european lightingh handbook

The Lighting Handbook

00_INHALTSVER_uk.qxd 24.06.2004 10:10 Uhr Seite 1

1st edition, July 2004

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Chapter 1

Lighting fundamentals

Chapter 2

Recommended values for indoor and outdoor lightingNEW: Based on the new European standards

Chapter 3

Luminaires

Chapter 4

Lamps and ballasts

Chapter 6

Quickplan Calculating luminaire quantities

Chapter 8

Economic efficiency calculation

Chapter 5

Lighting and room management,Emergency lighting

Chapter 9

Technical information

Chapter 10

Notes

Chapter 7

Lighting refurbishment

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What is light? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Basic parameters used in lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5Luminous flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Luminous intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Illuminance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Luminance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

General quality criteria for lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7The right light traditional and new quality criteria . . 6Illuminance definition of terminology . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7Glare glare limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Lighting technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 9Light colour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Colour rendition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Chapter 1

Lighting fundamentals

01_LICHTTECH_uk.qxd 24.06.2004 8:43 Uhr Seite 1

What is light?Light is that part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is perceivedby our eyes.

By day we see in colour, while at night we can only see in shadesof grey.

Chapter 1 / 3

What is light? What does the human eye see?

105

100

10-5

10-10

Wavelength [m] Relative spectralbrightness perception

Television, VSW

Visible light

Medium waves

Radio waves

Microwaves

Infrared

Ultraviolet

X-rays

Gamma rays1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

350 450 550Wavelength [nm]

650 750

Wavelength [m]

Night Day

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Luminous fluxThe luminous flux describesthe quantity of light emitted by a light source.The luminous efficiency is the ratio of the luminous flux to the electrical powerconsumed (lm/W).It is a measure of a lamps economic efficiency.

4 / Chapter 1

Basic parameters used in lightingLuminous flux Luminous intensity Illuminance Luminance

Luminous flux

Lumen [lm]

Luminance L

[lm/(sr*m2)]=[cd/m2]

Illuminance E

Lux [lm/m2]=[lx]

Luminous intensity I

Candela [lm/sr]=[cd]

I =

L = EL = I

A

E = A

Abbreviation: phiUnit: lm lumen

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Chapter 1 / 5

Luminous intensityThe luminous intensitydescribes the quantity of lightthat is radiated in a particulardirection.This is a useful measurementfor directive lighting elementssuch as reflectors. It is repre-sented by the luminous inten-sity distribution curve (LDC).

Abbreviation: Unit: cd candela

IlluminanceIlluminance describes thequantity of luminous flux fallingon a surface. It decreases bythe square of the distance(inverse square law). Relevantstandards specify the requiredilluminance (e.g. EN 12464Lighting of indoor work-places).

Illuminance:

E(lx) = luminous flux (lm)area (m2)

Abbreviation: EUnit: lx lux

LuminanceThe luminance is the onlybasic lighting parameter that is perceived by the eye.It specifies the brightness of a surface and is essentiallydependent on its reflectance(finish and colour).

Abbreviation: LUnit: cd/m2

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6 / Chapter 1

General quality criteria for lighting The right light traditional and new quality criteria

NEW

NEW

Quality criteriaQuality criteria

Sufficient illumination level

Appropriate colour rendition

Harmonious brightness distribution

Glare limitation

Avoidance of reflections

Good modelling

Correct light colour

Personal control

Light as an interior design element

Changing lighting situations

Daylight integration

Energy efficiency

TRADITIONAL

TRADITIONAL

Illuminance definition of terminologyEach term corresponds to the new European standards (see Chapter 2 / 2).

Illuminance maintenance value Em: Value that the illuminancelevel must not fall below in the visual task area.

Visual task area: Illuminance levels are specified for specificvisual tasks and are designed for the area in which these maytake place. If the precise location is not known, then the wholeroom or a specific working area is used to define it. The visualtask area may be a horizontal, vertical or inclined plane.

Area immediately surrounding the visual task area: Here the illuminance may be one level lower than in the visual taskarea (e.g. 300 lx to 500 lx).

Maintenance factor: The initial value multiplied by the mainten-ance factor gives the illuminance maintenance value. The main-tenance factor accounts for the reduction in luminous flux fromlamps, luminaires and room surfaces in the installation, and canbe determined on a case-by-case basis.The maintenance schedule (the cleaning and maintenanceintervals for the lamps and installation) must be documented.See also the chapter on Economic efficiency calculation.

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effe

ctre

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Chapter 1 / 7

Glare glare limitationDirect glare Reflected glare

caus

e luminaires without glare control

very bright surfaces

loss of concentration more frequent mistakes fatigue

luminaires with limited luminance levels

blinds

reflective surfaces incorrect luminaire arrangement incorrect workstation position

loss of concentration more frequent mistakes fatigue

matching luminaire to workstation (layout)

indirect lighting matt surfaces

relative illuminance (%)

operating time

150

125

100

75

50

25

initial value

mainten- ancevalue

Maintenance value = maintenance factor x initial value

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8 / Chapter 1

Lighting technologyUnder the new European standard for interior workplace lightingEN 12464, (psychological) glare is assessed by the unified glarerating method (UGR), which is based on a formula for glare.It takes account of all the luminaires in a system contributing to the sensation of glare. UGR tables derived from this formula areprovided by the manufacturers for glare rating.The Quickplan tables in Chapter 6 and the lighting cataloguescontain reference values for specific room sizes.

The UGR method takes account of all the luminaires in thesystem that contribute to the glare sensation (2) as well as thebrightness of walls and ceilings (1). It produces a UGR index.

The two methods the one set out in DIN 5035 and the onedefined in EN 12464 produce comparable results.

UGR limits (UGRL), that must not be exceeded:

16 Technical drawing 19 Reading, writing, training, meetings,

computer-based work 22 Craft and light industries 25 Heavy industry 28 Railway platforms, foyers

UGR = 8 log 0,25Lb

L2 P2

(1) (2)( )

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Chapter 1 / 9

The previously used luminance limiting curve method defined inDIN 5035 assesses the mean luminance of the luminaires over a beam angle of 45 to 85. The new European standard sets UGR = 19 as the maximum permissible value for offices, whichis equivalent to the luminance limiting curve for 500 lx in Qualityclass 1.

85

75

65

55

45

A

=

45

=

85

a h s

8 6 4 3 2 18

103

104

23

44

56

82

3

Lum

inan

ce L

in c

d/m

2

Qual

ity c

lass

A 1 2 3

1000

2000

750

1500

500

1000

750

european lightingh handbook

Documents

uhr seite

lighting fundamentalschapter

luminous efficiency

cdm2the lighting handbook

light colour

onlybasic lighting parameter

lm lumenthe lighting

lighting of indoor workplaces