european dominance
TRANSCRIPT
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European colonisationof Southeast Asia
How were systems and societies transformed by colonialism?
Reasons for European interest and expansion inSEA
Responses of SEA states to European expansion
Impact of colonial rule on SEA 1874 c 1!"" #ase studies of $alaya %S&'(
#ase studies of )ietnam
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Lets get some term right
Difference between colonisation and imperialism
Colonialism
*+e policy or practice ofac,uirin- full or partialpolitical control o.eranot+er country/occupyin- it wit+settlers and exploitin- it
economically 0ne nation con,uers
and rules o.er ot+erre-ion
A practice common in1""s2 1!""s
Imperialism
*+e policy of extendin- acountry3s power andinuence t+rou-+colonisation/ use of militaryforce or ot+er means
#reatin- an empire/
expandin- into ot+ercountries and exercisin-power t+rou-+ so.erei-nty orindirect mec+anism of control
*+e idea t+at dri.es t+epractice from 1!""s onwards
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Southeast Asia
Mainland
Cambodia
Lao
Burma (Myanmar
!hailand
"ietnam
#eninsular Malaysia
Maritime
Burnei
East Malaysia
!imor$ Leste
%ndonesia
#hilippines
Singapore
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!hin&
'hat are the ma(or reasons f
or one country to coloni)e the
other*
'hat might be some benefits
that colonists bring to a colon
i)ed nation*
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#en down the answers for the+uestions posed,
15 'ho were the dominant European powers between -.thto -/thcentury and why were they so*
65 'hat was Southeast Asia li&e at the time they arri0ed*
5 'hat attracted the Europeans to SEA*
45 'hat were the push and pull factors for colonialism*
I expect t+e answers in your le9
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European #layers
-.th1 -2thcentury
#ortugal
Spain
Dutch
Britain
3rance
(better ships4 na0igation s&ills4 weapons 1 ability to secure direct trade routes to Africa4 %ndia Asia and Australasia
-/thcentury
3rance
Britain
5ussia
Austria$ 6ungary
#russia
(industrial re0olution 1 new mar&et for goods needed 1 Africa4 parts of Asia and #acific %slands
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!he changes in European dominance
#rior to the -/thcentury4 Europeans had dealt with Asia based on commercial grounds
After -/thcentury4 they found the need to ha0e greater control of local affairs so that their businesswould not be affected7 !hus4 the only way forward for economic security was to ha0e political cont
rol
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#ortuguese influence
-.-- #ortuguese disco0ered the trade route 0ia Cape of good 6ope
3irst to establish foothold in SEA 1 Mela&a
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Spain influence
%ntroduced 5oman Catholic religion (missionary
-.8. 1 Spain colonised the #hilippines
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Dutch influence
Dutch East %ndies Company ("9C
Attracted by spice trade
3ought
#ortuguese for Mela&a
British for :a0a
;eed for raw materials (oil4 rubber4 tin
Established presence in
Bali
Sumatra
#art of Borneo
Sulawesi
Moluccas
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British influence
British East %ndies Company (E%C
Competed for spice trade< tin and rubber plantations
3ocused on %ndia primarily (based o0erseas 6= 3ocused on SEA for the trading bases for %ndia$China sea r
oute
Colonised
#enang ->28
Singapore -2-/ Mela&a in e?change for Bencoolen -2@
Burma -2@8
Malaya4 Borneo territories -/-
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3rench influence
Mainly for trade
#rotect 3rench missionaries in %ndochina
%nterest in
"ietnam4 Cambodia4 Laos for rice4 tin and coal
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!hin&
'hy are spices so important in those days*
#reser0e food in winter
3la0ouring
Medical usage
#rofitable due to the high cost
!he uropeans could use the spice for
Secure share of the profits
Spices could be used as curency< trade for other goods
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Moti0ations
;ational security
Strong industrial economy with steady supply of resources
Strategic ad0antage
!o be ahead of the other European nations 1 profit and power
;ationalism
#ride o0er a large empire
Social Darwinism
European superiority o0er others
