european ict law 17july2017...

EuropeanICTLAW,Eleventhedition2017

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EuropeanICTLawTexts,Cases,Materials

Eleventhedition

MichalKoščíkRadimPolčákVáclavStupkaMatějMyškaPavelLoutocký

InstituteofLawandTechnologyMasarykUniversity,FacultyofLaw

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ThispublicationwascreatedbythemembersoftheInstituteofLawandTechnology(FacultyofLaw,MasarykUniversity).

GraphicdesignofthecoverPetrŠavelka


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Contents–summary

I. E-Commerce and Consumer protection............................................................................................................................ 9 II. Competition Law ............................................................................................................................................................. 66 III. Law of domain names ..................................................................................................................................................... 71 IV. Public Sector Information .............................................................................................................................................. 107 V. ISP Liability ................................................................................................................................................................... 119 VI. Cybercrime and Cybersecurity ...................................................................................................................................... 131 VII. Copyright Law ............................................................................................................................................................... 181 VIII. Electronic documents .................................................................................................................................................... 222 IX. Data protection .............................................................................................................................................................. 245 X. Jurisdiction .................................................................................................................................................................... 345 XI. Robotics and artificial intelligence ................................................................................................................................. 373


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Contents

Contents – summary .................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Contents .................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 I. E-Commerce and Consumer protection ............................................................................................................................... 9 Treaty on the functioning of the European Union (relevant provisions) ..................................................................................... 9

Principles .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9 Free Movement of Goods ...................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Free Movement of Persons, Services and Capital ................................................................................................................................. 11 Consumer Protection .............................................................................................................................................................................. 12

Relevant Case-Law on free movement of goods and services (on-line or via telecommunication) ......................................... 13 C-322/01, Deutscher Apothekerverband eV and 0800 DocMorris NV, .................................................................................................. 13 C-243/01 Criminal proceedingsagainst Piergiorgio Gambelli and Others .............................................................................................. 13 C-42/07 Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Profissional and Bwin International Ltd, formerly Baw International Ltd vDepartamento de Jogos da Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Lisboa .............................................................................................................................................. 13 C‑156/13, Digibet Ltd, Gert Albers v Westdeutsche Lotterie GmbH & Co. OHG, ................................................................................. 14 C-475/12 - UPC DTH .............................................................................................................................................................................. 14

Directive 2011/83/EU of the European parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011 on consumer rights ...................... 15 Directive 2013/11/EU of the European parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on alternative dispute resolution for consumer disputes and amending Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 and Directive 2009/22/EC (Directive on consumer ADR) 31 Council Directive 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts ............................................................... 41 Relevant case law on unfair terms in consumer contracts ....................................................................................................... 44

C-243/08, Pannon GSM Zrt. v Erzsébet Sustikné Győrfi, ...................................................................................................................... 44 C-191/15 Verein für Konsumenteninformation v Amazon EU Sàrl ......................................................................................................... 45

Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market (Directive on electronic commerce) ..................... 45 Relevant Case Law on Directive 2000/31/EC on electronic commerce ................................................................................... 54

C‑244/06, Dynamic Medien Vertriebs GmbH v Avides Media AG, THE COURT (Third Chamber), ..................................................... 54 C‑298/07, Bundesverband der Verbraucherzentralen und Verbraucherverbände – Verbraucherzentrale Bundesverband eV v deutsche internet versicherung AG, ....................................................................................................................................................................... 54 C-509/09 and C-161/10 (Joined Cases ) eDate Advertising GmbH v X, Olivier Martinez, Robert Martinez v MGN Limited ................. 54 C 292/10, G v Cornelius de Visser, ........................................................................................................................................................ 55 C‑291/13 Sotiris Papasavvas v O Fileleftheros Dimosia Etairia Ltd, Takis Kounnafi, Giorgos Sertis .................................................. 55 C-339/15 Luc Vanderborght ................................................................................................................................................................... 55 Case C-484/14 Tobias Mc Fadden v Sony Music Entertainment Germany GmbH, .............................................................................. 56 Case C-375/15 BAWAG PSK Bank für Arbeit und Wirtschaft und Österreichische Postsparkasse AG v Verein für Konsumenteninformation ........................................................................................................................................................................ 56 C-322/01 - Deutscher Apothekerverband ............................................................................................................................................... 56 C-244/06 - Dynamic Medien ................................................................................................................................................................... 56 C-275/06 – Promusicae .......................................................................................................................................................................... 56 C-298/07 - Deutsche internet versicherung ............................................................................................................................................ 56

Directive 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2005 concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market ("Unfair Commercial Practices Directive") ........................................................... 57


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Relevant Case Law on Unfair Commercial Practices Directive ................................................................................................ 65 C-122/10, Konsumentombudsmannen v Ving Sverige AB, .................................................................................................................... 65

II. Competition Law ................................................................................................................................................................ 66 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (101 – 109) ............................................................................................... 66 Relevant case-law to the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU Art 101-102 ............................................................................ 67

C-418/01 IMS Health GmbH & Co. OHG v NDC Health GmbH & Co. KG ............................................................................................. 67 T-201/04 Microsoft Corp. v Commission of the European Communities ............................................................................................... 68 C-52/07- Kanal 5 Ltd and TV 4 AB v Föreningen Svenska Tonsättares Internationella Musikbyrå (STIM) upa .................................... 68 C-425/07 P AEPI Elliniki Etaireia pros Prostasian tis Pnevmatikis Idioktisias AE v Commission of the European Communities ......... 69 COMP/39.530 Summary of Commission Decision - Microsoft - Webbrowser ..................................................................................... 69

III. Law of domain names ........................................................................................................................................................ 71 Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy ................................................................................................................... 71 Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy .................................................................................................... 73 Uniform Domain Name Resolution Policy – Relevant Case Law ............................................................................................. 77

America Online, Inc. v. Johuathan Investments, Inc., and AOLLNEWS.COM Case No. D 2001-0918 ................................................. 77 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Richard MacLeod d/b/a For Sale Case No. D2000-0662 ................................................................................ 80 Dr. Michael Crichton v. In Stealth Mode Case No: D2002-0874 ............................................................................................................ 83

Uniform Rapid Suspension System ("URS") Rules .................................................................................................................. 85 Directive 2008/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2008 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks .................................................................................................................................................. 88 Regulation (EC) No 733/2002 of the European Parliament and of the council of 22 April 2002 on the implementation of the .eu Top Level Domain .................................................................................................................................................................... 94 Relevant case law on Regulation no. 733/2002 - on the implementation of the .eu Top Level Domain .................................. 97

C-483/07 P - Galileo Lebensmittel v Commission .................................................................................................................................. 97 C-569/08 - Internetportal und Marketing ................................................................................................................................................. 99 C-376/11 - Pie Optiek ............................................................................................................................................................................. 99

Commission Regulation (EC) No 874/2004 of 28 April 2004 laying down public policy rules concerning the implementation and functions of the .eu Top Level Domain and the principles governing registration .................................................................. 100 IV. Public Sector Information ................................................................................................................................................. 107 Directive 2003/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 November 2003 on the re-use of public sector information .............................................................................................................................................................................. 107 Relevant Case Law on Public Sector Information .................................................................................................................. 112

C-343/95, Diego Calì & Figli Srl v.Servizi Ecologici Porto di Genova SpA (SEPG) ............................................................................. 112 C-7/13, Creditinfo Lánstraust hf. and Registers Iceland and the Icelandic State ................................................................................. 113 C-117/13, Technische Universität Darmstadt v Eugen Ulmer KG ........................................................................................................ 115

V. ISP Liability ...................................................................................................................................................................... 119 Convention on Information and Legal Co-operation concerning "Information Society Services" ........................................... 119 Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market ('Directive on electronic commerce' ................... 121 Relevant Case law concerning Directive 2000/31/EC ............................................................................................................ 122

C-324/09, L’Oréal SA and others v. eBay International AG and others ............................................................................................... 122 C-314/12 UPC Telekabel Wien GmbH v Constantin Film Verleih GmbH, Wega Filmproduktionsgesellschaft mbH. .......................... 126 C-484/14 Tobias Mc Fadden v Sony Music Entertainment Germany GmbH, ..................................................................................... 127 Case of Delfi AS v. Estonia (ECHR Application No. 64569/09, Grand Chamber) ............................................................................... 127 C-291/13 Sotiris Papasavvas v O Fileleftheros Dimosia Etairia Ltd, Takis Kounnafi, Giorgos Sertis ................................................. 130


