and the status quo)

1000-1350 High Middle Ages

(Growth returns)http://christdesert.org/images/Audio/1-alma.auClick link for Chant

Development of feudalism:

• What is Feudalism? A decentralized social and political order formed for reasons of protection.

• Why Feudalism?

Serfs paying their lord.

The Granger Collection, New York

Early Middle Ages

• Germanic kings unified kingdoms

• Blend of Roman, Christian & Germanic societies created base for new European culture

• Rise of the Franks – from Danube to Pyrenees– Carolingians became the dominant family

• Charles Martel

Charles Martel(Charles the Hammer)

• Frankish “King” won the Battle of Tours in 732, – saved Europe from the Islamic expansionism that had

conquered Iberia.

• A brilliant general, he is considered the forefather of western heavy cavalry, chivalry– a catalyst for the feudal system

• His son Pepin crowned by pope as king of the Franks

• Formed an alliance with the pope

Charlemagne (~742-814)(Charles the Great)• Son of Charles Pepin• Establishes Carolingian empire – based on comitatus

(king works in consultation with warriors)• Attempts to rebuild “Roman” Empire

– Strong administration – secular + religious– Revives art and culture

• Focus of Europe shifts North• Saves the Pope (Leo III) and is rewarded with the title

“Holy Roman Emperor” (Power shift from Constantinople to Northern Europe)

• reforms: monetary, governmental, military, cultural, educational and ecclesiastical (He outlawed “whoring, drunkenness, and covetousness” among the nuns and converted the Saxons.)

• After his death roads degrade and villas turn to castles.

Society:

• Lords and Vassals• Complicated

relationships • Chivalry• fief • Jews

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Role of the church in society• Stability• Investiture• Regular clergy (monks and nuns

who follow strict rules) (separation)

• Secular clergy (Bishops and Cardinals who were not trained as priests)

Economy:

• Serfdom and Manorialism

Invasion and Migration• Vikings

– Seamen and warriors– Why migrate – Technology– Convert to Christianity– Places of settlement

• Magyars• Muslims• Led to rise of regional

lords• Feudalism & manorialism

grow

Central & Late Middle Ages

• Commercial expansion & economic growth

• National monarchies developed bureaucracies that challenged vassal localism

High Middle Ages• social change

– rising middle class– Guilds – led to governance of towns– guilds and women

• economics– agricultural growth (new tech, techniques, lands

and crops)– population growth– urbanization– Trade– Hanseatic League

Northern Europe in 1400, showing the extent of the Hansa

Cultural development

• Literacy increased – intellectual speculation spurred new ideas

• development of schools and universities from Cathedrals

• diffusion of learning from Byzantines and Muslims

• Urban centers patronized arts

– Sicily & Reconquista of Iberia– Military-Religious ordersConversion of Scandinavia and Baltic to

Christianity

Oxford University

Crusaders to retake Holy Land

– Motives– A successful failure– consequences