Missionary 'hite Mans burden
Bringing religion culture into other parts of the world (non$white
Bringing technology for impro0ement of li0es
Categorise intopolitical, social
and economicreasons
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'hy SEA*
Mainland
Agriculturally resource rich
Surplus crops Coal4 iron4 tin4 )inc and phos
phate
5ich fertile land
#rofitable produce Mainly spice, pepper4 nutme
g4 cinnamon4 rubber4 clo0es4cocoa etc
Maritime
Strategic location for trading
Key Idea:Economic Gains
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5easons 1 for which European powers would this catergorising wor&*
5oot 3actors
Economic factors
#rotect trade interests and trade routes
;eed for raw materials and new mar&ets
!rigger 3actors
Social factor
'hite Mans burden
Local condition 1 too& matters into their own hands
Amplification 3actors
#olitical factor
5i0alry amongst the European nations
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Responses of SEA to E
uropean expansionismHow did SEA respond to European colonisation
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Textbook Source 1.4 pg21
How did Katrini perceie t!e arria" of co"on
isers in #ndonesia$
%!at effects did s!e be"iee t!e &utc! co"onia" goernment cou"d !ae on t!e "oca" peop"e$
%!at does t!is source add to 'our understandi
ng of "oca" responses towards t!e co"onisers
and co"onisation$
How re"iab"e is Katrini$ ()A*+
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*ossib"e response
T!e arria" of t!e &utc! co"onisers cou"d benefit #ndonesia (in terms of we
stern cii"i,ation- etiuette and know"edge+
T!e &utc! co"onia" goernment cou"d !ae a positie effect on t!e "oca" peo
p"e as t!e %estern idea"s were better t!an t!e traditiona" /aanese idea"s
T!e' fe"t t!at t!e co"onia"ism cou"d modern t!e societ' and !e"p in its pro
gress. T!is c!a""enges t!e tendenc' to be"iee t!at a"" fe"t t!at co"oniser
s were a t!reat
*erson0 re"iab"e as s!e is a natie w!o is expressing !er opinion about t!e
positie effects of co"onia"ism. Een as a feminist s!e is a"so "ooking att!e benefits t!at t!e &utc! cou"d bring to t!e /aanese (not "ooking out fo
r !er own benefit+
)ontext0 re"iab"e as s!e wou"d !ae fe"t t!e urgent need for /aanese to pr
ogress and t!e fastest wa' is t!roug! co"onia"ism
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T!roug! t!e presentation 'ou wi"" need to c!art
t!e positie and negatie iews of t!e SEA nations towards co"onia"ism
Southeast Asian responses to European powersdifered rom place to place because they had diferent
experiences o Europeans colonisation and alsobecause they had diferent views on the colonial
processes
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#n genera"
#n some p"aces and to certain groups of pe
op"e t!e co"onia" powers seemed to bring
b n fits suc! as protection from t!eir enemies modernisation and education. To t!e
se peop"e it seemed beneficia" to co""abo
rate wit! and " arn from t! Europ anco
"onia" masters. T!e ru"ing c"asses for instance were often gien positions in t!e
new co"onia" s'stem of goernment !ad a s
ecure income and access to education. Some
merc!ants a"so saw co"onia" ru"e as a stab
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#n genera"
To ot!ers t!e co"onia" powers broug!t di
sruptionto t! ir traditiona" wa's of
"if and a"ue s'stems. T!ese peop"e t!erefore resisted t!e European powers. 3ier
ce"' independent "oca"s resisted t!e co"o
nists seeing t!em as outsiders w!o wou"d
destro' t!eir tradition re"igion cu"ture and wa' of "ife.
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Responses
*reoccupation wit! "oca" issues
T!e SEAsian "eaders were not ab"e to
fu""' compre!end t!e opportunities and t!reats t!at t!e European expansion
presented
oca" conf"icts gae Europeans t!e c!ance to offer !e"p to stabi"i,e t!e s
ituation and in return t!e Europeans
obtained some po"itica" power. conces
sions
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Response
Resistance
%it! monarc!' being t!e s'mbo" of tradit
iona" and re"igious aut!orit' co"onisation was considered as a assau"t
Howeer t!is often fai"ed as t!e "oca"s
cou"dn5t matc! wit! t!e %est mi"itari"'
*erak %ar (167891:7;+
Ace! %ar (167
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Responses
)o""aboration
Strengt!en position- European protec
tion from ria"s
Retention of ceremonia" powers b' t!