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*Text contained in relevant case law to Directive 2000/31/EC on Electronic commerce ..................................................................... 130 VI. Cybercrime and Cybersecurity ......................................................................................................................................... 131 Convention on Cybercrime ..................................................................................................................................................... 131 Additional Protocol to the Convention on cybercrime, concerning the criminalisation of acts of a racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems ................................................................................................................................... 141

For further interpretation see - Convention on Cybercrime – Explanatory report................................................................................. 143 98/560/EC: Council Recommendation on the development of the competitiveness of the European audiovisual and information services industry ..................................................................................................................................................................... 143 Regulation (EC) No 460/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing the European Network and Information Security Agency .................................................................................................................................................. 147 Directive 2013/40/EU of 12 August 2013 on attacks against information systems ................................................................ 154 Directive (EU) 2016/1148 concerning measures for a high common level of security of network and information systems across the Union 159 Cybersecurity Strategy of the European Union: An Open, Safe and Secure Cyberspace ..................................................... 173 VII. Copyright Law .................................................................................................................................................................. 181 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works ....................................................................................... 181 Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations ............... 185 WIPO Copyright Treaty .......................................................................................................................................................... 189 WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty ....................................................................................................................... 191 Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society .................................................................................................................................. 193 Relevant Case-Law on Directive 2001/29/EC ........................................................................................................................ 200

C-5/08 Infopaq International ................................................................................................................................................................. 200 C-467/08 Padawan ............................................................................................................................................................................... 200 C-462/09 Stichting de Thuiskopie ......................................................................................................................................................... 200 C-135/10 SCF (“Del Corso”) ................................................................................................................................................................. 201 C-145/10 Painer .................................................................................................................................................................................... 201 C-277/10 Luksan .................................................................................................................................................................................. 201 C-360/10 SABAM ................................................................................................................................................................................. 202 C-607/11 ITV Broadcasting and Others ............................................................................................................................................... 202 C-351/12 OSA ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 202 C-355/12 Nintendo and Others ............................................................................................................................................................. 202 C-435/12 ACI Adam BV and Others ..................................................................................................................................................... 203 C-463/12 Copydan Båndkopi ............................................................................................................................................................... 203 C-466/12 Svensson and Others ........................................................................................................................................................... 203 C-117/13 Eugen Ulmer (“TU Darmstadt“) ............................................................................................................................................. 203 C-201/13 Deckmyn and Vrijheidsfonds ................................................................................................................................................ 204 C-279/13 C More Entertainment ........................................................................................................................................................... 204 C-360/13 Public Relations Consultants Association (“Meltwater”) ....................................................................................................... 204 C-419/13 Art & Allposters International ................................................................................................................................................ 204 C-516/13 Dimensione Direct Sales and Labianca ................................................................................................................................ 204 C‑160/15 GS Media GS Media BV v Sanoma Media Netherlands BV, Playboy Enterprises International Inc., Britt Geertruida Dekker, .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 204 C-527/15 - Stichting Brein v Jack Frederik Wullems, Filmspeler, ........................................................................................................ 204 C‑610/15 Stichting Brein v Ziggo BV, XS4ALL Internet BV, ................................................................................................................ 205

Directive 2009/24/EC on the legal protection of computer programs ..................................................................................... 205


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Relevant Case-Law on Directive 2009/24/EC ........................................................................................................................ 207 C-393/09 Bezpečnostní softwarová asociace ..................................................................................................................................... 207 C-406/10 SAS Institute ......................................................................................................................................................................... 207 C-128/11 UsedSoft ............................................................................................................................................................................... 207 C‑166/15 Aleksandrs Ranks, Jurijs Vasiļevičs,, Finanšu un ekonomisko noziegumu izmeklēšanas prokoratūra, Microsoft Corp., . 208

Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases .. 208 Relevant Case-Law on Directive 96/9/EC .............................................................................................................................. 212

C-203/02 The British Horseracing Board Ltd and Others ..................................................................................................................... 212 C-444/02 Fixtures Marketing (“OPAP”) ................................................................................................................................................ 213 C-338/02 Fixtures Marketing (“Svenska Spel AB”) ............................................................................................................................... 213 C-304/07 Directmedia Publishing ......................................................................................................................................................... 213 C-545/07 Apis-Hristovich ...................................................................................................................................................................... 213 C-604/10 Football Dataco and Others .................................................................................................................................................. 214 C-202/12 Innoweb ................................................................................................................................................................................ 214 C-30/14 Ryanair .................................................................................................................................................................................... 214

Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights ....................................................................................................................................................................... 214 Directive 2006/116/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights (codified version) ............................................................................................................ 217 VIII. Electronic documents.............................................................................................................................................. 222 Directive 1999/93/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 13 December 1999 on a Community framework for electronic signatures .............................................................................................................................................................. 222 Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 Of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market and repealing Directive 1999/93/EC .................................... 227 IX. Data protection ................................................................................................................................................................. 245 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms as amended by Protocols No. 11 and No. 14 245 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2007/C 303/01) .............................................................................. 246 Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data .................................... 247 Relevant Case-Law on Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ................................. 250

CASE OF KLASS AND OTHERS v. GERMANY (Application no. 5029/71) 6 September 1978 ............................................ 250 CASE OF MALONE v. THE UNITED KINGDOM (Application no. 8691/79) 2 August 1984 ................................................... 250 CASE OF NIEMIETZ v. GERMANY (Application no. 13710/88) 16 December 1992 ............................................................ 250 CASE OF ROTARU v. ROMANIA (Application no. 28341/95) 4 May 2000 ........................................................................... 250 COPLAND v. THE UNITED KINGDOM (Application no. 62617/00) 3 April 2007 .................................................................. 250

Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data .............................................................. 251 Directive 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector (Directive on privacy and electronic communications) ................................................................................................................................................................................ 263 Relevant Case Law on the Directives 95/46/EC; 2002/58/EC ............................................................................................... 272

C-101/01 Criminal proceedings against Bodil Lindqvist) ...................................................................................................................... 272 C-275/06 Productores de Música de España (Promusicae) v Telefónica de España SAU ................................................................. 273 C-557/07LSG-Gesellschaft zur Wahrnehmung von Leistungsschutzrechten GmbH vTele2 Telecommunication GmbH ............... 273 C-461/10 Bonnier Audio AB et al. v Perfect Communication Sweden AB ........................................................................................... 273 Joined Cases C-293/12 and C-594/12, (Digital Rights Ireland Ltd, Kärntner Landesregierung) ......................................................... 274 C-131/12, Google Spain SL, Google Inc. v Agencia Española de Protección de Datos (AEPD), Mario Costeja González, ............... 274


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C-212/13, František Ryneš v Úřad pro ochranu osobních údajů, ........................................................................................................ 275 C-362/14 - Schrems ............................................................................................................................................................................. 275 Joined Cases C‑203/15 and C‑698/15 Tele2 Sverige AB v Post- och telestyrelsen, and Secretary of State for the Home Department (C‑698/15) v Tom Watson, Peter Brice, Geoffrey Lewis, .................................................................................................................... 276

Regulation (EU) 2016/679 ot The European Parliament and of The Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) .................................................................................................................................... 277 Directive (EU) 2016/680 of the Eeuropean Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by competent authorities for the purposes of the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal offences or the execution of criminal penalties, and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Council Framework Decision 2008/977/JHA ................................................................................................... 322 X. Jurisdiction ....................................................................................................................................................................... 345 Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (recast) ............................................................. 345 Relevant Case Law on the repealed council Regulation no 44/2001 ..................................................................................... 357

C-478/12 Maletic ................................................................................................................................................................................... 357 Joined Cases C-509/09 and C-161/10 eDate Advertising GmbH v X, Olivier Martinez, Robert Martinez v MGN Limited .................. 358 Joined Cases C-585/08 and C-144/09, Peter Pammer v Reederei Karl Schlüter GmbH & Co KG (C-585/08), and Hotel Alpenhof GesmbH v Oliver Heller (C-144/09), ..................................................................................................................................................... 358 C-523/10, Wintersteiger AG v Products 4U Sondermaschinenbau GmbH, ......................................................................................... 358 C-170/12, Peter Pinckney v KDG Mediatech AG, ................................................................................................................................ 358 C-190/11, Daniela Mühlleitner v Ahmad Yusufi, Wadat Yusufi, ........................................................................................................... 358 C‑618/15 Concurrence SARL v Samsung Electronics France SAS, Amazon Services Europe Sàrl, ................................................ 359

Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I) ............................................................................................................................................. 359 Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the European parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (Rome II) ............................................................................................................................................ 367 XI. Robotics and artificial intelligence .................................................................................................................................... 373 MOTION FOR A EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT RESOLUTION with recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics (2015/2103(INL)) ..................................................................................................................................................... 373


