european nationalism unification of italy and germany, 1850-1871
TRANSCRIPT
Main Underlying Causes1) Spread of nationalism
2) Revolutions of 1848: liberalism and nationalism part ways
3) Defeat of Russia in Crimean War
4) Isolation of Austria
5) Re-emergence of France under Napoleon III
Italy becomes Italy (the Italian state)
• Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872)
• Revolutionary democrat
• Republican• Land question
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882)
• Republican• Revolutionary• Military leader• guerilla fighter• Land question
Count Camillo Benso di Cavour (1810-1861)
• Sardinian nobleman• Prime minister of
Sardinia-Piedmont• King Victor
Emmanuel II (1849-1861)
• Conservative• Ambitious• Pragmatic
Napoleon III, Emperor of France (1808-1873; r. 1848-1870)
• Nephew of Napoleon• Re-emerging French Empire• Sounded democratic• Believed in personal rule
and a centralized state• Made a deal with Cavour: • France promised Nice and
Savoy (from Piedmont)• Sardinia promised
Lombardy and Venetia (from Austria)
Unification of Italy Timeline
1859 Austria goes to war against Sardinia-Piedmont (and France)
1860 Napoleon bails, but Austria cedes Lombardy
1860 Plebescites in Tuscany, Parma, and Modena
May 1860 Garibaldi and thousand Red Shirts go to Sicily
1861 Kingdom of Italy declared (King Victor Emmanuel)
Massimo d'Azeglio
First speaker of the new Italian Parliament:
“We have made Italy, now we must make Italians!”
Unification of Germany, 1864-1871
• William I, King of Prussia (r. 1861-1888)
• Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)
• Junker• Brilliant diplomat• “Blood and iron”• Not revolution• 1862 became Minister-
President
German Unification (cont.)
• Schleswig-Holstein (1864): Austria and Prussia against Denmark
• Austro-Prussian war of 1866– The Seven Weeks’ War
Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71
• Leopold von Hohenzollern• Napoleon III, r. 1852-1870• January 18, 1871: Second German
Empire (Reich) declared in the Palace of Versailles, Hall of Mirrors