e "oca"s but Europeans obtained po"i
tica" aut!orit'
>fficia"s appointed as representati
es of t!e co"onia" goernment to imp
"ement European po"icies and strengt
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Responses
?odernisation
Adoption and imp"ementation of E
uropean ideas of goernment anddee"opment
3or "oca"s to be cii"ised educ
ated and efficient
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+'hat was the impact of European colonial rule on SEA*Chapter -7
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+
#olitical %mpact
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+#olitical %mpact
;ew boundaries drawn #ast, Decided based on the loyalty to the rulers and not territorial owne
rship
'ith colonisation, defined by colonial powers through deals and they pre0ent disputes through military means
!ransfer of power #ast, local rulers
'ith colonisation, European rulers (direct or indirect attainment of pow
er Direct rule 1 remo0al of the &ings sultans and replacement with a Eur
opean colonial official go0ernor e7g Burma
%ndirect rule 1 retain position of the &ing sultans< appointment of a 5esident with a administrati0e ci0il ser0ice
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+#olitical %mpact
Centralised administration #ast, traditional system of go0ernment allowed for many centers of p
ower and was depend on ones popularity and influence
'ith colonisation All decisions affecting the functioning of the country will be made b
y a central authority
a0e the colonial go0ernment full control and bureaucratic
Creation of new local elites 'ith colonisation
!rained and local traditional official now became the new elites
!o use 'estern ideas or technology to impro0e the li0es of their own people
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+#olitical %mpact
Loss of power among traditional local rulers
Different under different circumstancesLow ran&ing positions and lost powerBoos of prestige of the local rulers to mai
ntain political stability
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+Create this chart
Political Aspect Before theEuropeans colonizeEA
After the Europeanscolonize EA
:ature of control
Structure ofpolitical system
Administrati.emet+od
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+'here do the content fit*
;ature of control
'ho held power
Structure of political system
'hat was the form of go0ernance li&e
Administrati0e method 6ow did the authorities r
ule
;ew boundaries
!ransfer of power from local rulers to Europeans
Centralised administration
Creation of new local elites
Loss of power among traditional local rulers
Chart items Content items
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+Beef up this chart
PoliticalAspect
Before the Europeanscolonize EA
After the Europeanscolonize EA
:atureofcontrol
Rulers deri.ed t+eiraut+ority often fromreli-ious status/personal c+arisma and
inuence Rule by an indi.idual
wit+ absolute power
;ocal rulers deri.edt+eir aut+ority from t+ecolonial powers andwere usually protected
by t+e colonial powers ;ocal rulers +ad to
accept t+e cial and +adno real power to rule
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+Beef up this chart
PoliticalAspect
Before the Europeanscolonize EA
After the Europeanscolonize EA
Structure ofpoliticalsystem
Rulers +ad o.erlappin-centres of aut+ority in t+etraditional system of-o.ernment no xedpolitical boundaries
Rulers extended t+eir rule
t+rou-+ traditional elites usually people wit+ familyties or reli-ious status
*raditional elites +ad someautonomy from rulers
@ixed territorial borderswere imposed #entralised administration 0rdinary local people
trained in estern styleadministration were
employed in t+e colonialadministration A -roup of indi-enous
elites was created
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+Beef up this chart
PoliticalAspect
Before theEuropeans colonizeEA
After the Europeanscolonize EA
Administrati.emet+od
*+e rulers= word waslaw
*+e rulers relied ona networB of localc+iefs w+o would
collect taxes andser.ice as t+e linBbetween t+e.illa-ers and t+eruler
European systems of-o.ernment andpolicies wereintroduced
#entralised
administration taxcollection/ policiesand laws were alldecided by a centralaut+ority
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+Summary of political impact of c
olonial rule
nder colonial rule4 'estern style administration was introduced and a new group of eli
tes was created to ser0e in the colonial administration7 !he traditional rulers and elites retained some form of power but these werenow less personality$ based and more burea
ucratic and were often subected to the colonial powers
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+
3ind the lin& between the content and categories
Fou are on
your own for the ne?t
two charts
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+
Economic %mpact
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+Create this chart
EconomicAspect
Before the Europeanscolonize EA
After the Europeanscolonize EA
:ature ofeconomy
Extent of trade
0wners+ip of land
Structure ofeconomic system
How trade wascarried out
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+Economic %mpact
9rientation of the economy #ast, subsistence based economy (own consumption and maritime trade
'ith colonisation, e?port orientated economy (surplus for global mar&et 1 cas
h crops raw materials < subected to the fluctuation of the world mar&et
Creation of industries4 plantations and small holdings #ast, contained economy (self sufficient
'ith colonisation
E?tracti0e industries (industrialising the methods of e?tracting raw materials 1 more efficient
#lantation estates (large plant e?port crops 1 owned by Europeans
Smallholdings (small farms e?port crops 1 owned by Asians
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+Economic %mpact
;ew transport and communications infrastructure !o facilitate trade 1 build communications (road4 rails4 telegraph4
whar0es
Cash economy #ast, barter trade
'ith colonisation, new currencies4 establish ta?ation system4 salary paying obs
Change to land ownership #ast, land to managed by entire 0illage
'ith colonisation, land grants to companies and indi0iduals
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+Summary of economic impact of
colonial rule
Colonial rule disrupted the traditional way of trade and e?posed the people to the fluctu
ations of the world economy7 'hile the countries as a whole seemed to ha0e benefittedfrom the economic changes4 not e0eryone did7
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+Social %mpact
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+Create this chart
ocial Aspect Before the Europeanscolonize EA
After the Europeanscolonize EA
:ature of society
Structure of socialsystem
#ulture
Education andliteracy
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+Social impact
#ast, 5iches usually limited to the royal families