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I.E-CommerceandConsumerprotectionTreatyonthefunctioningoftheEuropeanUnion(relevantprovisions)

PrinciplesArticle1

1. This Treaty organises the functioning of the Union anddeterminestheareasof,delimitationof,andarrangementsforexercisingitscompetences.2.ThisTreatyandtheTreatyonEuropeanUnionconstitutetheTreaties onwhich theUnion is founded. These twoTreaties,whichhave the same legal value, shall be referred to as "theTreaties".TITLEICATEGORIESANDAREASOFUNIONCOMPETENCE

Article21.WhentheTreatiesconferontheUnionexclusivecompetenceinaspecificarea,onlytheUnionmaylegislateandadoptlegallybindingacts,theMemberStatesbeingabletodosothemselvesonlyifsoempoweredbytheUnionorfortheimplementationofUnionacts.2.WhentheTreatiesconferontheUnionacompetencesharedwith theMemberStates ina specific area, theUnionand theMemberStatesmaylegislateandadoptlegallybindingactsinthatarea.TheMemberStatesshallexercisetheircompetencetotheextentthattheUnionhasnotexerciseditscompetence.TheMemberStatesshallagainexercisetheircompetencetotheextent that the Union has decided to cease exercising itscompetence.3. The Member States shall coordinate their economic andemployment policies within arrangements as determined bythisTreaty,whichtheUnionshallhavecompetencetoprovide.4. The Union shall have competence, in accordancewith theprovisions of the Treaty on European Union, to define andimplementacommonforeignandsecuritypolicy,includingtheprogressiveframingofacommondefencepolicy.5. Incertainareasandunder theconditions laiddown in theTreaties,theUnionshallhavecompetencetocarryoutactionsto support, coordinate or supplement the actions of theMemberStates,withouttherebysupersedingtheircompetenceintheseareas.Legallybindingactsof theUnionadoptedonthebasisof theprovisionsoftheTreatiesrelatingtotheseareasshallnotentailharmonisationofMemberStates'lawsorRegulations.6. The scope of and arrangements for exercising theUnion'scompetences shall be determined by the provisions of theTreatiesrelatingtoeacharea.

Article31.TheUnionshallhaveexclusivecompetenceinthefollowingareas:(a)customsunion;(b)theestablishingofthecompetitionrulesnecessaryforthefunctioningoftheinternalmarket;(c)monetarypolicyfortheMemberStateswhosecurrencyistheeuro;(d)theconservationofmarinebiologicalresourcesunderthecommonfisheriespolicy;

(e)commoncommercialpolicy.2. The Union shall also have exclusive competence for theconclusionofaninternationalagreementwhenitsconclusionisprovidedforinalegislativeactoftheUnionorisnecessarytoenabletheUniontoexerciseitsinternalcompetence,orinsofar as its conclusionmay affect common rules or alter theirscope.

Article41.TheUnionshallsharecompetencewiththeMemberStateswheretheTreatiesconferonitacompetencewhichdoesnotrelatetotheareasreferredtoinArticles3and6.2. Shared competence between the Union and the MemberStatesappliesinthefollowingprincipalareas:(a)internalmarket;(b)socialpolicy,fortheaspectsdefinedinthisTreaty;(c)economic,socialandterritorialcohesion;(d) agriculture and fisheries, excluding the conservation ofmarinebiologicalresources;(e)environment;(f)consumerprotection;(g)transport;(h)trans-Europeannetworks;(i)energy;(j)areaoffreedom,securityandjustice;(k)commonsafetyconcerns inpublichealthmatters, for theaspectsdefinedinthisTreaty.3. In the areas of research, technological development andspace,theUnionshallhavecompetencetocarryoutactivities,inparticulartodefineandimplementprogrammes;however,the exercise of that competence shall not result in MemberStatesbeingpreventedfromexercisingtheirs.4.Intheareasofdevelopmentcooperationandhumanitarianaid,theUnionshallhavecompetencetocarryoutactivitiesandconduct a common policy; however, the exercise of thatcompetenceshallnotresultinMemberStatesbeingpreventedfromexercisingtheirs.

Article51.TheMemberStatesshallcoordinatetheireconomicpolicieswithintheUnion.Tothisend,theCouncilshalladoptmeasures,inparticularbroadguidelinesforthesepolicies.SpecificprovisionsshallapplytothoseMemberStateswhosecurrencyistheeuro.2.TheUnionshalltakemeasurestoensurecoordinationoftheemployment policies of the Member States, in particular bydefiningguidelinesforthesepolicies.3. The Union may take initiatives to ensure coordination ofMemberStates'socialpolicies.

Article6The Union shall have competence to carry out actions tosupport,coordinateorsupplementtheactionsoftheMemberStates.Theareasofsuchactionshall,atEuropeanlevel,be:


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(a)protectionandimprovementofhumanhealth;(b)industry;(c)culture;(d)tourism;(e)education,vocationaltraining,youthandsport;(f)civilprotection;(g)administrativecooperation.TITLEIIPROVISIONSHAVINGGENERALAPPLICATION

Article7The Union shall ensure consistency between its policies andactivities, taking all of its objectives into account and inaccordancewiththeprincipleofconferralofpowers.

Article8Inallitsactivities,theUnionshallaimtoeliminateinequalities,andtopromoteequality,betweenmenandwomen.

Article9In defining and implementing its policies and activities, theUnion shall take into account requirements linked to thepromotion of a high level of employment, the guarantee ofadequate social protection, the fight against social exclusion,andahighlevelofeducation,trainingandprotectionofhumanhealth.

Article10In defining and implementing its policies and activities, theUnionshallaimtocombatdiscriminationbasedonsex,racialor ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexualorientation.

Article11Environmental protection requirements must be integratedintothedefinitionandimplementationoftheUnion'spoliciesand activities, in particular with a view to promotingsustainabledevelopment.

Article12Consumerprotectionrequirementsshallbetakenintoaccountin defining and implementing other Union policies andactivities.

Article13In formulating and implementing the Union's agriculture,fisheries, transport, internal market, research andtechnologicaldevelopment and spacepolicies, theUnionandtheMemberStatesshall,sinceanimalsaresentientbeings,payfull regard to the welfare requirements of animals, whilerespecting the legislative or administrative provisions andcustomsoftheMemberStatesrelatinginparticulartoreligiousrites,culturaltraditionsandregionalheritage.

Article14WithoutprejudicetoArticle4oftheTreatyonEuropeanUnionortoArticles93,106and107ofthisTreaty,andgiventheplaceoccupiedbyservicesofgeneraleconomicinterestinthesharedvaluesoftheUnionaswellastheirroleinpromotingsocialandterritorial cohesion, the Union and the Member States, eachwithin their respective powers and within the scope ofapplication of theTreaties, shall take care that such servicesoperateonthebasisofprinciplesandconditions,particularlyeconomicandfinancialconditions,whichenablethemtofulfiltheir missions. The European Parliament and the Council,actingbymeansofRegulationsinaccordancewiththeordinarylegislative procedure, shall establish these principles and setthese conditions without prejudice to the competence ofMemberStates,incompliancewiththeTreaties,toprovide,tocommissionandtofundsuchservices.

Article15

1. In order to promote good governance and ensure theparticipation of civil society, the Union's institutions, bodies,offices and agencies shall conduct their work as openly aspossible.2.TheEuropeanParliamentshallmeet inpublic,asshall theCouncilwhenconsideringandvotingonadraftlegislativeact.3. Any citizen of the Union, and any natural or legal personresidingorhavingitsregisteredofficeinaMemberState,shallhavearightofaccesstodocumentsoftheUnion'sinstitutions,bodies,officesandagencies,whatevertheirmedium,subjecttotheprinciplesandtheconditionstobedefinedinaccordancewiththisparagraph.Generalprinciplesand limitsongroundsofpublic orprivateinterest governing this right of access to documents shall bedetermined by the European Parliament and the Council, bymeansofRegulations,acting inaccordancewith theordinarylegislativeprocedure.Each institution, body, office or agency shall ensure that itsproceedings are transparent and shall elaborate in its ownRulesofProcedurespecificprovisionsregardingaccess to itsdocuments, inaccordancewiththeRegulationsreferredtointhesecondsubparagraph.The Court of Justice of the European Union, the EuropeanCentral Bank and the European Investment Bank shall besubject to this paragraph only when exercising theiradministrativetasks.The European Parliament and the Council shall ensurepublication of the documents relating to the legislativeprocedures under the terms laid down by the Regulationsreferredtointhesecondsubparagraph.

Article161. Everyone has the right to the protection of personal dataconcerningthem.2. The European Parliament and the Council, acting inaccordancewith the ordinary legislative procedure, shall laydown the rules relating to the protection of individualswithregardtotheprocessingofpersonaldatabyUnioninstitutions,bodies,officesandagencies,andbytheMemberStateswhencarryingoutactivitieswhichfallwithinthescopeofUnionlaw,and the rules relating to the free movement of such data.Compliancewiththeserulesshallbesubjecttothecontrolofindependentauthorities.TherulesadoptedonthebasisofthisArticleshallbewithoutprejudice to the specific rules laid down in Article 39 of theTreatyonEuropeanUnion.

Article171.TheUnionrespectsanddoesnotprejudicethestatusundernational law of churches and religious associations orcommunitiesintheMemberStates.2.TheUnionequallyrespectsthestatusundernationallawofphilosophicalandnon-confessionalorganisations.3.Recognisingtheiridentityandtheirspecificcontribution,theUnionshallmaintainanopen,transparentandregulardialoguewiththesechurchesandorganisations.

FreeMovementofGoods

Article281.TheUnionshallcompriseacustomsunionwhichshallcoverall trade in goods and which shall involve the prohibitionbetween Member States of customs duties on imports andexports and of all charges having equivalent effect, and theadoption of a common customs tariff in their relations withthirdcountries.inMemberStatesandtoproductscomingfromthirdcountrieswhichareinfreecirculationinMemberStates.

Article29ProductscomingfromathirdcountryshallbeconsideredtobeinfreecirculationinaMemberStateiftheimportformalitieshavebeen compliedwith andany customsduties or chargeshavingequivalenteffectwhicharepayablehavebeenleviedin


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thatMemberState,andiftheyhavenotbenefitedfromatotalorpartialdrawbackofsuchdutiesorcharges.CHAPTER1THECUSTOMSUNION

Article30Customs duties on imports and exports and charges havingequivalenteffectshallbeprohibitedbetweenMemberStates.Thisprohibition shallalsoapply tocustomsdutiesofa fiscalnature.

Article31CommonCustomsTariffdutiesshallbefixedbytheCouncilonaproposalfromtheCommission.

Article32IncarryingoutthetasksentrustedtoitunderthisChaptertheCommissionshallbeguidedby:(a) the need to promote trade between Member States andthirdcountries;(b)developmentsinconditionsofcompetitionwithintheUnionin so far as they lead to an improvement in the competitivecapacityofundertakings;(c)therequirementsoftheUnionasregardsthesupplyofrawmaterials and semi-finished goods; in this connection theCommission shall take care to avoid distorting conditions ofcompetition between Member States in respect of finishedgoods;(d)theneedtoavoidseriousdisturbancesintheeconomiesofMember States and to ensure rational development ofproductionandanexpansionofconsumptionwithintheUnion.CHAPTER2CUSTOMSCOOPERATION

Article33Within thescopeofapplicationof theTreaties, theEuropeanParliament and the Council, acting in accordance with theordinarylegislativeprocedure,shalltakemeasuresinordertostrengthencustomscooperationbetweenMemberStatesandbetweenthelatterandtheCommission.CHAPTER3PROHIBITION OF QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONSBETWEENMEMBERSTATES

Article34Quantitative restrictionson imports andallmeasureshavingequivalenteffectshallbeprohibitedbetweenMemberStates.Article35Quantitative restrictionsonexports, andallmeasureshavingequivalenteffect,shallbeprohibitedbetweenMemberStates.

Article36The provisions of Articles 34 and 35 shall not precludeprohibitions or restrictions on imports, exports or goods intransitjustifiedongroundsofpublicmorality,publicpolicyorpublic security; the protection of health and life of humans,animals or plants; the protection of national treasurespossessing artistic, historic or archaeological value; or theprotection of industrial and commercial property. Suchprohibitions or restrictions shall not, however, constitute ameansofarbitrarydiscriminationoradisguisedrestrictionontradebetweenMemberStates.

Article371. Member States shall adjust any State monopolies of acommercial character so as to ensure that no discriminationregardingtheconditionsunderwhichgoodsareprocuredandmarketedexistsbetweennationalsofMemberStates.fact, either directly or indirectly supervises, determines orappreciably influences imports or exports between Member

States. These provisions shall likewise apply to monopoliesdelegatedbytheStatetoothers.2. Member States shall refrain from introducing any newmeasure which is contrary to the principles laid down inparagraph1orwhichrestrictsthescopeofthearticlesdealingwith the prohibition of customs duties and quantitativerestrictionsbetweenMemberStates.3. If a State monopoly of a commercial character has ruleswhicharedesignedtomakeiteasiertodisposeofagriculturalproductsorobtain for them thebest return, steps shouldbetakeninapplyingtherulescontainedinthisArticletoensureequivalent safeguards for the employment and standard oflivingoftheproducersconcerned.

FreeMovementofPersons,ServicesandCapitalCHAPTER2RIGHTOFESTABLISHMENT

Article49Within the framework of the provisions set out below,restrictionsonthefreedomofestablishmentofnationalsofaMemberStateintheterritoryofanotherMemberStateshallbeprohibited.Suchprohibitionshallalsoapplytorestrictionsonthe setting-up of agencies, branches or subsidiaries bynationalsof anyMemberStateestablished in the territoryofanyMemberState.Freedomofestablishmentshallincludetherighttotakeupandpursueactivities as self-employedpersons and to setupandmanageundertakings,inparticularcompaniesorfirmswithinthemeaningofthesecondparagraphofArticle54,undertheconditions laid down for its own nationals by the law of thecountrywhere such establishment is effected, subject to theprovisionsoftheChapterrelatingtocapital.

Article501. In order to attain freedom of establishment as regards aparticular activity, theEuropeanParliament and theCouncil,acting in accordancewith the ordinary legislative procedureandafterconsultingtheEconomicandSocialCommittee,shallactbymeansofDirective.2.TheEuropeanParliament,theCouncilandtheCommissionshall carry out the duties devolving upon them under theprecedingprovisions,inparticular:(a) by according, as a general rule, priority treatment toactivitieswherefreedomofestablishmentmakesaparticularlyvaluable contribution to the development of production andtrade;(b) by ensuring close cooperation between the competentauthorities in the Member States in order to ascertain theparticular situationwithin theUnionof thevariousactivitiesconcerned;(c) by abolishing those administrative procedures andpractices,whetherresultingfromnational legislationor fromagreementspreviouslyconcludedbetweenMemberStates,themaintenanceofwhichwould formanobstacle to freedomofestablishment;(d)byensuringthatworkersofoneMemberStateemployedinthe territory of another Member State may remain in thatterritoryforthepurposeoftakingupactivitiesthereinasself-employed persons, where they satisfy the conditions whichtheywould be required to satisfy if they were entering thatStateatthetimewhentheyintendedtotakeupsuchactivities;(e)byenablinganationalofoneMemberStatetoacquireanduse land and buildings situated in the territory of anotherMember State, in so far as this does not conflict with theprincipleslaiddowninArticle39(2);(f) by effecting the progressive abolition of restrictions onfreedom of establishment in every branch of activity underconsideration, both as regards the conditions for setting upagencies,branchesorsubsidiariesintheterritoryofaMemberState and as regards the subsidiaries in the territory of aMember State and as regards the conditions governing theentry of personnel belonging to themain establishment into


12

managerialorsupervisorypostsinsuchagencies,branchesorsubsidiaries;(g) by coordinating to the necessary extent the safeguardswhich, for the protection of the interests of members andothers,arerequiredbyMemberStatesofcompaniesor firmswithinthemeaningofthesecondparagraphofArticle54witha view tomaking such safeguards equivalent throughout theUnion;(h) by satisfying themselves that the conditions ofestablishment are not distorted by aids granted byMemberStates.

Article51The provisions of this Chapter shall not apply, so far as anygivenMember State is concerned, to activitieswhich in thatState are connected, even occasionally, with the exercise ofofficial authority.The European Parliament and the Council,acting in accordancewith theordinary legislativeprocedure,mayrulethattheprovisionsofthisChaptershallnotapplytocertainactivities.

Article521. The provisions of this Chapter and measures taken inpursuance thereof shall not prejudice the applicability ofprovisions laid down by law, Regulation or administrativeactionprovidingforspecialtreatmentforforeignnationalsongroundsofpublicpolicy,publicsecurityorpublichealth.2. The European Parliament and the Council shall, acting inaccordance with the ordinary legislative procedure, issueDirectives for the coordination of the abovementionedprovisions.

Article531.Inordertomakeiteasierforpersonstotakeupandpursueactivities as self-employedpersons, theEuropeanParliamentand theCouncil shall, acting inaccordancewith theordinarylegislative procedure, issue Directives for the mutualrecognition of diplomas, certificates and other evidence offormalqualificationsandforthecoordinationoftheprovisionslaid down by law, Regulation or administrative action inMember States concerning the taking-up and pursuit ofactivitiesasself-employedpersons.2. In the case of the medical and allied and pharmaceuticalprofessions, the progressive abolition of restrictions shall bedependent upon coordination of the conditions for theirexerciseinthevariousMemberStates.

Article54Companies or firms formed in accordancewith the law of aMember State and having their registered office, centraladministrationorprincipalplaceofbusinesswithintheUnionshall,forthepurposesofthisChapter,betreatedinthesamewayasnaturalpersonswhoarenationalsofMemberStates.‘Companies or firms’ means companies or firms constitutedundercivilorcommerciallaw,includingcooperativesocieties,andotherlegalpersonsgovernedbypublicorprivatelaw,saveforthosewhicharenon-profit-making.

Article55Member States shall accord nationals of the other MemberStates the same treatment as their ownnationals as regardsparticipation in the capital of companies or firmswithin themeaningofArticle54,withoutprejudicetotheapplicationoftheotherprovisionsoftheTreaties.CHAPTER3SERVICES

Article56Within the framework of the provisions set out below,restrictionson freedom toprovide serviceswithin theUnionshall be prohibited in respect of nationals ofMember StateswhoareestablishedinaMemberStateotherthanthatof thepersonforwhomtheservicesareintended.

TheEuropeanParliamentandtheCouncil,actinginaccordancewith the ordinary legislative procedure, may extend theprovisionsof theChapter tonationalsofathirdcountrywhoprovideservicesandwhoareestablishedwithintheUnion.

Article57Servicesshallbeconsideredtobe‘services’withinthemeaningof the Treaties where they are normally provided forremuneration, in so far as they are not governed by theprovisionsrelatingtofreedomofmovementforgoods,capitalandpersons.‘Services’shallinparticularinclude:(a)activitiesofanindustrialcharacter;(b)activitiesofacommercialcharacter;(c)activitiesofcraftsmen;(d)activitiesoftheprofessions.WithoutprejudicetotheprovisionsoftheChapterrelatingtotherightofestablishment,thepersonprovidingaservicemay,inordertodoso,temporarilypursuehisactivityintheMemberStatewheretheserviceisprovided,underthesameconditionsasareimposedbythatStateonitsownnationals.

Article581.FreedomtoprovideservicesinthefieldoftransportshallbegovernedbytheprovisionsoftheTitlerelatingtotransport.2. The liberalisation of banking and insurance servicesconnectedwithmovementsofcapitalshallbeeffectedinstepwiththeliberalisationofmovementofcapital.

Article591.Inordertoachievetheliberalisationofaspecificservice,theEuropean Parliament and the Council, acting in accordancewiththeordinarylegislativeprocedureandafterconsultingtheEconomicandSocialCommittee,shallissueDirectives.2.AsregardstheDirectivesreferredtoinparagraph1,priorityshallasageneralrulebegiventothoseserviceswhichdirectlyaffectproductioncostsor the liberalisationofwhichhelps topromotetradeingoods.

Article60The Member States shall endeavour to undertake theliberalisation of services beyond the extent required by theDirectives issued pursuant to Article 59(1), if their generaleconomic situation and thesituation of the economic sectorconcernedsopermit.To thisend, theCommissionshallmakerecommendations totheMemberStatesconcerned.

Article61Aslongasrestrictionsonfreedomtoprovideserviceshavenotbeenabolished,eachMemberStateshallapplysuchrestrictionswithoutdistinctionongroundsofnationalityorresidencetoallpersons providing services within the meaning of the firstparagraphofArticle56.

Article62TheprovisionsofArticles51to54shallapplytothematterscoveredbythisChapter.

ConsumerProtection

Article1691.Inordertopromotetheinterestsofconsumersandtoensureahighlevelofconsumerprotection,theUnionshallcontributeto protecting the health, safety and economic interests ofconsumers,aswellastopromotingtheirrighttoinformation,education and to organise themselves in order to safeguardtheirinterests.2.TheUnionshallcontributetotheattainmentoftheobjectivesreferredtoinparagraph1through:(a)measuresadoptedpursuanttoArticle114inthecontextofthecompletionoftheinternalmarket;


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(b) measures which support, supplement and monitor thepolicypursuedbytheMemberStates.3. The European Parliament and the Council, acting inaccordancewith theordinary legislativeprocedureandafterconsultingtheEconomicandSocialCommittee,shalladoptthemeasuresreferredtoinparagraph2(b).

4.Measuresadoptedpursuanttoparagraph3shallnotpreventany Member State from maintaining or introducing morestringent protective measures. Such measures must becompatiblewiththeTreaties.TheCommissionshallbenotifiedofthem.

RelevantCase‐Lawonfreemovementofgoodsandservices(on‐lineorviatelecommunication)

C‐322/01,DeutscherApothekerverbandeVand0800DocMorrisNV,

Ruling:1 (a) A national prohibition on the sale by mail order ofmedicinalproductsthesaleofwhichisrestrictedtopharmaciesin theMember State concerned, such as the prohibition laiddown in Paragraph 43(1) of the Arzneimittelgesetz (Law onmedicinalproducts) in theversionof7September1998, isameasure having an effect equivalent to a quantitativerestrictionforthepurposesofArticle28EC.(b) Article 30 EC may be relied on to justify a nationalprohibition on the sale by mail order of medicinal productswhichmay be sold only in pharmacies in the Member Stateconcerned in so far as the prohibition covers medicinalproductssubjecttoprescription.However,Article30ECcannotbe reliedon to justify an absoluteprohibitionon the salebymail order of medicinal products which are not subject toprescriptionintheMemberStateconcerned.(c) Questions 1(a) and 1(b) do not need to be assesseddifferently where medicinal products are imported into aMember State in which they are authorised, having beenpreviouslyobtainedbyapharmacy inanotherMemberStatefromawholesalerintheimportingMemberState.2. Article 88(1) of Directive 2001/83/EC of the EuropeanParliament and of the Council of 6 November 2001 on theCommunitycoderelatingtomedicinalproductsforhumanuseprecludesanationalprohibitiononadvertisingthesalebymailorder of medicinal products which may be supplied only inpharmacies in the Member State concerned, such as theprohibition laid down in Paragraph 8(1) of theHeilmittelwerbegesetz (Law on the advertising of medicinalproducts), in so far as the prohibition covers medicinalproductswhicharenotsubjecttoprescription.

C‐243/01CriminalproceedingsagainstPiergiorgioGambelliandOthers

RulingNational legislation which prohibits on pain of criminalpenalties the pursuit of the activities of collecting, taking,booking and forwarding offers of bets, in particular bets onsporting events, without a licence or authorisation from theMember State concerned constitutes a restriction on thefreedomofestablishmentandthefreedomtoprovideservicesprovidedforinArticles43and49ECrespectively.Itisforthenational court to determine whether such legislation, takingaccountofthedetailedrulesforitsapplication,actuallyservestheaimswhichmightjustifyit,andwhethertherestrictionsitimposesaredisproportionateinthelightofthoseobjectives.

C‐42/07LigaPortuguesadeFutebolProfissionalandBwinInternationalLtd,formerlyBawInternationalLtd

vDepartamentodeJogosdaSantaCasadaMisericórdiadeLisboa

SummaryoftheJudgment1. Freedomtoprovideservices–Provisionsof theTreaty–Scope(Arts49ECand56EC)2.Freedomtoprovideservices–Restrictions(Art.49EC)1. Any restrictive effectswhich the legislationof aMemberState,whichprohibitsoperatorsestablishedinotherMemberStates in which they lawfully provide similar services fromofferinggamesofchanceviatheinternetwithintheterritoryofthatMemberState,mighthaveonthefreemovementofcapitaland payments would be no more than the inevitableconsequence of any restrictions on the freedom to provideservices. Where a national measure relates to severalfundamental freedoms at the same time, the Court will inprincipleexaminethemeasureinrelationtoonlyoneofthosefreedomsifitappears,inthecircumstancesofthecase,thattheother freedomsareentirely secondary in relation to the firstandmaybeconsideredtogetherwithit.(seepara.47)2.Article49ECdoesnotprecludelegislationofaMemberStatewhichprohibitsprivateoperatorsestablishedinotherMemberStates, in which they lawfully provide similar services, fromofferinggamesofchanceviatheinternetwithintheterritoryofthatMemberState.Admittedly, such legislation gives rise to a restriction of thefreedomtoprovideservicesenshrinedinArticle49EC,byalsoimposinga restrictionon the freedomof theresidentsof theMember State concerned to enjoy, via the internet, serviceswhichareofferedinotherMemberStates.However,inthelightofthespecificfeaturesassociatedwiththeprovisionofgamesofchanceviatheinternet,therestrictionatissuemayberegardedasjustifiedbytheobjectiveofcombatingfraudandcrime.Thegrantofexclusiverightstooperategamesofchanceviatheinternettoasingleoperatorwhichissubjectto strict control by the public authorities may confine theoperation of gambling within controlled channels and beregarded as appropriate for the purpose of protectingconsumersagainstfraudonthepartofoperators.As towhether the system in dispute is necessary, the sectorinvolvinggamesofchanceofferedviatheinternethasnotbeenthe subject of Community harmonisation. AMember State istherefore entitled to take the view that themere fact that aprivateoperatorlawfullyoffersservicesinthatsectorviatheinternetinanotherMemberState,inwhichitisestablishedandwhereitisinprinciplealreadysubjecttostatutoryconditionsandcontrolson thepartof thecompetentauthorities in thatState, cannot be regarded as amounting to a sufficient


14

assurancethatnationalconsumerswillbeprotectedagainsttherisksoffraudandcrime,inthelightofthedifficultiesliabletobe encountered in such a context by the authorities of theMember State of establishment in assessing the professionalqualitiesandintegrityofoperators.Inaddition,becauseofthelackofdirectcontactbetweenconsumerandoperator,gamesofchanceaccessibleviatheinternetinvolvedifferentandmoresubstantial risks of fraud by operators against consumerscompared with the traditional markets for such games.Moreover,thepossibilitycannotberuledoutthatanoperatorwhichsponsorssomeofthesportingcompetitionsonwhichitaccepts bets and some of the teams taking part in thosecompetitionsmaybe inapositionto influencetheiroutcomedirectlyorindirectly,andthusincreaseitsprofits.(seeparas53-54,67-73,operativepart).

C�156/13,DigibetLtd,GertAlbersvWestdeutscheLotterie

GmbH&Co.OHG,1. This request for a preliminary ruling concerns theinterpretationofArticle56EC.18. In thosecircumstances, theBundesgerichtshofdecidedtostaytheproceedingsandtoreferthefollowingquestionstotheCourtforapreliminaryruling:‘1.Doesitrepresentaninconsistentrestrictionongamingandbetting activitieswhere, on theonehand, in aMemberStateorganisedasafederalState,theorganisationandfacilitationofpublic games of chance on the internet is, in principle,prohibitedbythelawinforceintheoverwhelmingmajorityofthe Länder and — without an established right — can beallowed,exceptionally,only for lotteries andsportingbets inordertoprovideasuitablealternativetotheillegalsupplyofgames of chance as well as to combat the development andspreadthereof,but—ontheotherhand,underthelawinforcein one of that Member State’s Länder, subject to certainspecified objective conditions, an authorisation for themarketingofsportingbetsontheinternetmustbeissuedtoanyEUcitizenorequivalentlegalperson,therebyunderminingtheeffectiveness of the restriction on themarketing of gamesofchance on the internet in force in the rest of the FederalRepublicinachievingthelegitimatepublicinterestobjectiveswhichitpursues?2.Doestheanswertothefirstquestiondependonwhetherthedifferent legal position in one Land removes altogether orsignificantlyunderminestheeffectivenessoftherestrictionsonthemarketingofgamesofchanceontheinternetinforceintheother Länder in achieving the legitimate public interestobjectiveswhichtheypursue?Iftheanswertothefirstquestionisintheaffirmative:3.IstheinconsistencyavoidedbytheLandwiththedivergentlegislationadoptingtherestrictionsongamesofchanceinforcein the rest of the Länder, even where, in relation to theadministrativelicensingcontractsalreadyconcludedthere,thepreviousmoregenerousrulesoninternetgamesofchanceinthatLand remain in force fora transitionalperiodof severalyears because those authorisations cannot be revoked, orcannotberevokedwithoutincurringcompensationpaymentswhichtheLandwouldfinddifficulttobear?4.Doestheanswertothethirdquestiondependonwhether,duringthetransitionperiodofseveralyears,theeffectivenessof the restrictions on games of chance in force in the otherLänderisaffectedorsignificantlyundermined?’Ruling:Article56TFEUmustbeinterpretedasmeaningthatitdoes not preclude legislation common to themajority of thefederal entities of aMember State having a federal structure

whichprohibits, inprinciple,theorganisationandfacilitationofgamesofchanceviatheinternet,where,foralimitedperiod,a single federal entity has maintained in force more liberallegislationcoexistingwiththerestrictivelegislationoftheotherfederalentities,providedthatsuchlegislationisabletosatisfytheconditionsofproportionalitylaiddownbythecase-lawoftheCourt,whichisforthenationalcourttoascertain.

C‐475/12‐UPCDTHQuestionstotheCourtofJusticeforapreliminaryruling:‘1. May Article 2(c) of the Framework Directive … beinterpreted as meaning that a service by which a serviceprovider supplies, for consideration, conditional access to apackage of programmeswhich contains radio and televisionbroadcast services and is retransmitted by satellite is to beclassifiedasanelectroniccommunicationsservice?2.Maythe[FEUTreaty]beinterpretedasmeaningthattheprincipleofthefreemovementofservicesisapplicabletotheservicedescribedinthefirstquestion,inthecaseofaservicesuppliedfromLuxembourgtoHungary?3.Maythe[FEUTreaty]beinterpretedasmeaningthat,inthe case of the service described in the first question, thecountryofdestination,towhichtheserviceissent,isentitledtolimit thesupplyof that typeof servicesbyrequiring that the[supplierof the] servicehas toberegistered in thatMemberStateandhas tobeestablishedasabranchor separate legalentity, and allowing this type of services to be supplied onlythroughtheestablishmentofabranchorseparatelegalentity?4. May the [FEU Treaty] be interpreted asmeaning thatadministrativeproceedingsrelatingtotheservicesdescribedinthefirstquestion,regardlessoftheMemberStateinwhichtheundertaking supplying that service operates or is registered,willbesubjecttotheadministrativeauthorityoftheMemberStatewhichhasjurisdictiononthebasisoftheplaceinwhichtheserviceissupplied?5. May Article 2(c) of the [Framework Directive] beinterpretedasmeaningthat theservicedescribed in the firstquestionmust be classified as an electronic communicationsservice, ormust such a service be classified as a conditionalaccess service supplied using the conditional access systemdefinedinArticle2(f)oftheFrameworkDirective?6. On the basis of all the foregoing, may the relevantprovisionsbeinterpretedasmeaningthattheserviceproviderdescribedinthefirstquestionmustbeclassifiedasaproviderofelectroniccommunicationsservicespursuantto[EU]law?’Ruling:1. Article 2(c) of Directive 2002/21/EC of the EuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilof7March2002onacommonregulatoryframeworkforelectroniccommunicationsnetworksandservices(FrameworkDirective),asamendedbyDirective2009/140/ECoftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilof25 November 2009, must be interpreted as meaning that aservice consisting in the supply, for consideration, ofconditionalaccesstoapackageofprogrammeswhichcontainsradioandtelevisionbroadcastservicesandisretransmittedbysatellite falls within the definition of ‘electroniccommunicationsservice’withinthemeaningofthatprovision.Thefactthatthatserviceincludesaconditionalaccesssystemwithin the meaning of Article 2(ea) and (f) of Directive2002/21,asamendedbyDirective2009/140, is irrelevant inthatregard.Anoperatorsupplyingaservicesuchasthatatissueinthemainproceedings must be regarded as a provider of electronic


15

communications services under Directive 2002/21, asamendedbyDirective2009/140.2. In circumstances such as those at issue in the mainproceedings, a service consisting in the supply, forconsideration, of conditional access to a package ofprogrammeswhichcontainsradioandaudio-visualbroadcastservices and is retransmitted by satellite constitutes aprovisionofservicesforthepurposesofArticle56TFEU.3. Surveillance proceedings relating to electroniccommunications services, such as that at issue in the mainproceedings,willbesubject to theauthoritiesof theMemberStateinwhichtherecipientsofthoseservicesareresident.4.Article56TFEUmustbeinterpretedasmeaningthat:

– Member States are not precluded from requiringundertakings which supply electronic communicationsservices,suchasthatatissueinthemainproceedings,intheirterritory to register those services, provided that MemberStatesactincompliancewiththerequirementssetoutinArticle3ofDirective2002/20/ECoftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilof7March2002ontheauthorisationofelectroniccommunications networks and services (AuthorisationDirective),asamendedbyDirective2009/140;and– on the other hand, undertakings wishing to supplyelectroniccommunicationsservices,suchasthatatissueinthemainproceedings,inaMemberStateotherthanthatinwhichthey are established cannot be required to establish in thatStateabranchoralegalentityseparatefromthatlocatedintheMemberStateoftransmission.

Directive2011/83/EUoftheEuropeanparliamentandoftheCouncilof25October2011onconsumerrights

Fullname:Directive2011/83/EUoftheEuropeanparliamentandof theCouncil of25October2011on consumer rights,amending Council Directive 93/13/EEC and Directive1999/44/ECof theEuropeanParliamentandof theCounciland repealing Council Directive 85/577/EEC and Directive97/7/ECoftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncil(TextwithEEArelevance)THEEUROPEANPARLIAMENTANDTHECOUNCILOFTHEEUROPEANUNION,Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of theEuropeanUnion,andinparticularArticle114thereof,Having regard to the proposal from the EuropeanCommission,HavingregardtotheopinionoftheEuropeanEconomicandSocialCommittee(1),HavingregardtotheopinionoftheCommitteeoftheRegions(2),Actinginaccordancewiththeordinarylegislativeprocedure(3),Whereas:(1) Council Directive 85/577/EEC of 20December 1985 toprotecttheconsumerinrespectofcontractsnegotiatedawayfrom business premises (4) and Directive 97/7/EC of theEuropeanParliamentandof theCouncilof20May1997ontheprotectionofconsumersinrespectofdistancecontracts(5)laydownanumberofcontractualrightsforconsumers.(2) Those Directives have been reviewed in the light ofexperience with a view to simplifying and updating theapplicable rules, removing inconsistencies and closingunwantedgapsintherules.Thatreviewhasshownthatitisappropriate to replace those two Directives by a singleDirective.ThisDirectiveshouldthereforelaydownstandardrules for the common aspects of distance and off-premisescontracts, moving away from the minimum harmonisationapproach in the former Directiveswhilst allowingMemberStatestomaintainoradoptnationalrulesinrelationtocertainaspects.(3)Article169(1)andpoint(a)ofArticle169(2)oftheTreatyon the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) providethattheUnionistocontributetotheattainmentofahighlevelof consumer protection through the measures adoptedpursuanttoArticle114thereof.(4) In accordance with Article 26(2) TFEU, the internalmarket is to comprise an areawithout internal frontiers in

whichthefreemovementofgoodsandservicesandfreedomof establishment are ensured.Theharmonisationof certainaspects of consumer distance and off-premises contracts isnecessary for the promotion of a real consumer internalmarket striking the right balance between a high level ofconsumerprotectionandthecompetitivenessofenterprises,whileensuringrespectfortheprincipleofsubsidiarity.(5) The cross-border potential of distance selling, whichshould be one of the main tangible results of the internalmarket,isnotfullyexploited.Comparedwiththesignificantgrowthofdomesticdistancesalesoverthelastfewyears,thegrowthincross-borderdistancesaleshasbeenlimited.Thisdiscrepancy is particularly significant for Internet sales forwhich the potential for further growth is high. The cross-borderpotentialofcontractsnegotiatedawayfrombusinesspremises(directselling)isconstrainedbyanumberoffactorsincluding the different national consumer protection rulesimposed upon the industry. Compared with the growth ofdomesticdirectsellingoverthelastfewyears,inparticularinthe services sector, for instance utilities, the number ofconsumersusingthischannelforcross-borderpurchaseshasremained flat. Responding to increased businessopportunities in many Member States, small and medium-sizedenterprises(including individual traders)oragentsofdirect selling companies should be more inclined to seekbusinessopportunitiesinotherMemberStates,inparticularin border regions. Therefore the full harmonisation ofconsumerinformationandtherightofwithdrawalindistanceandoff-premises contractswill contribute toahigh levelofconsumerprotectionandabetterfunctioningofthebusiness-to-consumerinternalmarket.(6) Certain disparities create significant internal marketbarriers affecting traders and consumers. Those disparitiesincreasecompliancecoststotraderswishingtoengageinthecross-border sale of goods or provision of services.Disproportionate fragmentation also undermines consumerconfidenceintheinternalmarket.(7)Fullharmonisationofsomekeyregulatoryaspectsshouldconsiderablyincreaselegalcertaintyforbothconsumersandtraders.Bothconsumersandtradersshouldbeabletorelyonasingleregulatoryframeworkbasedonclearlydefinedlegalconceptsregulatingcertainaspectsofbusiness-to-consumercontractsacrosstheUnion.Theeffectofsuchharmonisationshould be to eliminate the barriers stemming from thefragmentation of the rules and to complete the internalmarketinthisarea.Thosebarrierscanonlybeeliminatedby


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establishing uniform rules at Union level. Furthermoreconsumers should enjoy a high common level ofprotectionacrosstheUnion.(8) The regulatory aspects to be harmonised should onlyconcerncontractsconcludedbetweentradersandconsumers.Therefore,thisDirectiveshouldnotaffectnationallawintheareaofcontractsrelatingtoemployment,contractsrelatingtosuccession rights, contracts relating to family law andcontracts relating to the incorporation and organisation ofcompaniesorpartnershipagreements.(9) This Directive establishes rules on information to beprovided for distance contracts, off-premises contracts andcontractsotherthandistanceandoff-premisescontracts.ThisDirectivealsoregulatestherightofwithdrawal fordistanceandoff-premisescontractsandharmonisescertainprovisionsdealing with the performance and some other aspects ofbusiness-to-consumercontracts.(10)ThisDirectiveshouldbewithoutprejudicetoRegulation(EC) No 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of theCouncilof17June2008onthelawapplicabletocontractualobligations(RomeI)(6).(11) This Directive should be without prejudice to Unionprovisions relating to specific sectors, such as medicinalproducts for human use, medical devices, privacy andelectronic communications, patients’ rights in cross-borderhealthcare, food labelling and the internal market forelectricityandnaturalgas.(12) The information requirements provided for in thisDirective should complete the information requirements ofDirective2006/123/ECoftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncil of 12 December 2006 on services in the internalmarket (7) and Directive 2000/31/EC of the EuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilof8June2000oncertainlegalaspects of information society services, in particularelectronic commerce, in the Internal Market (‘Directive onelectroniccommerce’) (8).MemberStatesshouldretain thepossibility to impose additional information requirementsapplicabletoserviceprovidersestablishedintheirterritory.(13)MemberStatesshouldremaincompetent,inaccordancewithUnion law, to apply the provisions of thisDirective toareas not falling within its scope. Member States maytherefore maintain or introduce national legislationcorrespondingtotheprovisionsofthisDirective,orcertainofits provisions, in relation to contracts that fall outside thescope of this Directive. For instance, Member States maydecidetoextendtheapplicationoftherulesofthisDirectivetolegalpersonsortonaturalpersonswhoarenotconsumerswithin the meaning of this Directive, such as non-governmentalorganisations,start-upsorsmallandmedium-sized enterprises. Similarly, Member States may apply theprovisionsofthisDirectivetocontractsthatarenotdistancecontractswithin themeaning of thisDirective, for examplebecausetheyarenotconcludedunderanorganiseddistancesalesorservice-provisionscheme.Moreover,MemberStatesmayalsomaintainorintroducenationalprovisionsonissuesnotspecificallyaddressedinthisDirective,suchasadditionalrulesconcerningsalescontracts, includinginrelationtothedelivery of goods, or requirements for the provision ofinformationduringtheexistenceofacontract.(14)ThisDirectiveshouldnotaffectnationallawintheareaofcontractlawforcontractlawaspectsthatarenotregulatedbythisDirective.Therefore,thisDirectiveshouldbewithoutprejudice to national law regulating for instance theconclusionorthevalidityofacontract(forinstanceinthecaseoflackofconsent).Similarly,thisDirectiveshouldnotaffectnational law in relation to the general contractual legalremedies, the rules on public economic order, for instancerules on excessive or extortionate prices, and the rules onunethicallegaltransactions.(15) This Directive should not harmonise languagerequirements applicable to consumer contracts. Therefore,MemberStatesmaymaintainor introduce in theirnationallaw language requirements regarding contractualinformationandcontractualterms.

(16) ThisDirective should not affect national laws on legalrepresentationsuchastherulesrelatingtothepersonwhoisactinginthenameofthetraderoronhisbehalf(suchasanagentoratrustee).MemberStatesshouldremaincompetentinthisarea.ThisDirectiveshouldapplytoalltraders,whetherpublicorprivate.(17)Thedefinitionofconsumershouldcovernaturalpersonswho are acting outside their trade, business, craft orprofession.However, in the case of dual purpose contracts,where the contract is concluded for purposespartlywithinandpartlyoutsidetheperson’stradeandthetradepurposeissolimitedasnottobepredominantintheoverallcontextofthe contract, that person should also be considered as aconsumer.(18) This Directive does not affect the freedom ofMemberStates to define, in conformity with Union law, what theyconsider to be services of general economic interest, howthose services should be organised and financed, incompliance with State aid rules, and which specificobligationstheyshouldbesubjectto.(19) Digital content means data which are produced andsupplied in digital form, such as computer programs,applications, games, music, videos or texts, irrespective ofwhether they are accessed through downloading orstreaming, from a tangible medium or through any othermeans.ContractsforthesupplyofdigitalcontentshouldfallwithinthescopeofthisDirective.Ifdigitalcontentissuppliedon a tangiblemedium, such as a CDor aDVD, it shouldbeconsidered as goods within the meaning of this Directive.Similarly to contracts for the supply of water, gas orelectricity, where they are not put up for sale in a limitedvolume or set quantity, or of district heating, contracts fordigital contentwhich is not supplied on a tangiblemediumshouldbeclassified,forthepurposeofthisDirective,neitherassalescontractsnorasservicecontracts.Forsuchcontracts,theconsumershouldhavearightofwithdrawalunlesshehasconsentedtothebeginningoftheperformanceofthecontractduringthewithdrawalperiodandhasacknowledgedthathewill consequently lose the right to withdraw from thecontract.Inadditiontothegeneralinformationrequirements,thetradershouldinformtheconsumeraboutthefunctionalityandtherelevantinteroperabilityofdigitalcontent.Thenotionof functionality should refer to the ways in which digitalcontentcanbeused,forinstanceforthetrackingofconsumerbehaviour;itshouldalsorefertotheabsenceorpresenceofanytechnicalrestrictionssuchasprotectionviaDigitalRightsManagement or region coding. The notion of relevantinteroperability is meant to describe the informationregardingthestandardhardwareandsoftwareenvironmentwithwhichthedigitalcontentiscompatible,forinstancetheoperatingsystem,thenecessaryversionandcertainhardwarefeatures. The Commission should examine the need forfurther harmonisation of provisions in respect of digitalcontent and submit, if necessary, a legislative proposal foraddressingthismatter.(20)Thedefinitionofdistancecontractshouldcoverallcaseswhere a contract is concluded between the trader and theconsumer under an organised distance sales or service-provision scheme, with the exclusive use of one or moremeans of distance communication (such as mail order,Internet, telephone or fax) up to and including the time atwhichthecontract isconcluded.Thatdefinitionshouldalsocover situations where the consumer visits the businesspremises merely for the purpose of gathering informationaboutthegoodsorservicesandsubsequentlynegotiatesandconcludes thecontractatadistance.Bycontrast,acontractwhichisnegotiatedatthebusinesspremisesofthetraderandfinallyconcludedbymeansofdistancecommunicationshouldnot be considered a distance contract. Neither should acontract initiatedbymeansofdistance communication, butfinally concluded at the business premises of the trader beconsidered a distance contract. Similarly, the concept ofdistancecontractshouldnotincludereservationsmadebyaconsumer through a means of distance communications to


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requesttheprovisionofaservicefromaprofessional,suchasinthecaseofaconsumerphoningtorequestanappointmentwithahairdresser.Thenotionofanorganiseddistancesalesor service-provision scheme should include those schemesofferedbyathirdpartyotherthanthetraderbutusedbythetrader, such as an online platform. It should not, however,covercaseswherewebsitesmerelyofferinformationonthetrader,hisgoodsand/orservicesandhiscontactdetails.(21)Anoff-premisescontractshouldbedefinedasacontractconcluded with the simultaneous physical presence of thetraderandtheconsumer,inaplacewhichisnotthebusinesspremisesofthetrader,forexampleattheconsumer’shomeorworkplace.Inanoff-premisescontext,theconsumermaybeunderpotentialpsychologicalpressureormaybeconfrontedwithanelementofsurprise,irrespectiveofwhetherornottheconsumerhassolicitedthetrader’svisit.Thedefinitionofanoff-premises contract should also include situations wheretheconsumerispersonallyandindividuallyaddressedinanoff-premises context but the contract is concludedimmediately afterwards on the business premises of thetrader or through ameans of distance communication. Thedefinition of an off-premises contract should not coversituationsinwhichthetraderfirstcomestotheconsumer’shomestrictlywithaviewtotakingmeasurementsorgivinganestimate without any commitment of the consumer andwherethecontractisthenconcludedonlyatalaterpointintimeonthebusinesspremisesofthetraderorviameansofdistancecommunicationonthebasisofthetrader’sestimate.Inthosecases,thecontractisnottobeconsideredashavingbeenconcluded immediatelyafter the traderhasaddressedtheconsumeriftheconsumerhashadtimetoreflectupontheestimate of the trader before concluding the contract.Purchasesmadeduringanexcursionorganisedbythetraderduringwhichtheproductsacquiredarepromotedandofferedforsaleshouldbeconsideredasoff-premisescontracts.(22)Businesspremisesshouldincludepremisesinwhateverform (such as shops, stalls or lorries) which serve as apermanentorusualplaceofbusiness forthetrader.Marketstallsandfairstandsshouldbetreatedasbusinesspremisesiftheyfulfilthiscondition.Retailpremiseswherethetradercarriesouthisactivityonaseasonalbasis,forinstanceduringthe tourist season at a ski or beach resort, should beconsideredasbusinesspremisesasthetradercarriesouthisactivityinthosepremisesonausualbasis.Spacesaccessibletothepublic,suchasstreets,shoppingmalls,beaches,sportsfacilities and public transport,which the trader uses on anexceptionalbasisforhisbusinessactivitiesaswellasprivatehomes or workplaces should not be regarded as businesspremises. The business premises of a person acting in thenameoronbehalfof the traderasdefined in thisDirectiveshould be considered as business premises within themeaningofthisDirective.(23)Durablemediashouldenabletheconsumertostoretheinformationforaslongasitisnecessaryforhimtoprotecthisinterestsstemmingfromhisrelationshipwiththetrader.Suchmedia should include in particular paper, USB sticks, CD-ROMs,DVDs,memorycardsortheharddisksofcomputersaswellase-mails.(24) A public auction implies that traders and consumersattend or are given the possibility to attend the auction inperson.ThegoodsorservicesareofferedbythetradertotheconsumerthroughabiddingprocedureauthorisedbylawinsomeMemberStates,tooffergoodsorservicesatpublicsale.The successful bidder is bound to purchase the goods orservices. The use of online platforms for auction purposeswhichareatthedisposalofconsumersandtradersshouldnotbeconsideredasapublicauctionwithinthemeaningofthisDirective.(25)Contractsrelatedtodistrictheatingshouldbecoveredbythis Directive, similarly to the contracts for the supply ofwater,gasorelectricity.Districtheatingreferstothesupplyofheat, interalia, intheformofsteamorhotwater, fromacentral source of production through a transmission and

distributionsystemtomultiplebuildings, forthepurposeofheating.(26)Contractsrelatedtothetransferofimmovablepropertyor of rights in immovable property or to the creation oracquisitionof such immovablepropertyor rights, contractsfor the construction of new buildings or the substantialconversionofexistingbuildingsaswellascontracts for therentalofaccommodationforresidentialpurposesarealreadysubject to a number of specific requirements in nationallegislation. Those contracts include for instance sales ofimmovablepropertystilltobedevelopedandhire-purchase.TheprovisionsofthisDirectivearenotappropriatetothosecontracts,whichshouldbethereforeexcludedfromitsscope.A substantial conversion is a conversion comparable to theconstructionof anewbuilding, forexamplewhereonly thefaçade of an old building is retained. Service contracts inparticular those related to the construction of annexes tobuildings (for example a garage or a veranda) and thoserelated to repair and renovation of buildings other thansubs

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